Indian Foreign Service

The Indian Foreign Service (IFS) is the administrative diplomatic[1] civil service under Group A[2] and Group B[3][4] of the Central Civil Services of the executive branch of the Government of India.[5] It is a Central Civil service as Foreign policy is the subject matter and prerogative of Union Government.[6] The Ambassador, High Commissioner, Consul General, Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations and Foreign Secretary are some of the offices held by the members of this service.[1] The administrative head of the service is the Foreign Secretary, and the Political Head of the service is the External Affairs Minister.

Indian Foreign Service (IFS)
Service Overview
Formed9 October 1946
HeadquartersSouth Block, New Delhi
Country India
Training GroundSushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute, New Delhi
Field of Operation
Controlling AuthorityMinistry of External Affairs
Legal personalityGovernmental: Government Services
General NatureDiplomacy & Foreign policy
Economic diplomacy
Trade Relations
Defence Diplomacy
Cultural diplomacy
Consular Services
Public diplomacy
Intergovernmental organization
Preceding ServiceIndian Civil Service
Cadre Size2780 members (Group A - 850 ; Group B - 1930)
Service Chief
Foreign SecretaryHarsh Vardhan Shringla, IFS
Minister of the Service
Minister of External AffairsSubrahmanyam Jaishankar, MP

The service is entrusted to conduct diplomacy and manage foreign relations of India.[1] It is the body of career diplomats serving in more than 162 Indian Diplomatic Missions and International Organisations around the world. In addition, they serve at the headquarters of the Ministry of External affairs in Delhi and the Prime Minister's Office.[7] They also head the Regional Passport Offices throughout the country and hold positions in the President's Secretariat and several ministries on deputation. Foreign Secretary of India is the administrative head of the Indian Foreign Service.

IFS was created by the Government of India in October 1946 through a Cabinet note[8] but its roots can be traced back to the British Raj when the Foreign Department was created to conduct business with the "Foreign European Powers".[9] IFS Day is celebrated on 9 October every year since 2011 to commemorate the day the Indian Cabinet created the IFS.[8]

Officers of the IFS are now recruited by the Government of India on the recommendation of the Union Public Service Commission. Previous to 1948, some were appointed directly by the then Prime Minister and included former native rulers of India who had integrated their provinces into India apart from known persons like Mohammed Yunus. Fresh recruits to the IFS are trained at Sushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute after a brief foundation course at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration, Mussoorie.[10]

History
South Block The HQ of Ministry of External Affairs, Prime Minister's Office and Defence Ministry in New Delhi
Negotiating exercises like this are routine and vital part of Indian diplomats' job profile. Here, US President Obama and Indian Prime Minister Modi are with their diplomats in an expanded bilateral meeting at Hyderabad House, New Delhi.

On 13 September 1783, the board of directors of the East India Company passed a resolution at Fort William, Calcutta (now Kolkata), to create a department, which could help "relieve the pressure" on the Warren Hastings administration in conducting its "secret and political business."[1] Although established by the Company, the Indian Foreign Department conducted business with foreign European powers.[1] From the very beginning, a distinction was maintained between the foreign and political functions of the Foreign Department; relations with all "Asiatic powers" (including native princely states) were treated as political, while relations with European powers were treated as foreign.[11]

In 1843, the Governor-General of India, Edward Law, 1st Earl of Ellenborough carried out administrative reforms, organizing the Secretariat of the Government into four departments: Foreign, Home, Finance, and Military. Each was headed by a secretary-level officer. The Foreign Department Secretary was entrusted with the "conduct of all correspondence belonging to the external and internal diplomatic relations of the government."[1]

The Government of India Act 1935 attempted to delineate more clearly functions of the foreign and political wings of the Foreign Department, it was soon realized that it was administratively imperative to completely bifurcate the department. Consequently, the External Affairs Department was set up separately under the direct charge of the Governor-General.

The idea of establishing a separate diplomatic service to handle the external activities of the Government of India originated from a note dated 30 September 1944, recorded by Lieutenant-General T. J. Hutton, the Secretary of the Planning and Development Department.[1] When this note was referred to the Department of External Affairs for comments, Olaf Caroe, the Foreign Secretary, recorded his comments in an exhaustive note detailing the scope, composition and functions of the proposed service. Caroe pointed out that as India emerged as autonomous, it was imperative to build up a system of representation abroad that would be in complete harmony with the objectives of the future government.[1]

On 9 October 1946, the Indian government established the Indian Foreign Service for India's diplomatic, consular and commercial representation overseas. With independence, there was a near-complete transition of the Foreign and Political Department into what then became the new Ministry of External Affairs and Commonwealth Relations.

Selection
An Indian Diplomatic Passport and an Official Passport. As opposed to the deep blue passport issued to ordinary Indian citizens, the diplomatic passport is maroon-coloured with golden 'Diplomatic Passport' engraved on it in English and Hindi.

In 1948, the first group of Indian Foreign Service officers recruited under the combined Civil Services Examination administered by the Union Public Service Commission joined the service.[12] This exam is still used to select new foreign service officers.

In recent years, the intake into the Indian Foreign Service has averaged between 30-35 persons annually. The present cadre strength of the service stands at approximately 800 officers manning around 183 Indian missions and posts abroad and the various posts in the Ministry at home (Defence, Finance, Home etc.)

Training

On acceptance to the Foreign Service, new entrants undergo significant training, which is considered to be one of the most challenging and longest service trainings in the Government of India and nearly takes more than 1 year to graduate from. The entrants undergo a probationary period (and are referred to as Officer Trainees). Training begins at the Lal Bahadur Shastri National Academy of Administration (LBSNAA) in Mussoorie, where members of many elite Indian civil services are trained.[1]

After completing a 15-week training at the LBSNAA, the probationers join the Sushma Swaraj Foreign Service Institute, India in New Delhi for a more intensive training in a host of subjects important to diplomacy, including international relations theory, military diplomacy, trade, India's foreign policy, history, international law, diplomatic practice, hospitality, protocol and administration. They also go on attachments with different government bodies and defence (Army, Navy, Air Force, CAPF) establishments and undertake tours both in India and abroad. The entire training programme lasts for a period of 12 months.[1]

Upon the completion of the training programme at the Institute, the officer is assigned a compulsory foreign language (CFL). After a brief period of desk attachment in the Ministry of External Affairs, at the rank of Assistant Secretary, the officer is posted to an Indian diplomatic mission abroad where her/his CFL is the native language. There the officer undergoes language training and is expected to develop proficiency in the CFL and pass an examination before being allowed to continue in the service.[1]

Functions
Then Indian Ambassador to the United States, Nirupama Rao, in a meeting with then U.S. Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, in Washington, D.C., 2012
Indian High Commission in Canberra

As a career diplomat, the Foreign Service Officer is required to project India’s interests, both at home and abroad on a wide variety of issues. These include bilateral political and economic cooperation, trade and investment promotion, cultural interaction, press and media liaison as well as a whole host of multilateral issues.[1]

Submission of a copy of the credential is the official beginning of any Ambassador's tenure in the host country. It is an attestation of qualification, competence, or authority issued to an Ambassador by the Head of the State with a relevant or de facto authority or assumed competence to do so.

The functions of an Indian diplomat may be summarized as:[1]

Representing India in his/her Embassies, High Commissions, Consulates, and Permanent Missions to multilateral organizations like UN;

Protecting India’s national interests in the country of his/her posting;

Promoting friendly relations with the receiving state as also its people, including NRI/PIOs;

Reporting accurately on developments in the country of posting which are likely to influence the formulation of India’s policies;

Negotiating agreements on various issues with the authorities of the receiving state; and

Extending consular facilities to foreigners and Indian nationals abroad.

At home[1]

Ministry of External Affairs is responsible for all aspects of external relations. Territorial divisions deal with bilateral political and economic work while functional divisions look after policy planning, multilateral organizations, regional groupings, legal matters, disarmament, protocol, consular, Indian Diaspora, press and publicity, administration and other aspects.

Career and rank structure
The hierarchy in foreign service
Harsh Vardhan Shringla is the 33rd Foreign Secretary of India and administrative head of the Indian Foreign Service & Foreign Service Board

The below rank structure is for IFS (A) officers who directly enter the service.

  • At an embassy: in ascending order of rank
    • Third Secretary (entry level)
    • Second Secretary (promotion upon being confirmed in service)
    • First Secretary
    • Counsellor
    • Minister
    • Deputy Chief of Mission/Deputy High Commissioner/Deputy Permanent Representative
    • Ambassador/High Commissioner/Permanent Representative
  • At the Ministry of External Affairs: in ascending order of rank
    • Assistant Secretary/Under Secretary
    • Deputy Secretary
    • Director
    • Joint Secretary
    • Additional Secretary
    • Secretary
    • Foreign Secretary of India (India's Top Diplomat, Administrative Head of the Indian Foreign Service & Foreign Service Board)

Major concerns and reforms

Under strength

India has one of the most understaffed diplomatic force of any major country in the world.[13][14][15][16] Based on 2014 calculations there is totally a pool of 2,780 personnel that serve in overseas missions and at headquarters. Of these only a minority of about 850 are IFS (A) officers, the senior cadre of Indian diplomacy, which is primarily drawn from direct recruitment through the Civil Services Examination. There are 252 Grade-I officers of IFS (B) General Cadre who after promotion are inducted into IFS (A). The breakdown of other cadres and personnel include 635 Attaches (lower grades of the IFS (B) General Cadre), 540 diplomatic officers from the secretarial staff (Stenographers Cadre of IFS (B)), 33 of the Interpreters Cadre, 24 of the Legal and Treaties Cadre, and 310 diplomatic officers from other Ministries.[17]

Shashi Tharoor, currently the Chairman of the Parliamentary Standing Committee on External Affairs,[18][19] has presented 12th report[20] for expanding and building the numbers, quality and capacity of India's diplomats.[21][22] It has been reported that India's diplomatic corps is increasingly outclassed, outnumbered and out of date.[23]

Maid abuse

Several incidents involving maid abuse by IFS officers have caused disruption for bilateral relations with countries in which civil and criminal cases were pursued.

Devyani Khobragade
See also: Devyani Khobragade incident

Most notably, Devyani Khobragade, then the Deputy Consul General of the Consulate General of India in New York City, was arrested in December 2013 by US Department of State's Diplomatic Security Service. She was charged with visa fraud and failure to pay a minimum wage for Sangeeta Richard, who traveled from India to serve as Khobragade's nanny and maid.[24] While in custody Khobrgaade says she was subjected to "the indignities of repeated handcuffing, stripping, and cavity searches".[25] Her treatment caused outrage in India and led to a diplomatic row between India and the United States.[26][27][28][29] The reaction in India was wide ranging. The Prime Minister of India, Manmohan Singh, criticised the actions of the US authorities as "deplorable".[30] The Delhi Police removed security barricades on the road outside the US Embassy in New Delhi, citing need for improvement of traffic flow in that area.[31] The Indian government ordered the expulsion of US diplomat Wayne May in January 2014 because he had assisted Richard's family in securing T-visas and traveling to the United States.[32]

Other cases

Before Khobragade's case, Neena Malhotra, an IFS officer, was sued in 2012 for slavery in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. Th court awarded a judgment of US$1.5 million against Malhotra. A year later, Malhotra denied a visa for a US diplomatic spouse on the basis of homosexuality.[33][34][35][36]

The case of Lalita Oraon in 1999, a servant-girl in the household of Amrit Lugun, then first secretary at the Indian embassy in Paris, prompted outcry in French media and cast a shadow on bilateral relations.[37] Oraon was an orphan from a Scheduled Tribe in Bihar. She fled Lugun's residence and was taken into custody by the French police after wandering the streets of Paris. Oraon alleged she was beaten and sexually abused by her employer.[37] Police put her in the care of a covenant where she attempted suicide by jumping from a high wall.[38] The Indian Ambassador in Paris at the time Kanwal Sibal strongly supported Lugun and prevented a full fledged enquiry into the matter by the MEA.[39] At the time of the scandal, Jawid Laiq writing for Outlook commented that the case was not only an example of deplorable behavior by a diplomat towards a fellow Indian but represented larger problems in an IFS with a "caste (and racist) hierarchy". According to Laiq, IFS officers from low caste backgrounds were rarely ambassadors in "coveted embassies in the white, Western countries" but were rather sent to hardship spots.[38]

Spying

A number of diplomats have been sent home to India from foreign postings on the suspicion of spying. One officer has been convicted under the Official Secrets Act. Madhuri Gupta, an IFS (B) officer, was arrested in 2010 and convicted in 2018 for spying for Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence. Gupta served as a Second Secretary in Islamabad where she became involved in a relationship with a man believed to be a Pakistani agent and passed classified information to him. She was sentenced to three years in prison after her conviction in 2018.[40][41][42] Outlook speculated that as a single woman in her 50s, she was vulnerable to recruitment or could have been motivated due to job disgruntlement.[43] A reason according to the Indian Express for her dissatisfaction with the Ministry of External Affairs was she "felt discriminated against being a Group B IFS officer".[44]

Discrimination against IFS (B)

IFS (B) is the subordinate cadre below the IFS (A). The IFS (B) officers are seen as less prestigious by IFS (A) officers. Those who directly enter the IFS (A) have passed the competitive Civil Services Examination while IFS (B) officers were selected by a less competitive entrance exam and can later be inducted into IFS (A) through promotion. The relationship between A and B cadres is marked by territorial grievance and rivalry.[45] A former Indian ambassador, Satyabrata Pal, noted tensions and discrimination between cadres have become worse in the 2010s compared to previous decades.[46]

At the level of Grade-I, IFS (B) officers can be inducted into IFS (A) on promotion.[47] The appointment of promotee IFS (B) officers is antedated 8 years before the date of their induction to IFS (A).[47] Antedating puts the promotee officers ahead of the line for postings in front of directly recruited IFS (A) officers who had entered the service earlier.[47] This practice is a common grievance among IFS (A) officers and has caused conflict. In 2013, 6 IFS (A) officers lodged a complaint against their foreign secretary and eight IFS (B) officers with the Central Administrative Tribunal for clogging the promotion pipeline and leading to "de-motivation and demoralisation among direct recruit officers".[47]

IFS (B) officers complain of discrimination against them by IFS (A) officers. A Facebook group voicing objections of IFS (B) officers sprung up in 2016 when IFS (B) officer Tajinder Singh, Second Secretary in the Indian embassy in Lisbon died of an apparent suicide.[45] The Facebook group, IFS B-Z, alleged Singh was forced to give up his choice assignment in Washington DC, after serving in a hardship posting in Damascus, for the posting instead in Lisbon. After the setback the group claimed Singh committed suicide due to despair from "discrimination and professional challenges from IFS (A) officers in the ministry".[45]

Discrimination against stenographers

IFS (B) General Cadre have an acrimonious rivalry with the IFS (B) Stenographers Cadre. While IFS (B) General Cadre is considered lower in prestige than the IFS (A), its officers consider the stenographers to be "even lower in the order".[48]

The IFS (B) has two sub-cadres, the IFS (B) General Cadre and Stenographers Cadre through separate entrance exams conducted by the Staff Selection Commission. The Stenographers Cadre provides secretarial support, while the IFS (B) General Cadre provides clerical support by manning the sections and handling the files. In 2009, the path to promotion to IFS (A) was closed for the Stenographers Cadre. The rule change was enacted after pressure by the General Cadre, which remains eligible for induction into IFS (A).[48]

The rivalry was brought to the fore when a stenographer was appointed as Indian Ambassador to North Korea in 2012. No IFS officer had wanted the posting in "godforsaken" Pyongyang.[48] IFS (B) officers vociferously protested the appointment due to the perceived "threat to its purported priority in ambassadorial postings" and fears of additional claimants in the future to a "small piece of cake".[48] Three different associations representing IFS (B) officers complained to the Prime Minister’s Office and the external affairs minister, demanding the appointment be cancelled and calling it a "national shame to appoint a stenographer as the envoy to such a strategic country".[48][49] A senior official in the Ministry of External Affairs speaking to The Telegraph rejected the complaint and compared it to a "caste system that the IFS(B) is trying to impose".[48]

Notable IFS Officers

References
  1. "MEA - About MEA : Indian Foreign Service". www.mea.gov.in. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  2. Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Civil Services Group A of India Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine." Civil Service Group A - Government of Indiaof the Central Civil Services Group B of India]." Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India 1 January 2011.
  3. "Indian Foreign Service Brach 'B' (Recruitment, Cadre, Seniority and Promotion) Rules, 1964 (As amended upto 17th November, 2008)" (PDF). Ministry of External Affairs (India). Retrieved 7 May 2020.
  4. Complete Civil Service Schedule of the Central Civil Services Group B of India." Central Civil Service Group B - Government of India, 1 January 2011.
  5. "Examination Notice no. 06/2017-CSP" (PDF). Union Public Service Commission. 22 February 2017. Retrieved 19 August 2017.
  6. "SCHEDULE". www.constitution.org.
  7. "Singla appointed PS to PM Narendra Modi". hindustantimes.com. 20 July 2014. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  8. Bagchi, Indrani. "IFS officials building their own traditions". Times of India. Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  9. "Indian Foreign Service". Retrieved 10 April 2014.
  10. "Foreign Service Institute". meafsi.gov.in. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  11. "Sorry for the inconvenience". meaindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 2 April 2018.
  12. http://upsc.gov.in/exams/notifications/2014/csp/CSP%202014%20English.pdf
  13. "India must rethink strategies on national security if it wants to join ranks with US, China". The Print. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  14. "With just 1,400 diplomats, India's foreign influence is severely limited". The Print. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  15. "India has global ambitions but not enough IFS officers to fulfil them". The Print. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  16. "Indian Foreign Service in desperate need of reform, particularly when it is losing relevance". Firstpost. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  17. Shukla, Srijan (10 April 2019). "With just 1,400 diplomats, India's foreign influence is severely limited". The Print.
  18. "Chairperson of Committees - Lok Sabha". Lok Sabha. Retrieved 7 June 2016.
  19. "Department Related Parliamentary Standing Committees (LS)". Rajya Sabha. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  20. "Twelfth Report, Standing Committee on External Affairs: IFS cadre" (PDF). Lok Sabha. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  21. "If Shashi Tharoor's panel has its way, India's diplomatic corps could grow in quantity and quality". Firstpost. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  22. "Fill in IFS cadre gap, Parliament committee to Government". The Economic Times. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  23. "In the Ministry of Eternal Affairs". The Caravan. Retrieved 12 August 2019.
  24. "Indian Diplomatic Row: Devyani Khobragade Arrest to Be Reviewed - TIME.com". Time.
  25. Booth, William (18 December 2013). "Devyani Khobragade letter to her colleagues: The full text". Washington Post. Retrieved 27 December 2013.
  26. "Indian official: Diplomat's arrest in NYC barbaric". Associated Press. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  27. "US admits diplomat Devyani Khobragade strip-searched as India launches reprisals over arrest". Australia Network News. Retrieved 29 December 2013.
  28. "Row deepens". BBC. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  29. "India takes US head on". The Economic Times. 17 December 2013. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  30. "Diplomat arrest: PM says US action deplorable, Khurshid smells rat". New Delhi: Hindustan Times. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  31. "India demands apology". Firstpost India. Retrieved 17 December 2013.
  32. no author listed (2014). "Devyani case: Sangeeta's in-laws had worked with expelled US diplomat". indiatimes.com. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  33. "US judge: Pay $1.5 m to maid of Indian diplomat for ill treatment". The Indian Express. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  34. "US court asks Indian diplomat to pay $1.5m to 'tortured' maid". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  35. "IFS officer denies visa to spouse of gay American diplomat, moved out". The Indian Express. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  36. "IFS officer refuses visa to gay diplomat's spouse, transferred". Firstpost. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  37. Henley, Jon (16 September 1999). "Indian diplomat accused of torturing servant". The Guardian.
  38. Laiq, Jawid (27 September 1999). "Diplomatic Impunity". Outlook.
  39. "Case of domestic violence involving Indian diplomat in Paris takes on political tones". India Today. 4 October 1999.
  40. "Madhuri deeply resentful of IFS, her arrest blew RAW officer's cover". The Indian Express. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  41. "Story of Madhuri Gupta: A Diplomat Who Turned 'Spy' For Pakistan". The Quint. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  42. "Falling in love with Pakistani spy cost Madhuri Gupta reputation, career & 3 years in jail". The Print[. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  43. "The Lady With The Grouses". Outlook. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  44. Singh, Pallavi (30 April 2010). "Group B but not really 'B' team of IFS". Indian Express.
  45. "MEA facing unrest among junior IFS-B officers". Indian Mandarins. 1 July 2016.
  46. Bhattacherjee, Kallol (1 July 2016). "MEA faces online fury after death of two officials". The Hindu.
  47. Mitra, Devirupa (3 November 2013). "The class war in Foreign Service". New Indian Express.
  48. "Steno envoy sparks 'caste war'". The Telegraph. 9 June 2012.
  49. "From steno to ambassador". The New Indian Express. 27 May 2012.
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