Harti

Harti (Somali: Harti, Arabic: هارتي‎), meaning "strong man", is a name used to denote a confederation of various Darod sub-clans of the Somali people.[1] The major sub-clans of the Harti are the Dhulbahante, Majeerteen, Warsangali and Dishiishe,[2] other minor Harti sub-clans are the Kaskiqabe, Geesaguule and Liibaangashe.[3][4] In Somalia, the Harti are primarily settled in the state of puntland,[5] whilst they have a significant presence in Jubaland.[6][7] In Ethiopia, they inhabit the Dollo Zone and in kenya the clan has some presences in the North Eastern Province.[8][9][10]

For other uses, see Harti (disambiguation).
Harti
هَرْتِي‎
Sheikh Harti's tomb in Qa’ableh.
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Somali and Arabic
Religion
Islam
Related ethnic groups
Ogaden, Marehan, Lailkase and other Darod and Somali groups

Distribution

The primary homeland of the Harti is the state of Puntland in northeastern Somalia. The clan is well represented in the regions of Sool, Sanaag, Togdheer, Bari, Nugaal and Mudug. There is also a significant trading Harti community in the state of Jubaland particularly in the port city of Kismayo. In Ethiopia they are well represented in the Dollo Zone, whilst they have a notable presences in the North Eastern Province of Kenya.

History

Northern Sultanates
Main article: Somali aristocratic and court titles
Mohamoud Ali Shire, Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate

The Warsangali Sultanate centred in the sanaag and Bari regions of Somalia, a territory that is historically called the Maakhir. The sultanates which was one of the largest in the Somali peninsula, was founded in the 13th century by the Warsangali sub-clan of the Hart. The rulers of the sultanate were the descendants of the Gerad Dhidhin, however by the late 19th century, the reign of Sultan Mohamoud Ali Shire began during some of its most turbulent years.[11]

The Dishiishe clan was among powerful clans in northeastern region. Ugas Yasin was one of the prominent Dishiishe clan chiefs who ruled the ancient town of Bosaso and subsequently emerged as a powerful traditional elder who fully controlled areas under his rule.[12]

The Majeerteen Sultanate (Migiurtinia) was founded in the mid-18th century. It rose to prominence the following century, under the reign of the resourceful Boqor (King) Osman Mahamuud.[13] Centred in Aluula, it controlled much of northern and central Somalia in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The polity maintained a robust trading network, entered into treaties with foreign powers, and exerted strong centralized authority on the domestic front.[14][15]

With the gradual extension into northern Somalia of European colonial rule, all three sultanates were annexed to Italian Somaliland and British Somaliland in the early 20th century.

Dervish Period

The Dervishes, mostly hailed from the Dhulbahante and drew the majority of its followers from this clan and to a lesser extent from the Ogaden clan.[16][17] The Dhulbahante in Buuhodle were particularly the first and most persistent supporters of the Dervish Movement.[18] The Dervish Movement resisted colonial occupation, especially the British who were aided by other Somali clans.[19]

Foundation of Puntland

In 1998, the Harti community convened at Garowe to discuss their political future. The conference lasted for a period of three months. Attended by the area's political elite, traditional elders (Issims), members of the business community, intellectuals and other civil society representatives, the autonomous Puntland State of Somalia was established to deliver services to the population, offer security, facilitate trade, and interact with domestic and international partners.[20] Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed served as the fledgling state's founding president.[21]

Clan tree

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[22][23]

Notable Harti members
  • Ali Khalif Galaydh, Ex-Prime minister of Somalia and Khaatumo President.
  • Indhosheel, former Khatumo president
  • Ismail Mire, Darwiish supreme commander, poet
  • Mohamed Abdi Hashi, President of Puntland, October 2004 - January 2005.
  • Garad Jama Garad Ali, Traditional Clan Chief of Dhulbahante Clan.[24]
  • Garad Mukhtar Garad Ali, Traditional Clan Chief.
  • Abdinasir Ali Hassan, Chairman of Hass petroleum.
  • Guled Adan, reverse engineer of electric toys
  • Ali Awale, created Somalia's national anthem
  • Abdi Holland, Somali artist.
  • Kiin Jama, Famous talented Somali artist.
  • Aw Jama, Somali scholar, historian and collector of oral literature of Somalia. He wrote the first authoritative study of Dervishes.
  • Saado Ali Warsame, singer-songwriter and former MP in the Federal Parliament of Somalia.
  • Ali Dhuh, anti-darwiish poet.
  • Mohamed Adam Ahmed, former Chief of Staff of the Somali Armed Forces
  • Amina Mohamed, former Chairman of the INM and the WTO's General Council, and the current Secretary for Foreign Affairs of Kenya.
  • Bashe Mohamed Farah, Speaker of Somaliland House of Representative.
  • Abdihakim Amey, former Puntland vice-president
  • Faisal Hassan, Canadian politician
  • Abdisamad Ali Shire, former Puntland vice-president
  • Ahmed Elmi Osman, vice-president of Puntland since 2019
  • Ali Jangali Somalia's minister of foreign affairs
  • Saleban Essa Ahmed, SSC Leader
  • Ahmed Gacmayare, former Information Minister for Khaatumo State
  • Abdi Bile, Somalia's most decorated athlete with the most Somali national records
  • Mohamed Suleiman, first ethnic Somali to win an Olympic medal
  • Abdirahman Mohamud Farole, former President of Puntland
  • Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, first Prime Minister of Somalia, second President of Somalia (10 June 1967 until 16 October 1969)
  • Abdirizak Haji Hussein, former Prime Minister of Somalia (1964–1967), and former Secretary General of the Somali Youth League.
  • Abdirizak Osman Hassan jurile, Veteran Politician, Former Minister of Planning and In't Cooperations of Somalia. Former Minister of Postal cooperation of Somalia. Diplomat, Head of numberous UN organizations and professor.
  • Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, former Prime Minister of Somalia, current President of Puntland.
  • Abdulkadir Isse Ahmed Salah, Sultan of the Ugaar Saleebaan of Majeerteen
  • Abdullahi Ahmed Irro, Somali General, founded the National Academy for Strategy.
  • Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, former President of Somalia, President of Puntland and leader/co-founder of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front.
  • Abdullahi Bile Noor, longest served Somali MP, State-Minister of Education and Higher learning of Somalia Government
  • Abdulqawi Yusuf, lawyer and judge at the International Court of Justice.
  • Ali A. Abdi, sociologist and educationist, professor of education and international development, the University of British Columbia.
  • Ali Abdi Aware, former Puntland State Minister of the Presidency for International relations and Social Affairs.
  • Ali Haji Warsame, entrepreneur, former Chief Executive Officer of Golis Telecom Somalia
  • Ali Yusuf Kenadid, last Sultan of the Sultanate of Hobyo
  • Asha Gelle Dirie, former Minister of Women Development and Family Affairs of Puntland; founder and Executive Director of TAG Foundation
  • Ayaan Hirsi Ali, the first Somali-born member of parliament of a European country, author and political activist[19]
  • Farah Ali Jama, former Minister of Finance of Puntland
  • Haji Bashir Ismail Yusuf, first President of Somali National Assembly; Minister of Health and Labor of Somalia (1966–67)
  • Haji Mohamed Yasin Ismail, entrepreneur, and Somalia and Puntland presidential candidate
  • Barkhad Ali Salah, First Mayor For Bosaso.
  • Hassan Abshir Farah, former Mogadishu mayor, Somalia ambassador to Japan and later to Germany, interior minister of Puntland
  • Hassan Ali Mire, first Minister of Education of the Somali Democratic Republic; former Chairman of the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
  • Hirsi Magan Isse, scholar and revolutionary leader with the Somali Salvation Democratic Front (SSDF).
  • Ilhan Omar, a Somali-American politician, currently a member of the Minnesota House of Representatives representing the 60B district. On November 6, 2018 Omar was elected to the United States House of Representatives for Minnesota's 5th congressional district. She the first the first Somali member of congress and the second female muslim to be elected (the first is Rashida Tlaib who will represent Michigan's 13th congressional district) She will be officially sworn into office on January 3, 2019.
  • Iman (Zara Mohamed Abdulmajid), a Somali-American fashion model, actress and entrepreneur. A pioneer in the ethnic-cosmetics market, she is also noted for her philanthropic work. She is the widow of English rock musician David Bowie.
  • Jama Ali Jama, Colonel in the Somali military and former President of Puntland
  • Maxamed Daahir Afrax, novelist, playwright, journalist and scholar
  • Mire Hagi Farah Mohamed, Somali Finance Minister 2004–2006, and former mayor of Kismayo
  • Mohamed Abdi Aware, Puntland judge and member of Supreme Judicial Council.
  • Mohammed Awale Liban, designed the flag of Somalia
  • Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan, son-in-law of Siad Barre and minister of defense of Somalia
  • Mohamed Abshir Muse, first commander of the Somali Police Force
  • Mohamud Muse Hersi, third President of Puntland
  • Said Mohamed Rage, Puntland Minister of Ports, Maritime Transport, Marine Resources and Counterpiracy. Founder of Puntland Maritime Crimes Agency.
  • Omar A. Ali, entrepreneur, accountant, financial consultant, philanthropist, and leading specialist on Islamic finance.
  • Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, Prime Minister of Somalia, and son of Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke
  • Osman Mahamuud, King of the Majeerteen Sultanate (mid-1800s-early 1900s)
  • Osman Yusuf Kenadid, inventor of the Osmanya writing script
  • Saida Haji Bashir Ismail, former Somali Finance Vice-Minister in the TNG (2000-2004)
  • Shire Haji Farah, entrepreneur, and Executive Committee Member of the Somali Business Council
  • Yaasiin Cismaan Keenadiid, traditional Somali linguist
  • Yasin Haji Osman Sharmarke, leader and co-founder of the Somali Youth League
  • Yusuf Ali Kenadid, founder of the Sultanate of Hobyo
  • Yusuf Mohamed Ismail, former Ambassador of Somalia to the United Nations Human Rights Office in Geneva
  • Yusuf Osman Samatar, politician
  • Mohamoud Ali Shire (1897–1960), one the clan traditional elders of former British Somaliland
  • Abdillahi Mohammed Ahmed (1926-1993), known as Qablan, former Under-Secretary of Finance
  • Farah Awl (1937-1991), writer
  • Gerad Hamar Gale second Sultan of the Warsangali Sultanate
  • Fatima Jibrell founder of the Horn relief now known as ADESO.

Notes
  1. Drake-Brockman, p.55.
  2. Lewis, I M (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somalis. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 208. ISBN 9783825830847. Retrieved 12 April 2018.
  3. PDRC (2007). "The Puntland Experience: A Bottom-up Approach to Peace and State Building (1991-2007)" (PDF). Interpeace: 8. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  4. Adam, Asha. "Legitimizing Puntland: Exploring Puntland's hybrid political order (Master's Thesis)" (PDF). Norwegian University of Life Sciences: 14. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  5. Marchal, Ronald (2014). "The Puntland State of Somalia. A Tentative Social Analysis". HAL: 15. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  6. Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  7. Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  8. Bradbury, M. "PART IV KISMAYO: PEACE-MAKING" (PDF). Oxfam Library. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  9. Elder, Claire; Yusuf, Zakaria (2013-05-21). "Jubaland in Jeopardy: The Uneasy Path to State-Building in Somalia". International Crisis Group. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  10. Bryden, Matt. "Report on Mission to Haud Area (REGION 5)". UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME. Retrieved 17 September 2019.
  11. Warsangeli Sultanate Archived 19 May 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Warsangeli.org. Retrieved on 20 May 2012.
  12. "BiyoKulule Online Bosaso".
  13. Helen Chapin Metz, Somalia: a country study, (The Division: 1993), p. 10 ISBN 0844407755.
  14. Horn of Africa, Volume 15, Issues 1–4, (Horn of Africa Journal: 1997), p. 130.
  15. Transformation towards a regulated economy, (WSP Transition Programme, Somali Programme: 2000) p. 62.
  16. Hoehne, Markus V. (2016). "Dervish State (Somali)". The Encyclopedia of Empire: 1–2.
  17. De Vries, Lotje; Englebert, Pierre; Schomerus, Schomerus (21 September 2018). Secessionism in African Politics: Aspiration, Grievance, Performance, Disenchantment. Springer. p. 96.
  18. Feyissa, Dereje; Höhne, Markus V. (2010). Borders & Borderlands as Resources in the Horn of Africa. Boydell and Brewer. p. 114.
  19. Hoehne, Markus V. (2006). "Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia". Journal of Modern African Studies. 44 (4): 405.
  20. His Excellency Abdirahman Mohamed Mohamud (Farole). President of Puntland State of Somalia Somalia: Puntland's Experience in Peace-building and State-building Archived 17 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine. garoweonline.com (3 April 2012)
  21. Somalia Business Law Handbook: Strategic Information and Laws. International Business Publications. 2013. p. 102. ISBN 978-1438771045. Retrieved 15 June 2017.
  22. Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  23. Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure Archived 2011-07-16 at the Wayback Machine, p. 43
  24. "WAR DEG DEG AH Golihii wasiirada ee dowlad goboleedka Puntland oo Caawa la Ansixiyay laguna dhawaaqay". 2009-01-17.

References
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