Hague–Visby Rules

The Hague–Visby Rules were incorporated into English law by the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971; and English lawyers should note the provisions of the statute as well as the text of the rules. For instance, although Article I(c) of the Rules exempts live animals and deck cargo, section 1(7) restores those items into the category of "goods". Also, although Article III(4) declares a bill of lading to be a mere "prima facie evidence of the receipt by the carrier of the goods", the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 section 4 upgrades a bill of lading to be "conclusive evidence of receipt".

Under Article X, the Rules apply if ("a) the bill of lading is issued in a contracting State, or (b) the carriage is from a port in a contracting State, or (c) the contract (of carriage) provides that(the) Rules ... are to govern the contract". If the Rules apply, the entire text of Rules is incorporated into the contract of carriage, and any attempt to exclude the Rules is void under Article III (8).

Under the Rules, the carrier's main duties are to "properly and carefully load, handle, stow, carry, keep, care for, and discharge the goods carried" and to "exercise due diligence to ... make the ship seaworthy" and to "... properly man, equip and supply the ship". It is implicit (from the common law) that the carrier must not deviate from the agreed route nor from the usual route; but Article IV(4) provides that "any deviation in saving or attempting to save life or property at sea or any reasonable deviation shall not be deemed to be an infringement or breach of these Rules".

The carrier's duties are not "strict", but require only a reasonable standard of professionalism and care; and Article IV allows the carrier a wide range of situations exempting them from liability on a cargo claim. These exemptions include destruction or damage to the cargo caused by: fire, perils of the sea, Act of God, and act of war. A controversial provision exempts the carrier from liability for "neglect or default of the master ... in the navigation or in the management of the ship". This provision is considered unfair to the shipper; and both the later Hamburg Rules (which require contracting states to denounce the Hague–Visby Rules) and Rotterdam Rules (which are not yet in force) refuse exemption for negligent navigation and management.

Also, whereas the Hague–Visby Rules require a ship to be seaworthy only "before and at the beginning" of the voyage, under the Rotterdam Rules the carrier will have to keep the ship seaworthy throughout the voyage (although this new duty will be to a reasonable standard that is subject to the circumstances of being at sea).

By contrast, the shipper has fewer obligations (mostly implicit), namely: (i) to pay freight; (ii) to pack the goods sufficiently for the journey; (iii) to describe the goods honestly and accurately; (iv) not to ship dangerous cargoes (unless agreed by both parties); and (v) to have the goods ready for shipment as agreed; (q.v."notice of readiness to load"[3]). None of these shippers' obligations are enforceable under the Rules; instead they would give rise to a normal action in contract.

With only 10 articles, the rules have the virtue of brevity, but they have several faults. When, after 44 years of experience, the 1924 rules were updated with a single minor amendment, they still covered only carriage wholly by sea (thereby ignoring multi-modal transport), and they barely acknowledged the container revolution of the 1950s.[4][5] Also, UNCTAD felt that they had actually diluted the protection to shippers once provided by English common law, and proposed instead the more modern Hamburg Rules of 1978, which were embraced by many developing countries, but largely ignored by ship-operating nations. The modern Rotterdam Rules, with some 96 articles, have far more scope and cover multi-modal transport but remain far from general implementation.

A list of ratifications and denouncements of the three conventions is shown below:

Country	Hague	Hague-Visby	Hague-SDR	Comments
	1924	1968	1979
Algeria	Active
Angola	Active
Antigua and Barbuda	Active
Argentina	Active
Aruba	Denounced	Active	Active
Australia	Denounced	Active
Bahamas	Active
Barbados	Active
Belgium	Active	Active	Active
Belize	Active
Bolivia	Active
Cameroon	Active
Cape Verde	Active
China
Croatia	Active	Active	Active
Côte d'Ivoire	Active
Cuba	Active
Cyprus	Active
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Active
Denmark	Denounced	Active	Active
Dominica	Active
East Germany[6]	Active		Active
Egypt	Active	Denounced
Ecuador	Active	Active
Fiji	Active
Finland	Denounced	Active	Active
France	Active	Active	Active
Gambia	Active
Georgia		Active
Greece			Active
Grenada	Active
Guinea-Bissau	Active
Guyana	Active
Hong Kong	Denounced	Active	Active
Hungary	Active
Iran	Active
Ireland	Active
Israel	Active
Italy	Denounced	Active	Active
Jamaica	Active
Japan	Denounced		Active
Kenya	Active
Kiribati	Active
Kuwait	Active
Latvia	Active	Active	Active
Lebanon	Denounced	Denounced
Lithuania	Active	Active	Active
Luxembourg			Active
Macao	Active
Madagascar	Active
Malaysia	Active
Mauritius	Active
Mexico			Active
Monaco	Active
Mozambique	Active
Nauru	Active
Netherlands	Denounced	Active	Active
New Zealand			Active
Nigeria	Denounced
North Borneo[7]	Active
Norway	Denounced	Active	Active
Palestine[8]	Active
Papua New Guinea	Active
Paraguay	Denounced
Peru	Active
Poland	Active	Active	Active
Portugal	Active
Portuguese India[9]	Active
Portuguese Timor[10]	Active
Romania	Denounced
Russia			Active
Saint Christopher and Nevis	Active
Saint Lucia	Active
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Denounced
São Tomé and Príncipe	Active
Sarawak[7]	Active
Senegal	Active
Seychelles	Active
Sierra Leone	Active
Singapore	Active	Active
Somalia	Active
Slovenia	Active
Solomon Islands	Active
Spain			Active[11]
Sri Lanka	Active	Active
Sweden	Denounced	Active	Active
Switzerland	Active	Active	Active
Syria	Active	Active
Tanganyika[12]	Active
Tonga	Active	Active
Trinidad and Tobago	Active
Turkey	Active
Tuvalu	Active
United Kingdom	Denounced	Active	Active
United States	Active
West Germany[13]	Active
Yugoslavia	Active

• Seaworthiness (law)
• Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971
• Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992

• Full text of the 1924 convention, 1968 and 1979 protocols.
• Signatures and ratifications of the original convention, as well as the 1968 and 1979 protocols (in French).
• Admiralty Law Guide has a brief discussion with useful links