Hizma

Hizma (Arabic: حزما‎; Hebrew: חיזמה) is a Palestinian town in the Jerusalem Governorate, seven kilometers from Jerusalem's Old City. The town, mostly located in Area C, borders the Israeli settlements of Neve Yaakov, Pisgat Ze'ev located in East Jerusalem and Geva Binyamin and Almon. Since 1967, Hizma has been occupied by Israel. The village is cut off from Jerusalem by the Israeli West Bank barrier in the west and from the West Bank by settlements in the east. As of 2007, Hizma had a population of about 5650 residents.[2]

Hizma
Municipality type C
Arabic transcription(s)
 • Arabicحزما
 • LatinHizme (official)
Hizma
Hizma
Location of Hizma within Palestine
Coordinates: 31°50′06″N 35°15′43″E
Palestine grid175/138
StateState of Palestine
GovernorateJerusalem
Government
 • TypeMunicipality
Area
 • Total4,563 dunams (4.6 km2 or 1.8 sq mi)
Population
 (2006)
 • Total5,700
 • Density1,200/km2 (3,200/sq mi)
Name meaning"The bundle"[1]

History

Albright and others identified Hizma with the biblical town of Azmawt of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin.[3] However, Gibson more recently questioned this identification, citing the lack of archaeological remains from the necessary time period.[4] Towards the end of the Second Temple period, there was an industry here making fine stoneware from the local limestone.[5] Products included vases and bowls turned on a lathe, and mugs carved by hand.[5] Examples of stoneware that may have originated here have been found in many places in the Jerusalem region, mostly dating from the first and second centuries CE.[5]

Ceramics from the Byzantine era have been found here.[6]

Ottoman era

In 1517, the village was incorporated into the Ottoman empire with the rest of Palestine, and in the 1596 tax-records it appeared as Hamza, located in the Nahiye of Jerusalem in the Sanjak of the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem. The population was 28 households, all Muslim according to census records. They paid a tax rate of 33,3% on agricultural products, which included wheat, barley, vineyards and fruit trees, occasional revenues, goats and beehives; a total of 2800 akçe.[7][lower-alpha 1]

In 1838, Edward Robinson found the village had been deserted for two months, as the villagers had "fled across the Jordan" to escape conscription.[8] He further noted it as a Muslim village, located in the immediate vicinity of Jerusalem.[9]

In 1863 Victor Guérin found the village to have 200 inhabitants. He further noted that some of the houses, particularly the lower part, seemed to be built from ancient materials, and some cisterns also looked ancient.[10]

An Ottoman village list of about 1870 showed 51 houses and a population of 150, though the population count included only the men.[11][12] In 1883, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Hizma as a "small stone village, standing high on a prominent hill, the slopes of which are covered with olives. It has a well to the west."[13]

In 1896 the population of Hizma was estimated to be about 192 persons.[14]

British Mandate era

In the 1922 census of Palestine, conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Hizma had a population of 515 Muslims,[15] increasing slightly in the 1931 census to 521 Muslims in 91 inhabited houses.[16]

In the 1945 statistics the population of Hizma was 750 Muslims,[17] and the total land area was 10,438 dunams of land according to an official land and population survey.[18] Of this, 200 dunams were plantations and irrigable land, 2,338 for cereals,[19] while 45 dunams were built-up (urban) land.[20]

1948-1967

In the wake of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War, and after the 1949 Armistice Agreements, Hizma came under Jordanian rule. It was annexed by Jordan in 1950.

In 1961, the population of Hizme was 1,134.[21]

1967-present

Since the Six-Day War in 1967, Hizma has been under Israeli occupation. The population in the 1967 census conducted by the Israeli authorities was 1,109, 5 of whom were refugees from the previous war.[22]

Map of northern Jerusalem, with Hizma on the right

In the 1970-1980s 19% of the village's total area were expropriated by Israel in order to establish three Israeli settlements which are considered illegal by the international community:

After the 1995 accords, about 9% of the village area was classified as Area B, while the remaining 91% became Area C.[2]

There is a bypass road connecting the settlements with the neighboring Israeli settlements. There is also a buffer zone of 75 meters along the roads on each side. Palestinians in Gaza and the West Bank are prohibited from using these roads, only Israelis and foreign nationals can use them, the status purpose being security concerns.[2]

West Bank barrier

The Israel-West Bank barrier cuts off 40% of the village's area, with the Israeli side incorporating the settlements and surrounding forests, agricultural lands, open spaces, and a small part of the Palestinian residential area. As of 2012, an Israeli checkpoint located west of the village at an opening in the controls the passage to and from Hizma. Palestinians living outside Jerusalem must have a special permit that is reportedly hard to obtain.[2] Israeli citizens (including settlers) and permanent residents (including Palestinians in East Jerusalem) are allowed to pass in and out without any permits.

Israeli administration

Israeli authorities demolish the homes of Palestinians built without permits. Strict conditions for Palestinians applying for permits must be fulfilled and the permits are usually denied.[2][24]

The village has on occasion been sealed off with road blocks in response to reported stone-throwing and rioting, characterized by many rights groups as a form of collective punishment.[25]

Economy

In 2010, more than half of the workforce was working in the government or private employees sector; 22% was working in the Israeli labor market, 14% on agriculture, and 7% worked in the trade sector.

Hizma village is known for the cultivation of olives; 112 dunums of land were cultivated with olive trees in 2010. Cereals were grown on 233 dunums.[2]

Panorama of Hizma

People from Hizma

Notes
  1. Toledano, 1984, p. 293, gives the location of Hizma as 35°15′40″E 31°50′15″N

Citations
  1. Palmer, 1881, p. 295
  2. Hizma Village Profile, ARIJ, August 2012
  3. Albright (1922/3), pp. 156–157.
  4. Gibson (1983), p. 176
  5. Gibson (1983), passim.
  6. Dauphin, 1998, pp. 891–2
  7. Hütteroth and Abdulfattah, 1977, p. 119
  8. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 2, pp. 111-112
  9. Robinson and Smith, 1841, vol 3, 2nd appendix, p. 122
  10. Guérin, 1869, pp. 74-75
  11. Socin, 1879, p. 155 he also noted it in the dschebel el-kuds district
  12. Hartmann, 1883, p. 127, also noted 51 houses
  13. Conder and Kitchener, 1883, SWP III; p. 9
  14. Schick, 1896, p. 121
  15. Barron, 1923, Table VII, Sub-district of Jerusalem, p. 14
  16. Mills, 1932, p. 39
  17. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945, p. 24
  18. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 57
  19. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 102
  20. Village Statistics, Government of Palestine. 1945. Quoted in Hadawi, 1970, p. 152
  21. First Census, Government of Jordan. 1964, p. 23
  22. Perlmann, Joel (November 2011 – February 2012). "The 1967 Census of the West Bank and Gaza Strip: A Digitized Version" (PDF). Levy Economics Institute. Retrieved 24 June 2016.
  23. "Israeli military reopens main entrance to Hizma after choking the Palestinian village for 2 months". B'Tselem. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
  24. "Continuing Demolitions: Hebron and Jerusalem under Attack" (DOC).
  25. Btselem: Siege on Hizma

Bibliography
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