East Asian people

East Asian people (East Asians) is a racial classification specifier, used for people descended from East Asia, which consists of China, Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, Japan, Mongolia, North Korea and South Korea.[1] The total population of all countries within this region is estimated to be 1.677 billion and 21% of the world's population in 2020.[2][lower-alpha 1] However, large East Asian diasporas, such as the Chinese diaspora, Japanese diaspora, Korean diaspora and Mongol diaspora, as well as diasporas of other East Asian ethnic groups, mean that the 1.677 billion does not necessarily represent an accurate figure for the numbers of East Asian people worldwide.[3] The major ethnic groups[lower-alpha 2] that form the core of East Asia are the Han, Korean and Yamato.[5] Genealogical research has indicated extremely similar genetic profiles of a less than 1% total variation in spectrum between these three groups.[6] Other ethnic groups of East Asia include: the Ainu, Bai, Hui, Manchus, Mongols, Ryukyuan, Tibetans, Uyghurs and Zhuang.[7][8] Mostly all Southeast Asian populations are closely related to East Asians.[9]

Culture

The major East Asian language families are the Sinitic, Japonic, and Koreanic families.[10][11][12][13] Other language families include the Tibeto-Burman, Ainu languages, Mongolic, Tungusic, Turkic, Miao–Yao, Tai–Kadai, Austronesian and Mon–Khmer.[14]

Throughout the ages, the greatest influence on East Asia historically has been from China, where the span of its cultural influence is generally known as the Sinosphere laid the foundation for East Asian civilization.[15] Chinese culture not only served as the foundation for its own society and civilization, but for also that of its East Asian neighbors, Japan and Korea.[16] The knowledge and ingenuity of Chinese civilization and the classics of Chinese literature and culture were seen as the foundations for a civilized life in East Asia. China served as a vehicle through which the adoption of Confucian ethical philosophy, Chinese calendar systems, political and legal systems, architectural style, diet, terminology, institutions, religious beliefs, imperial examinations that emphasized a knowledge of Chinese classics, political philosophy and culture, as well as historically sharing a common writing system reflected in the histories of Japan and Korea.[17][18][19][15][20][21][22] The relationship between China and its cultural influence on East Asia has been compared to the historical influence of Greco-Roman civilization on Europe and the Western World.[21] Major characteristics exported by China towards Japan and Korea include shared Chinese-derived language characteristics, as well as similar social and moral philosophies derived from Confucianist thought.[22][20][23]

The script of the Han Chinese characters has long been a unifying feature in East Asia as the vehicle for exporting Chinese culture to its East Asian neighbors.[23] Chinese characters became the unifying language of bureaucratic politics and religious expression in East Asia.[23] The Chinese script was passed on first to Korea and then to Japan, where it forms a major component of the Japanese writing system. In Korea, however, Sejong the Great invented the hangul alphabet, which has since been used as the main orthographic system for the Korean language.[24] In Japan, much of the Japanese language is written in hiragana, katakana in addition to Chinese characters.[22]

Genetics

East Asian people are all closely related to each other. East Asians, Siberians, Southeast Asians, most modern Central Asians and certain other groups form a distinct and closely related genetic cluster. A genetic study about Southeast Asian populations in 2020 (Liu et al. 2020), found that mostly all Southeast Asians are closely related to East Asians and have mostly "East Asian-related" ancestry. Austronesian and Austroasiatic speaking populations of Southeast Asia were found to have mostly East Asian-related ancestry (89% to 96%) and minor Onge-related ancestry (1% to 11%). Additionally they found evidence for ancient gene flow from East Asian-related groups into the Andamanese people. Andamanese (Onge) were found to have about 30% East Asian-related ancestry next to their original Negrito ancestry. Taiwanese indigenous peoples had on average 99% East Asian-related ancestry. Kra-Dai speaking populations had, similar to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples, nearly exclusively East Asian-related ancestry.[25]

Genealogical research has indicated that "all other Vietnamese groups", apart from the Mang and the Cham people, show "ancestry sharing" with southern Han Chinese, even though on average the Vietnamese people are similar to other Southeast Asians.[26][27][28][29]


Health

CDC testing in the United States has estimated that 14% of East Asians have diabetes.[30]

Alcohol flush reaction
Main article: Alcohol flush reaction

Alcohol flush reaction is the characteristic physiological facial flushing response to drinking alcohol experienced by 36% of East Asians.[31][32][33] Around 80% of East Asians carry an allele of the gene coding for the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase called ADH1B*2, which results in the alcohol dehydrogenase enzyme converting alcohol to toxic acetaldehyde more quickly than other gene variants common outside of East Asia.[34][35] According to the analysis by HapMap project, another allele responsible for the flush reaction, the rs671 (ALDH2*2) of the ALDH2 is rare among Europeans and Sub-Saharan Africans, while 30% to 50% of people of Chinese, Japanese, and Korean ancestry have at least one ALDH2*2 allele.[36] The reaction has been associated with lower than average rates of alcoholism, possibly due to its association with adverse effects after drinking alcohol.[34]

See also

Notes
  1. Not all ethnic groups within these countries are part of the East Asian race, i.e. Uyghyrs, Kazakhs, Southeast Asians etc.
  2. There are no universally accepted and precise definitions of the terms "ethnic group" and "nationality". In the context of East Asian ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people, nationality and ethno-linguistic group, are mostly used interchangeably, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of East Asia.[4]

References
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    Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. xx. ISBN 978-1610690171.;
    "How Asians view each other". The Economist. September 18, 2015.;
    Khoo, Isabelle (May 30, 2017). "The Difference Between East Asians And South Asians Is Pretty Simple". Huffington Post.;
    Silberman, Neil (1996). The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1. Oxford University Press (published December 5, 1996). p. 151. ISBN 978-0195076189.;
    Lim, SK (2011-11-01). Asia Civilizations: Ancient to 1800 AD. ASIAPAC. p. 56. ISBN 978-9812295941.
  2. "East Asia Countries Total Population".
  3. "Large East Asian Diaspora figures" (PDF).
  4. Pan and Pfeil (2004), "Problems with Terminology", pp. xvii–xx.
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    Wang, Yuchen; Lu Dongsheng; Chung Yeun-Jun; Xu Shuhua (2018). "Genetic structure, divergence and admixture of Han Chinese, Japanese and Korean populations" (PDF). Hereditas. SpringerLink. 155: 19. doi:10.1186/s41065-018-0057-5. PMC 5889524. PMID 29636655.;
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    Leibo, Steve (2016). East and Southeast Asia 2016-2017. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. ISBN 978-1475829068.;
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  10. Sinitic means relating to China or the Chinese. It is derived from the Greco-Latin word Sīnai ('the Chinese'), probably from Arabic Ṣīn ('China'), from the Chinese dynastic name Qín. (OED)
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  28. Yuliwulandari, R.; Kashiwase, K.; Nakajima, H.; Uddin, J.; Susmiarsih, T. P.; Sofro, A. S. M.; Tokunaga, K. (January 2009). "Polymorphisms of HLA genes in Western Javanese (Indonesia): close affinities to Southeast Asian populations". Tissue Antigens. 73 (1): 46–53. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01178.x. PMID 19140832. Western Javanese (Indonesia) was closest to Malay, then to Filipino, Thai, and Vietnamese, followed by other southern minority group of East Asian populations such as Maonan (China), indigenous populations in Taiwan (Ami, Yami, Bunun)...
  29. Jin, Han-jun et al. (1999). Distribution of length variation of the mtDNA 9‐bp motif in the intergenic COII/tRNALys region in East Asian populations. Korean Journal of Biological Sciences 3(4). Pages 395 & 396. Retrieved March 2, 2018, from link to the article's abstract. QUOTE: "The mtDNA 9‐bp deletion frequencies in the intergenic COII/tRNALys region for Vietnamese (23.2%) and Indonesians (25.0%), which are the two populations constituting Southeast Asians in the study, are relatively high frequencies when compared to the 9-bp deletion frequencies for Mongolians (5.1%), Chinese (14.2%), Japanese (14.3%) and Koreans (15.5%), which are the four populations constituting East Asians in the study." and "The Cavalli-Sforza's chord genetic distance (4D), from Cavalli-Sforza & Bodmer (1971), which is based on the allele frequencies of the intergenic COII/tRNALys region, between Vietnamese and other Southeast and East Asian populations in the study, from least to greatest, are as follows: Vietnamese to Indonesian (0.0004), Vietnamese to Chinese (0.0135), Vietnamese to Japanese (0.0153), Vietnamese to Korean (0.0265) and Vietnamese to Mongolian (0.0750)."
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  34. Peng Y, Shi H, Qi XB, Xiao CJ, Zhong H, Ma RL, Su B (January 2010). "The ADH1B Arg47His polymorphism in east Asian populations and expansion of rice domestication in history". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 10: 15. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-15. PMC 2823730. PMID 20089146.
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  36. "Rs671".
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