Iron Man in other media

Adaptations of Iron Man in other media
Created by	Stan Lee; Larry Lieber; Don Heck; Jack Kirby
Original source	Comics published by Marvel Comics
First appearance	Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963)
Films and television
Film(s)	The Invincible Iron Man (2007); Iron Man (2008); Iron Man 2 (2010); Iron Man 3 (2013)
Television; show(s)	The Marvel Super Heroes (1966); Iron Man (1994); Iron Man: Armored Adventures (2009)
Games
Video game(s)	Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal (1996); The Invincible Iron Man (2002); Iron Man (2008) ; Iron Man 2 (2010); Iron Man 3: The Official Game (2013)

The Marvel Comics character Iron Man has appeared in various other media since his debut in Tales of Suspense #39 (March 1963). Iron Man has been the focus of three animated series and a direct-to-DVD animated feature. An Iron Man live-action feature film starring Robert Downey Jr. as the character and directed by Jon Favreau was released in 2008, with Downey also appearing as the character in a cameo in The Incredible Hulk, and as a main character in several other films in the Marvel Cinematic Universe including The Avengers, Avengers: Age of Ultron, Captain America: Civil War, Spider-Man: Homecoming, Avengers: Infinity War, Avengers: Endgame, and Black Widow.

Television

1960s

Iron Man on The Marvel Super Heroes animated series.

Iron Man appeared in the 1966 series The Marvel Super Heroes where he was one of the five featured superheroes[1] and was voiced by John Vernon.[2]

1980s

In 1981, Iron Man guest starred in Spider-Man and His Amazing Friends[3] voiced by William H. Marshall. He made cameo appearances throughout the series, most prominently in "The Origin of the Spider-Friends", in which Tony Stark is a central character.[2] The Beetle stole a crime-detection computer and the Power Booster invented by Tony Stark to increase his power. He was the first villain that the Spider-Friends faced together in that origin episode. In gratitude for the Spider-Friends' aid against the Beetle, Stark provided them with the crime-detection technology used by the heroes throughout the series.
Iron Man made a few cameo appearances with the rest of the Avengers in the 1981 solo Spider-Man show, on an in-universe cartoon in the episode "Arsenic and Aunt May", and as a costume in a costume shop in the episode "The Capture of Captain America".[2]
An Iron Man TV series was one of several pitches in the 1980s and unaired pilot was produced in 1980 [4]

1990s

In 1994, Iron Man starred in the animated series Iron Man, with Robert Hays voicing the title character. Iron Man served as part of a team consisting of Century, War Machine, the Scarlet Witch, Hawkeye, and Spider-Woman.[2] This show was part of The Marvel Action Hour, which packaged several animated versions of Marvel series, including the 1994 Fantastic Four, with two half-hour episodes from different series. Iron Man's origin was changed for this series: Instead of shrapnel near his heart, Stark has multiple slivers near his spine, threatening paralysis. Stark and Yinsen are held captive not by Wong Chu but by the Mandarin, who had been altered by his rings to have green skin and a degree of super strength. The Mandarin leads a group of villains, consisting of Dreadknight, Hypnotia, Blizzard, Blacklash, the Grey Gargoyle, Whirlwind, the Living Laser, MODOK, and Justin Hammer against Iron Man and a team based on Force Works.
Iron Man made a non-speaking cameo in some episodes of the 1994 Fantastic Four TV series.
Iron Man appeared in the two part featuring Venom and Carnage episodes of the mid-1990s and episodes of Secret Wars chapter from the 1994 Spider-Man TV series[5] with Robert Hays reprising the role.
Robert Hays reprised the role again in a guest appearance in the 1996 animated series The Incredible Hulk in the episode "Helping Hand, Iron Fist".[5]
In the 1999, 13-episode series The Avengers: United They Stand, Iron Man was voiced by Francis Diakowsky.[5] He helps the Avengers thwart the Zodiac's plan to send a radioactive satellite crashing to Earth. Like Captain America and Thor, Iron Man could not be used as a full-fledged member.

2000s

Iron Man in Iron Man: Armored Adventures.

In 2007, Iron Man appeared in the Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes in the episode "Shell Games", voiced by David Kaye.
In 2009, Iron Man starred in Iron Man: Armored Adventures with Adrian Petriw voicing the titular character.[6]
Beginning in 2009, Iron Man appeared in The Super Hero Squad Show voiced by Tom Kenny.

2010s

Beginning in 2010, Iron Man appears in The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroes, voiced by Eric Loomis.[7] As in the comics, he is one of the founding members of the team and provides them with the Avengers Mansion as well as all the team's technology, including special ID cards and Quinjets. This Iron Man includes the elements from the comics canon and some elements from the recent Iron Man film series, including the Arc Reactor in his chest as well as his armor being run by the J.A.R.V.I.S. A.I., as opposed to the HOMER system in the comics. He serves as team leader, and is seen in the opening credits monitoring the team's activities on various view screens.
As part of a four-series collaboration between the Japanese Madhouse animation house and Marvel, Iron Man starred in a 12 episode anime series that premiered in Japan on Animax in October 2010 and is shown on G4 in the United States.[8] It concluded on Animax after running the full dozen episodes on December 17, 2010. He is voiced by Keiji Fujiwara in Japanese and Adrian Pasdar in English. He additionally appears in a non-speaking cameo in the final episode of Marvel Anime: X-Men.
He appears in the Spider-Man animated TV series, Ultimate Spider-Man, with Pasdar reprising his role. In the episode "Great Power", he is shown trying to master his suit. He has a major role in "Flight of the Iron Spider", where he and the team combat the Living Laser. The episode makes several references to his playboy persona. His background seems identical to the canon, with the first suit being built to escape captivity. An alternate version of him is briefly shown in the end, when the Living Laser ends up in the Super Hero Squad reality.
Iron Man appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Maximum Overload, once again voiced by Adrian Pasdar.
He appears in Hulk and the Agents of S.M.A.S.H., once again voiced by Pasdar.[9]
Iron Man appears in the summer 2013 animated special Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel,[10] with Pasdar reprising his role.[11]
Iron Man appears in the animated series Avengers Assemble, voiced once again by Pasdar. Mick Wingert was supposed to take over the role in Season 3, but instead Pasdar maintained it. Wingert eventually took over the role in Season 4.[12][13]
The Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Iron Man briefly appears via stock footage in the pilot episode of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. as Skye outlines public knowledge of superhumans.
The president of Disney Channel Worldwide Gary Marsh announced a new Iron Man series is in development.[14]
Iron Man appears in the anime series Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers.[15]
Iron Man appears in the television special Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled, voiced again by Mick Wingert.[16]
Iron Man appears in the Guardians of the Galaxy episodes "Stayin' Alive" and "Evolution Rock", voiced again by Mick Wingert.
Iron Man appears in Marvel's Spider-Man, voiced again by Mick Wingert. He briefly appeared in the episode "Stark Expo" where Peter Parker attends the Expo as Spider-Man mistaking him for an intruder, eventually joining Spider-Man in defeating the Ghost.
Iron Man appears in the anime series Marvel Future Avengers, voiced by Eiji Hanawa in Japanese and Mick Wingert in English.

Film

Live-action

Robert Downey Jr. as Tony Stark, as depicted in the film Iron Man 3.

Robert Downey Jr. portrays Tony Stark in Iron Man (2008),[17] Iron Man 2 (2010), The Avengers (2012),[18] Iron Man 3 (2013),[19] Avengers: Age of Ultron (2015),[20] Captain America: Civil War (2016),[21] Spider-Man: Homecoming (2017),[22] Avengers: Infinity War (2018), and Avengers: Endgame (2019),[20][22] as well as having a cameo in The Incredible Hulk (2008)[17] that is also shown via archive footage in the Marvel One-Shot, The Consultant (2011).[23] Downey Jr. will reprise the role in Black Widow (2020).[24]
Davin Ransom portrayed a young Tony Stark in Iron Man 2.
Iron Man 3 director Shane Black stated in March 2013 that "There has been a lot of discussion about it: 'Is this the last Iron Man for Robert [Downey Jr.]?' Something tells me that it will not be the case, and [he] will be seen in a fourth, or fifth." Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige has said that the character of Stark will continue to be featured in the Marvel Cinematic Universe regardless of Downey's involvement.[25] Also in March, Downey said he was open to extending his contract, stating he feels "there's a couple other things we've gotta do" with the character.[26] In June 2013, when Downey Jr. signed on to return as Iron Man in Avengers: Age of Ultron, he also signed on for a third Avengers film.[20] In a July 2014 interview during the filming of Avengers: Age of Ultron, Downey expressed his interest in continuing to play Iron Man. "It's down to Kevin [Feige] and Ike [Perlmutter, CEO of Marvel Entertainment] and Disney to come to us with what the proposal is, and that’s on us to agree or disagree," Downey said. "When things are going great, there's a lot of agreement." He added, "It's that thing of: Why give up the belt when it feels like you can barely get jabbed?"[27] Downey Jr. says he's open to appearing in a potential fourth Iron Man film, saying "I could do one more."[28]

Animation

Iron Man was featured in Ultimate Avengers, an animated direct-to-video adaptation of the Ultimates produced by Marvel Entertainment and Lions Gate Films, voiced by Marc Worden. Although based on Ultimate Iron Man, the animated version's identity is not a matter of public record, and, as in main Marvel Universe continuity, he is afflicted with a heart condition rather than a brain tumor. In the first film he is reluctant to join the Avengers, but later becomes a full-time member. Marvel/Lions Gate released Ultimate Avengers 2 on August 8, 2006. In the second film Iron Man's old armor is ruined, so he uses the War Machine armor.
Marc Worden reprises his role of Iron Man in The Invincible Iron Man. The film has a slightly changed origin where Stark is taken to China. There he meets Li Mei, and with Rhodey builds a suit of armor. As Iron Man he takes down four elementals attempting to resurrect his arch enemy, the Mandarin, who in this incarnation is a Kahgan who has been deceased for many centuries.
An elderly Iron Man appears in the alternate universe Next Avengers: Heroes of Tomorrow voiced by Tom Kane. He takes the children of the Avengers to a safe place where Ultron will not find them.
Stark, voiced again by Marc Worden, makes a brief appearance in the Planet Hulk animated film.[29]
Iron Man: Rise of Technovore is a direct-to-video feature which, like the Marvel Anime adaptation, is produced by Madhouse in collaboration with Marvel. The feature is written by Brandon Auman and directed by Hiroshi Hamasaki in which Matthew Mercer voiced the character. The feature revolves around Iron Man as he fights against Ezekiel Stane who has developed a new bio-technology. The film was released in North America on Blu-ray and DVD April 16, 2013.[30][31]
Iron Man appears as a central character in Iron Man & Hulk: Heroes United which was released in 2014. Adrian Pasdar reprised his role as Stark from Ultimate Spider-Man and the Iron Man Anime.[32] Iron Man will be teaming with Captain America in Iron Man & Captain America: Heroes United which was released in 2014.[33]
Iron Man appears in the anime film Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher with Mercer reprising his role.[34]
Iron Man appears in the animated film Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight, with Mick Wingert reprising the role from Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled.[35]
Iron Man appears in Lego Marvel Super Heroes - Black Panther: Trouble in Wakanda, voiced again by Mick Wingert.
Iron Man makes a cameo in the Walt Disney Animation Studios film, Ralph Breaks the Internet, where he is seen flying towards the Marvel pavilion of the Oh My Disney webpage, an act witnessed by Vanellope von Schweetz.

Video games

Iron Man is featured in several video games. He is one of four selectable heroes in Captain America and the Avengers (1991).
Iron Man appears in few Capcom games licensed by Marvel:
- Iron Man appears in few Marvel-licensed Capcom fighting games, particularly in Marvel vs. Capcom series.
  - Chris Britton voices the character in the 2D era fighting games Marvel Super Heroes (1995) and in Marvel vs. Capcom 2: New Age of Heroes (2000).
  - He is one of five playable characters in Marvel Super Heroes In War of the Gems (1996).
  - Eric Loomis reprises his role in 3D era Marvel vs. Capcom games:
    - Iron Man appears as a playable fighter in Marvel vs. Capcom 3: Fate of Two Worlds, donning his Extremis armor. Alternate colors include the "tin can" prototype armor, the Stealth Suit, and the Silver Centurion armor, with Norman Osborn's Iron Patriot armor available as downloadable content. He appears in the Mike Haggar character ending as Haggar's running mate for his presidential campaign. Iron Man would later appear as a playable character in the standalone update of the game, Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3.
    - Iron Man is a playable character in Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite, with Eric Loomis reprising the role. While not having much playable roles, Iron Man one of the important major characters in the storyline.[36]
Iron Man appears as an assist character in the 1995 arcade game Avengers in Galactic Storm.
Iron Man/Tony Stark appears and referred in few Spider-Man games:
- Tony Stark is referenced in Spider-Man 2: Enter Electro.
- In Spider-Man: Web of Shadows, Spider-Man tries to call Tony Stark to help build a device that will rid the city of the symbiotes. Stark Industries is closed due to a public health emergency caused by the symbiote invasion. Billboards of Iron Man are seen across the city. Despite this, his Stark tower, located at South Financial District becomes the main base to shelter the survivors and separating the symbiote victims.
- In Spider-Man Unlimited, Nick Fury notes he would rather have Iron Man helping stop the Sinister Six instead of Spider-Man. Tony Stark is also mentioned in Iron Spider's backstory. The Marvel Cinematic Universe version of Iron Man also appears in the Avengers: Infinity War tie-in event, where he sends Spider-Man to Symbiote World to protect. the Power Stone.
Marvel’s Iron Man VR is an upcoming video game which is being developed by Camouflaj. It will be released on the PlayStation 4.[37]
He appears in Iron Man and X-O Manowar in Heavy Metal for the PC, PlayStation, the Game Boy, Saturn and Game Gear.
The Invincible Iron Man was released on the Game Boy Advance in late 2002.
Iron Man is unlockable after beating the easy difficulty on Tony Hawk's Underground released in 2003.
Iron Man makes an appearance in the 2005 Punisher video game voiced by John Cygan. He learns from his security that the Eternal Sun tried to steal the Iron Man armors. An inside joke alludes to Stark's alcoholism: After viewing the destruction left by the Punisher, Stark sighs and says, "I need a drink."
Iron Man is an unlockable character in X-Men Legends II: Rise of Apocalypse voiced again by John Cygan. He can be unlocked by collecting the four homing beacons in each act to access the secret area to retrieve a piece of his armor. Collect four pieces of his armor to unlock him. The War Machine armor is one of his alternate costumes. He's the only playable non-mutant character to be mistaken as a mutant by Bastion and the Sentinel, and a member of the X-Men. Due to fact, he himself been an old friend of the X-Men for long time.
Iron Man is one of the main characters in Marvel Nemesis: Rise of the Imperfects, voiced by David Kaye.
Iron Man is an important playable character in the spiritual successor of X-Men Legends series, Marvel: Ultimate Alliance:
- John Cygan reprises his role of Iron Man who is a playable character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance. His costumes include his New Avenger armor, his Classic armor, the War Machine armor, and his Ultimate armor. Iron Man is one of the main characters in game; Stark Tower is one of the bases of the team in the game. He has special dialogue with Nick Fury, the Crimson Dynamo, Deathbird, Dark Colossus, and Dark Captain America. A simulation disk has Iron Man fighting Ultimo on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. He is also a PSP exclusive boss character on Black Widow's simulation mission in that handheld port.
- Iron Man return a playable character and a boss character in Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 voiced by Crispin Freeman. He is one of the first four characters available for play in the game, and one of the three major characters alongside Captain America and Nick Fury. Since the game's storyline is based on the Civil War story arc, he plays a major role as the leader of the Pro-Registration Movement.[38] His alternate costume is a slightly modified classic costume.
- Iron Man appears as a playable character in a reboot universe depicted in Marvel Ultimate Alliance 3: The Black Order, with Eric Loomis reprising his role.
Iron Man appears in a video game adaptions based on Phase 1 films of Marvel Cinematic Universe where Iron Man appeared prior to The Avengers movie:
- In 2008, Sega Corporation published an Iron Man video game in tandem with the release of the movie with Robert Downey Jr. reprising his role as Tony Stark and Iron Man voiced by Stephen Stanton.
- Stephen Stanton reprises his role of Iron Man in The Incredible Hulk video game. He serves as a boss and as a threat level enemy should the Hulk cause too much destruction. He fights the Hulk in his Hulkbuster Armor MK II. Iron Man's Hulkbuster Armor is playable if one has the data of the Iron Man video game on their memory card.
- Iron Man appears in the video game adaption of Iron Man 2 voiced by Eric Loomis.
Iron Man is the main character in Iron Man: Aerial Assault.
Iron Man appears as a playable character in the Marvel Super Hero Squad video game and its sequel, with Tom Kenny reprising his role.
An Iron Man pinball machine produced by Stern was released in 2010. It is based on the first two feature films.
Iron Man is available as downloadable content for the game LittleBigPlanet, as part of "Marvel Costume Kit 1".[39]
Iron Man is a playable character in Marvel Super Hero Squad Online and Marvel Super Hero Squad: Comic Combat, voiced by Tom Kenny in his standard armor, Hulkbuster armor and Stealth armor.
Iron Man is a playable character in the Facebook game Marvel: Avengers Alliance.
Iron Man appears as a playable character in the 2012 fighting game Marvel Avengers: Battle for Earth.
Iron Man is a playable character in the MMORPG Marvel Heroes,[40] voiced by Marc Worden.
Iron Man is a playable character in every Lego Marvel games such as Lego Marvel Super Heroes, Lego Marvel's Avengers and Lego Marvel Super Heroes 2, voiced by Adrian Pasdar and Robert Downey Jr. respectively.[41][42]
Iron Man is a playable character in Marvel Avengers Alliance Tactics.
Iron Man is a playable character in Marvel: Contest of Champions. His Endo-Sym armor and Hulkbuster armor also appear as separate characters.
Iron Man is a playable character in Disney Infinity: Marvel Super Heroes. His Hulkbuster armor is added as a separate character in the 3.0 edition.
Iron Man is a playable character in Marvel: Future Fight.
A teenage version of Iron Man appears in Marvel Avengers Academy, voiced by Dave Franco.[43]

Marvel Cinematic Universe

Robert Downey Jr. portrays a version of Tony Stark / Iron Man in the MCU and is the main protagonist of the franchise.

The character stars in the 2008 live-action film Iron Man, he is the playboy industrialist CEO of Stark Industries, a weapons designer and manufacter to the U.S. Military, and travels to war-torn Afghanistan with his friend and military liaison Lieutenant Colonel James Rhodes to demonstrate Stark's new "Jericho" missile. After the demonstration, the convoy is ambushed and Stark is critically wounded and imprisoned by a terrorist group, the Ten Rings. Fellow captive Yinsen, a doctor, implants an electromagnet into Stark's chest to keep shrapnel shards from reaching his heart and killing him. Ten Rings leader Raza offers Stark freedom in exchange for building a Jericho missile, but Tony and Yinsen agree Raza will not keep his word. Stark and Yinsen secretly build a small, powerful electric generator called an arc reactor to power Stark's electromagnet and a suit of powered armor. When the Ten Rings attack the workshop. Yinsen sacrifices himself to divert them while the suit is completed. The armored Stark battles his way out of the cave to find the dying Yinsen, then burns the Ten Rings' weapons in anger and flies away, crashing in the desert. Rescued by Rhodes, Stark returns home to announce that his company will no longer manufacture weapons. Obadiah Stane, his father's old partner and the company's manager, advises Stark that this may ruin Stark Industries and his father's legacy. With the aid of his computer J.A.R.V.I.S., Stark secretly builds a sleeker version of his improvised armor suit with a more powerful arc reactor. At a Stark Industries charity event, reporter Christine Everhart informs Stark that his company's weapons were being used by the Ten Rings to attack Yinsen's home village, Gulmira. Stark learns that Stane has been arms trafficking to criminals worldwide, and is staging a coup to replace him as Stark Industries' CEO. Stark, in his new armor, flies to Afghanistan and saves the villagers. Flying home, Stark is shot at by two F-22 Raptor fighter jets, forcing him to call Rhodes and reveal his secret identity. Stane acquires the wreckage of Stark's prototype from the Ten Rings, and has a massive new suit reverse engineered. Stane's scientists cannot duplicate Stark's miniaturized arc reactor, so Stane ambushes Stark at his home and takes the one from his chest, revealing that Stane was responsible for Stark's captivity. Stark manages to get to his original reactor to replace it, and defeats Stane. The next day, at a press conference, Stark defies suggestions from S.H.I.E.L.D. and publicly admits to being the superhero the press has dubbed "Iron Man". Later, S.H.I.E.L.D. Director Nick Fury visits Stark at home, telling him that Iron Man is not "the only superhero in the world", and explaining that he wants to discuss the "Avenger Initiative".
The character appears again in the end of the 2008 live-action film The Incredible Hulk, which is set which is set at the same time as the events of Iron Man 2. He talks to General Thaddeus E. "Thunderbolt" Ross at a local bar about setting up a team.
He returns as the main character in the 2010 live-action movie Iron Man 2, which is set six months after the events of Iron Man. Stark has become a superstar and uses his Iron Man suit for peaceful means, resisting government pressure to sell his designs. He reinstitutes the Stark Expo to continue his father's legacy, but discovers that the palladium core in the arc reactor that keeps Stark alive and powers the armor is slowly poisoning him. Growing increasingly reckless and despondent about his impending death, Stark appoints Pepper Potts CEO of Stark Industries, and hires Stark employee Natalie Rushman to replace her as his personal assistant. Stark competes in the Monaco Historic Grand Prix, and is attacked mid-race by Ivan Vanko, who wields electrified whips. Stark dons his Mark V armor and defeats Vanko, but the suit is severely damaged. Vanko explains his intent to prove that Iron Man is not invincible. Stark's rival, Justin Hammer, fakes Vanko's death while breaking him out of prison and asks him to build armored suits to upstage Stark. At his birthday party, Stark gets drunk while wearing the Mark IV suit. Rhodes dons Stark's Mark II prototype armor and tries to restrain him. The fight ends in a stalemate, so Rhodes confiscates the Mark II for the U.S. Air Force. Nick Fury reveals that "Rushman" is Agent Natasha Romanoff, that Howard Stark was a S.H.I.E.L.D. founder whom Fury knew personally, and that Vanko's father Anton jointly invented the arc reactor with Howard Stark, but tried to sell it for profit. Howard Stark had Anton deported, and the Soviets sent him to the gulag. Stark discovers a hidden message in the diorama of the 1974 Stark Expo, a diagram of the structure of a new element, which Stark synthesizes. When he learns Vanko is still alive, he places the new element in his arc reactor. At the Expo, Hammer unveils Vanko's armored drones, led by Rhodes in a heavily weaponized version of the Mark II armor. Stark arrives in the Mark VI armor to warn Rhodes, but Vanko remotely takes control of both the drones and Rhodes' armor and attacks Iron Man. After Romanoff is able to return control of the Mark II armor to Rhodes, Stark and Rhodes together defeat Vanko and his drones. At a debriefing, Fury informs Stark that because of Stark's difficult personality, S.H.I.E.L.D. intends to use him only as a consultant. Stark and Rhodes receive medals for their heroism.
He appears in the 2012 film The Avengers, set several months later. In response to an attack by the Asgardian Loki, S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson visits Stark to have him review the research of Erik Selvig on the Tesseract. In Stuttgart, Stark, along with Captain America (Steve Rogers) and Romanoff, confront Loki, who surrenders. Thor arrives and frees Loki, but after a confrontation with Stark and Rogers, agrees to take Loki to S.H.I.E.L.D.'s flying aircraft carrier, the Helicarrier. The Avengers become divided over how to approach Loki and the revelation that S.H.I.E.L.D. plans to harness the Tesseract to develop weapons. Agents possessed by Loki attack the Helicarrier, and Loki escapes. Stark and Rogers realize that Loki needs to overpower them publicly to validate himself as ruler of Earth. Loki uses the Tesseract to open a wormhole above Stark Tower in New York City. A Chitauri fleet in space invades through the wormhole, and Stark and the others rally in defense of the city. Fury's superiors from the World Security Council attempt to end the invasion by launching a nuclear missile at Midtown Manhattan. Stark intercepts the missile, and in an apparent sacrifice of his own life, takes it through the wormhole toward the Chitauri fleet. The missile detonates, destroying the Chitauri mothership and disabling their forces on Earth. Stark's suit runs out of power, and he falls back through the wormhole but the Hulk saves him from crashing into the ground.

Motion comics

Iron Man appears in the Iron Man: Extremis motion comic, voiced by Jason Griffith.
Iron Man appears in the Ultimate Wolverine vs. Hulk motion comic, voiced by Kirby Morrow.
Iron Man appears in the Eternals motion comic, voiced again by Kirby Morrow.

Books

The Iron Man armor is prominently featured in the book Inventing Iron Man: The Possibility of a Human Machine by E. Paul Zehr, which explores the hard science fiction aspects of Iron Man and the possibility of building an Iron Man-like armor.[44]

Iron Man has appeared in the following novels:

Title	Author	Publisher	ISBN	Release Date
Iron Man: And Call My Killer... MODOK!	William Rotsler	Pocket Books	0671820893 / 9780671820893	May 1979
Iron Man: The Armor Trap	Greg Cox	Berkley Boulevard/BPMC	1572970081 / 9781572970083	July 1995
Iron Man: Steel Terror	Dean Wesley Smith	Pocket Books/BPMC	0671003216 / 9780671003210	October 1996
Iron Man: Operation A.I.M.	Greg Cox	Berkley Boulevard/BPMC	1572971959 / 9781572971950	December 1996
Spider-Man and Iron Man: Doom's Day Book Two: Sabotage	Pierce Askegren Danny Fingeroth	Berkley Boulevard/BPMC	1572972351 / 9781572972353	March 1997
Iron Man	Peter David	Del Rey Books	034550609X / 9780345506092	April 2008
Iron Man: Femme Fatales	Robert Greenberger	Del Rey Books	0345506855 / 9780345506856	September 29, 2009
Iron Man: Virus	Alexander C. Irvine	Del Rey Books	0345506847 / 9780345506849	January 26, 2010
Iron Man: Extremis	Marie Javins	Marvel Comics	978-0785165187	April 16, 2013
Iron Man: The Gauntlet	Eoin Colfer	Marvel Comics	978-1484741603	October 25, 2016

Theatre

Iron Man appears in the Marvel Universe Live! stage show.[45]

Unreleased projects

In 1989, while the third TV-movie sequel to The Incredible Hulk live-action television series was expected to co-star She-Hulk, Iron Man was being considered for both a follow-up or a solo film of his own.[46] One year later, a film from Universal Studios to be directed by Stuart Gordon was being negotiated.[47] This was still on the table ten months later,[48] and also another two years on, this time with no specific director or even studio attached.[49]

Pop culture references to Iron Man

In 2001, a reference to Iron Man is made in X-Men: Evolution in episode 20: "On Angel's Wings", a sign reading "Stark Enterprises" can briefly be seen.
In The Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror X", in Desperately Xeeking Xena, Iron Man is amongst the list of names The Collector (Comic Book Guy) wants Lucy Lawless to call him on their wedding night.
Iron Man appears in the Robot Chicken episodes "Celebutard Mountain" voiced by Mark Hamill, "I'm Trapped" voiced by Adam Reed, "Tell My Mom" voiced by Ron Perlman, "Two Weeks Without Food" voiced by Jon Favreau (who also directed Iron Man and its sequel), "Collateral Damage in Gang Turf War" voiced by Liev Schreiber, and "Robot Fight Accident" voiced by Kevin Shinick.
In the Seinfeld episode "The Voice", George and Jerry discuss whether Iron Man wears some kind of undergarment beneath his armor. George suggests he goes naked and Jerry replies that idea does not make sense.
In The Looney Tunes Show, there was a CGI animated short of Road Runner and Wile E. Coyote entitled "Heavy Metal." In this short, Wile E. tries to catch the Road Runner with an iron suit. The design is based on the Mark I armor. Similar to the comics, the Coyote designed his suit in a cave just like Tony Stark did with Ho Yinsen.
MAD featured a movie short titled "I Love You, Iron Man" in which Iron Man 2 and I Love You, Man are spoofed.
Iron Man appears as a combatant in ScrewAttack's popular online series, Death Battle. He was pitted against the DC Comics supervillain Lex Luthor in a fight to the death and won. He was voiced by Chuck Huber.
Iron Man also appeared as a combatant in One Minute Melee where he fought against DC Comics superhero Batman and lost. He also appeared in DBX where he fought Mega Man X and also lost.
In The Lego Batman Movie, the password Batman uses to enter the Batcave is "Iron Man Sucks".
In The Martian, Mark Watney likens cutting a hole in his suit glove to create a reaction control thruster to Iron Man.
In Oggy and the Cockroaches episode "Metalman", Oggy in his metal suit called him Metalman.
In Doctor Who Nikola Teslas night of terror Tesla acts very much like Tony Stark
In the chinese anime series MuQiLing 2 (木奇灵2) the character Tianheng constantly says that Iron Man is his favorite hero.

Amusement park

On October 8, 2013, Walt Disney Parks and Resorts chairman Thomas O. Staggs announced that Hong Kong Disneyland would be adding the Iron Man Experience, becoming the first Disney attraction to be based on a Marvel property.[50] Set at the fictional Stark Expo, the attraction will feature Tony Stark recruiting guests to fend off extraterrestrial beings from attacking Hong Kong.[51]

References

Thomas, Roy; Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0762428441. In 1966, television production company Grantray-Lawrence produced a series of five half-hour semi-animated shows under the banner title Marvel Superheroes. Captain America, The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, The Mighty Thor, and Sub-Mariner all made their television debuts.
Goldman, Eric (April 29, 2013). "Iron Man's TV History". IGN. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013.
"Iron Man In Animation - A Retrospective Part One". Marvel Animation Age. n.d. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
Arrant, Chris (March 6, 2013). "Uncovering Marvel's lost '80s cartoon pitches". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. There are some stalwarts there, including a swank Iron Man, a Six Million Dollar Man-esque Ant-Man, and a Daredevil show that pairs the blind attorney with a dog named Lightning.
"Iron Man In Animation - A Retrospective Part Five". Marvel Animation Age. n.d. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
Lowry, Brian (April 21, 2009). "Review: Iron Man: Armored Adventures". Variety. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.
Busch, Jenna (February 8, 2010). "Avengers Animated Assembling w/ Phil Lamarr". Newsarama. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2010.
"Marvel Anime to Run on G4 in the United States in 2011". Anime News Network. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2010.
Goldman, Eric (April 17, 2012). "Eliza Dushku Will S.M.A.S.H. as She-Hulk". IGN. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
"Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Preview". Marvel.com. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.
Goldman, Eric (June 28, 2013). "Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Debut Date Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013.
Sunu, Steve (October 13, 2012). "NYCC: Coulson Lives In Whedon's S.H.I.E.L.D.". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
Strecker, Erin (May 8, 2013). "Marvel's Avengers Assemble on DisneyXD -- Exclusive First Look". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
Rose, Lacey (June 21, 2012). "Disney Channel's Gary Marsh on Tabloid Teen Stars, Marvel and the Junk Food Ban (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.
"Disney Announces Japanese, Animated Marvel Disk Wars Series". Comic Book Resources. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2016.
"Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled". Lego Marvel Super Heroes. November 16, 2015.
Douglas, Edward (May 2, 2008). "Robert Downey Jr. is Iron Man!". SuperheroHype.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2008.
Kit, Borys (October 29, 2008). "Downey, Favreau are 'Avengers' for Marvel". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.
Boucher, Geoff (August 18, 2011). "Iron Man 3 and Robert Downey Jr. start Shane Black era". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.
"Robert Downey Jr. To Return As Marvel's Iron Man". Marvel.com. June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.
Strom, Marc (October 28, 2014). "Marvel Pits Captain America & Iron Man in a Cinematic Civil War". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.
Kit, Borys (April 21, 2016). "Robert Downey Jr. Joins 'Spider-Man: Homecoming'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.
White, Cindy (August 29, 2011). "First Impression: Thor 3D Blu-ray Special Features". IGN. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.
Boucher, Geoff (September 13, 2019). "Saturn Awards: 'Spider-Man' Star Tom Holland Wins For Third Year In A Row". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.
Keyes, Rob. "Shane Black Teases Robert Downey Jr.'s Return For Iron Man 4 & 5". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
Nicholson, Amy (March 6, 2013). "Robert Downey Jr. Likely Returning for Avengers 2; Likes Being 'Company Man'". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2013.
Breznican, Anthony (July 23, 2014). "Robert Downey Jr. on Iron Man 4: 'Why give up the belt?'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.
Melrose, Kevin (April 27, 2016). "Robert Downey Jr. Hints at Iron Man 4: "I Could Do One More"". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016.
Harvey, James (December 25, 2009). "Animated Planet Hulk Cast And Crew Details, Hulk Versus 2009 Year-End Sales". Marvel Animation Age. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.
"Madhouse, Marvel Team Up Again for New Iron Man: Rise of Technovore Film". Anime News Network. October 8, 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
Nicholson, Max (February 1, 2013). "New Iron Man Anime Blu-ray Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2013.
Breznican, Anthony (October 4, 2012). "Iron Man & Hulk: Heroes United: First Look at Marvel Animation's debut movie -- Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2012.
"Watch an exclusive clip (only on @Amazon!) from Marvel's Iron Man & Captain America: #HeroesUnited, out in 2014". Twitter. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.
Busis, Hillary (January 21, 2014). "Marvel's Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher: See the trailer here! Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.
Banker, Mark (writer); Schauer, Mitch (director) (2015). Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight. Marvel Animation (film). Glendale, California.
Capcom. Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite. Scene: Credits, "Cast".
Payton, Ryan (March 25, 2019). "Marvel's Iron Man VR arrives 2019 on PlayStation VR". PlayStation.Blog.Europe. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.
"Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 Guide/Walkthrough - X360, Xbox 360 Walkthrough". IGN. n.d. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2010.
"Marvel Costume Kit 1". Little Big Planet. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.
"The Avengers Assemble in Marvel Heroes". Marvel Heroes. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.
"Lego Marvel Super Heroes On the Way". Marvel.com. January 8, 2013. Archived from the original on January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.
Miller, Greg (July 20, 2013). "Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Characters and Cast Revealed". IGN. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013.
Melrose, Kevin (February 4, 2016). "John Cena and Colton Haynes Lend Voices to Marvel Avengers Academy". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016.
Zehr, E. Paul (2011). Inventing Iron Man: The Possibility of a Human Machine. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1421402260.
"Character Reveals for Marvel Universe LIVE!". Marvel.com. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016.
"Comics Screen", Comics Scene #9, October 1989, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.
"Comics Screen", Comics Scene #15, October 1990, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.
"Comics Screen", Comics Scene #20, August 1991, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.
"Comics Screen", Comics Scene #36, August 1993, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.
Chu, Karen (October 8, 2013). "Hong Kong Disneyland to Open Iron Man Experience in 2016". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2013.
Barnes, Brookes (October 8, 2013). "To Lift Hong Kong Park, Disney Deploys Iron Man". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

in Doctor Who season 12 the character nikola tesla acts in a very mcu iron man way

External links

Toymania: Iron Man Figure Archive

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] Thomas, Roy; Sanderson, Peter (2007). The Marvel Vault: A Museum-in-a-Book with Rare Collectibles from the World of Marvel. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Running Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0762428441. In 1966, television production company Grantray-Lawrence produced a series of five half-hour semi-animated shows under the banner title Marvel Superheroes. Captain America, The Incredible Hulk, Iron Man, The Mighty Thor, and Sub-Mariner all made their television debuts.

[Goldman-2] Goldman, Eric (April 29, 2013). "Iron Man's TV History". IGN. Archived from the original on June 10, 2013.

[3] "Iron Man In Animation - A Retrospective Part One". Marvel Animation Age. n.d. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2010.

[4] Arrant, Chris (March 6, 2013). "Uncovering Marvel's lost '80s cartoon pitches". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on September 22, 2015. There are some stalwarts there, including a swank Iron Man, a Six Million Dollar Man-esque Ant-Man, and a Daredevil show that pairs the blind attorney with a dog named Lightning.

[MAA-5] "Iron Man In Animation - A Retrospective Part Five". Marvel Animation Age. n.d. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2010.

[6] Lowry, Brian (April 21, 2009). "Review: Iron Man: Armored Adventures". Variety. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved June 11, 2013.

[7] Busch, Jenna (February 8, 2010). "Avengers Animated Assembling w/ Phil Lamarr". Newsarama. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved February 8, 2010.

[8] "Marvel Anime to Run on G4 in the United States in 2011". Anime News Network. July 23, 2010. Archived from the original on June 9, 2013. Retrieved July 24, 2010.

[9] Goldman, Eric (April 17, 2012). "Eliza Dushku Will S.M.A.S.H. as She-Hulk". IGN. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.

[Phineas&Ferb-10] "Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Preview". Marvel.com. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 31, 2012. Retrieved August 31, 2012.

[11] Goldman, Eric (June 28, 2013). "Phineas and Ferb: Mission Marvel Debut Date Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on July 6, 2013.

[12] Sunu, Steve (October 13, 2012). "NYCC: Coulson Lives In Whedon's S.H.I.E.L.D.". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.

[13] Strecker, Erin (May 8, 2013). "Marvel's Avengers Assemble on DisneyXD -- Exclusive First Look". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.

[14] Rose, Lacey (June 21, 2012). "Disney Channel's Gary Marsh on Tabloid Teen Stars, Marvel and the Junk Food Ban (Q&A)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013.

[15] "Disney Announces Japanese, Animated Marvel Disk Wars Series". Comic Book Resources. October 23, 2013. Archived from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 28, 2016.

[16] "Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Avengers Reassembled". Lego Marvel Super Heroes. November 16, 2015.

[DowneyIMTIH-17] Douglas, Edward (May 2, 2008). "Robert Downey Jr. is Iron Man!". SuperheroHype.com. Archived from the original on February 23, 2013. Retrieved May 2, 2008.

[DowneyIM2Avengers-18] Kit, Borys (October 29, 2008). "Downey, Favreau are 'Avengers' for Marvel". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Retrieved March 23, 2013.

[DowneyIM3-19] Boucher, Geoff (August 18, 2011). "Iron Man 3 and Robert Downey Jr. start Shane Black era". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on September 3, 2012. Retrieved September 3, 2012.

[DowneyAvengers2&3-20] "Robert Downey Jr. To Return As Marvel's Iron Man". Marvel.com. June 20, 2013. Archived from the original on June 20, 2013. Retrieved June 20, 2013.

[CivilWar-21] Strom, Marc (October 28, 2014). "Marvel Pits Captain America & Iron Man in a Cinematic Civil War". Marvel.com. Archived from the original on October 28, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.

[DowneySMH-22] Kit, Borys (April 21, 2016). "Robert Downey Jr. Joins 'Spider-Man: Homecoming'". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on April 21, 2016. Retrieved April 21, 2016.

[IGNConsultant-23] White, Cindy (August 29, 2011). "First Impression: Thor 3D Blu-ray Special Features". IGN. Archived from the original on May 27, 2014. Retrieved January 13, 2014.

[24] Boucher, Geoff (September 13, 2019). "Saturn Awards: 'Spider-Man' Star Tom Holland Wins For Third Year In A Row". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on September 14, 2019. Retrieved September 15, 2019.

[25] Keyes, Rob. "Shane Black Teases Robert Downey Jr.'s Return For Iron Man 4 & 5". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2013.

[26] Nicholson, Amy (March 6, 2013). "Robert Downey Jr. Likely Returning for Avengers 2; Likes Being 'Company Man'". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on October 7, 2014. Retrieved March 10, 2013.

[DowneyJuly2014-27] Breznican, Anthony (July 23, 2014). "Robert Downey Jr. on Iron Man 4: 'Why give up the belt?'". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on July 23, 2014. Retrieved July 23, 2014.

[28] Melrose, Kevin (April 27, 2016). "Robert Downey Jr. Hints at Iron Man 4: "I Could Do One More"". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016.

[29] Harvey, James (December 25, 2009). "Animated Planet Hulk Cast And Crew Details, Hulk Versus 2009 Year-End Sales". Marvel Animation Age. Archived from the original on January 10, 2010. Retrieved September 8, 2010.

[30] "Madhouse, Marvel Team Up Again for New Iron Man: Rise of Technovore Film". Anime News Network. October 8, 2012. Archived from the original on November 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2012.

[31] Nicholson, Max (February 1, 2013). "New Iron Man Anime Blu-ray Announced". IGN. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2013.

[32] Breznican, Anthony (October 4, 2012). "Iron Man & Hulk: Heroes United: First Look at Marvel Animation's debut movie -- Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2012.

[33] "Watch an exclusive clip (only on @Amazon!) from Marvel's Iron Man & Captain America: #HeroesUnited, out in 2014". Twitter. Archived from the original on January 8, 2014. Retrieved October 9, 2014.

[34] Busis, Hillary (January 21, 2014). "Marvel's Avengers Confidential: Black Widow & Punisher: See the trailer here! Exclusive". Entertainment Weekly. Archived from the original on October 23, 2014. Retrieved January 21, 2014.

[35] Banker, Mark (writer); Schauer, Mitch (director) (2015). Marvel Super Hero Adventures: Frost Fight. Marvel Animation (film). Glendale, California.

[36] Capcom. Marvel vs. Capcom: Infinite. Scene: Credits, "Cast".

[37] Payton, Ryan (March 25, 2019). "Marvel's Iron Man VR arrives 2019 on PlayStation VR". PlayStation.Blog.Europe. Archived from the original on September 24, 2019. Retrieved March 25, 2019.

[38] "Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2 Guide/Walkthrough - X360, Xbox 360 Walkthrough". IGN. n.d. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved September 13, 2010.

[LittleBigPlanetMCK1-39] "Marvel Costume Kit 1". Little Big Planet. Archived from the original on December 29, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2012.

[MarvelHeroesMMORPG-40] "The Avengers Assemble in Marvel Heroes". Marvel Heroes. May 22, 2012. Archived from the original on June 11, 2013. Retrieved July 19, 2012.

[LegoMarvelvideogame-41] "Lego Marvel Super Heroes On the Way". Marvel.com. January 8, 2013. Archived from the original on January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013.

[42] Miller, Greg (July 20, 2013). "Lego Marvel Super Heroes: Characters and Cast Revealed". IGN. Archived from the original on August 22, 2013.

[43] Melrose, Kevin (February 4, 2016). "John Cena and Colton Haynes Lend Voices to Marvel Avengers Academy". Comic Book Resources. Archived from the original on October 9, 2016.

[44] Zehr, E. Paul (2011). Inventing Iron Man: The Possibility of a Human Machine. Baltimore, Maryland: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 224. ISBN 978-1421402260.

[45] "Character Reveals for Marvel Universe LIVE!". Marvel.com. November 25, 2013. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016.

[46] "Comics Screen", Comics Scene #9, October 1989, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.

[47] "Comics Screen", Comics Scene #15, October 1990, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.

[48] "Comics Screen", Comics Scene #20, August 1991, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.

[49] "Comics Screen", Comics Scene #36, August 1993, Starlog Communications International, Inc., p. 70.

[THR-50] Chu, Karen (October 8, 2013). "Hong Kong Disneyland to Open Iron Man Experience in 2016". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2013.

[NYT-51] Barnes, Brookes (October 8, 2013). "To Lift Hong Kong Park, Disney Deploys Iron Man". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 13, 2013. Retrieved October 8, 2013.