Disco polo

Disco polo is a genre of popular dance music,[1][2][3] created in Poland in the late 1980s, initially known as sidewalk music (Polish: muzyka chodnikowa)[4][5] or backyard music (Polish: muzyka podwórkowa).[6] The PWN dictionary defines the genre as a Polish variant of disco music, with simple melodies, and often risqué lyrics.[7]

Disco polo
Stylistic origins
Cultural originsLate 1980s, Poland
Typical instrumentsElectronic instruments

This form of urban folk music peaked in popularity between 1995–1997,[8] followed by a gradual decline in demand and then a resurgence in 2007.[9]

Characteristics

Classic disco polo songs were characterized by the simplest chord progressions,,[1] and melodies[7], inspired by the steady rhythms found in folk music,[3] often paired with syncopated samples of drums, and accompanying delicate synthesizer sounds[10], or keyboard instruments.[3] The compositions of this genre are dominated by 4/4 meter.[11] Lyrics are frequently exaggerated tales of unhappy love,[5][12] although they are also playful,[3] and holiday themed.[5]

History

The roots of the genre and its beginnings

The genre originates in the music played at weddings by bands with a repertoire of Polish folk music and wedding songs. In time there was a change towards electronic alternatives to the traditional acoustic instruments, such as electronic keyboards instead of the traditional acoustic keyboard instrument.[3] The most common themes included melodramatic texts about unfulfilled love.[5][12] In addition to these foundations, the genre was influenced by other popular music styles within Europe, involving Italo disco, music genre originating in Italy and mainly produced from the late 1970s to the late 1980s.

The first band representing this genre was Bayer Full, it was founded on November 19th, 1984[13][14]. Another popular group, the Top One, was formed in 1986.[15] Both bands were pioneers of this type of music.[5]

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, more bands emerged, such as Akcent, Atlantis, Boys, and Fanatic[5]. Blue Star was the first official record label that published disco polo in Poland.[5] The main centre of sidewalk music, later disco polo, were Białystok and other cities lying in Podlasie (where most artists came from), Żyrardów, and Sochaczew near Warsaw.[5] One of the most famous songs derived from this genre was "Mydełko Fa" ("FA Soap") recorded in 1991 by Marek Kondrat and Marlena Drozdowska, it became a pastiche of the music. It turned out to be a great hit and it contributed to the popularity of the genre. It was even adopted as the anthem of disco polo music.[5]

Sławomir Skręta from the Blue Star records came up with a name replacement for the older term, piosenka chodnikowa (sidewalk music), which originated from the main means of distribution of its recordings in the early 1990s - sidewalk stalls on streets and at bazaars[16].

Back then, disco polo could be mostly heard at country picnics, county depots, weddings, or during political campaigning for Polish parliament and presidential elections. Former president Aleksander Kwaśniewski was one of the most notable examples of politicians who used disco polo during his presidential campaign.[12]

From the 1990s to 2002

The origin of the name "disco polo", was created in 1993,[5] very similar to Italo disco (Italian style of music from the early 80s.) by Sławomir Skręta,[12][17] the owner of a record label Blue Star in Reguły, near Warsaw. This name became popular quickly and effectively replaced the earlier name "sidewalk music". In the first half of the 1990s, music, in general, became a mass phenomenon but almost absent in the media. On February 29, 1992, the Gala Piosenki Chodnikowej i Popularnej (Gala of Sidewalk and Popular Songs) was held, dedicated to this trend of popular music, and was broadcast by TVP1.[5]

The style was extensively marketed by the Polsat TV station, which produced its own disco polo hit list in a TV show called Disco Relax which premiered on December 4, 1994[18] and "Disco Polo Live" which premiered February 3, 1996, in TV Polsat[19]) and radio broadcasting Radio Eska.[5] Disco Polo was also present at that time in Polonia 1 TV station which is a network of the local stations in the larger urban areas and in the TV Polonia. In other media, the music at that time was hardly absent and acknowledged by the mainstream media as a symbol of kitsch and primitivism.

Before the presidential elections in 1995, bands and singers used disco polo during the election campaign. Traditional instrumentation came to be replaced by keyboards later in the '90s, which contributed to a slight change in style, making the songs more like modern dance music, especially Eurodance music.

In December 31, 1995, TVP 1 aired a program of disco polo entitled, "Karnawałowa Gala Disco Polo" ("Carnival Gala Disco Polo").[20][21] In 1996, Maria Zmarz-Koczanowicz and Michał Arabudzkii directed a documentary film called "Bara Bara," which explored the disco polo trend. It was aired in the same year on TVP1.[22]

In April 24, 1998, a film was released by Robert Glinski Fri. "Kochaj i rób co chcesz" (Love and do what you want), in which the main character leaves to play this genre of music on the piano in a club.[23]

During the 1990s, artists started mixing disco polo with other musical genres such as dance music, house music, and techno.[5][12]

From 1997[5][20] to 2001[24]), there was an excess of this genre of music and a sharp decline in sales of disco polo cassettes and CDs ensued due to the growth of the Polish and foreign pop music,[20] rock music, hip hop,[12] dance music[20] and electronic music. Its airplay in media platforms such as Radio Eska, TV Polonia 1 and TV Polonia have been diminished. For instance, in late August 2002, Polsat TV cancelled "Disco Relax" and "Disco Polo Live,"[25] which left many bands jobless.[26] Some observers believe that the drastic decline in the popularity of the genre was also caused by the emigration of disco polo musicians to the United States, where some artists are continuing their work.

After 2002
The band Fanatic

In years 2002-2007 some bands continued their activities (e.g. Toples or Weekend). During this period, bands released new albums, but due to the lack of existence of this genre in the national media at the time, this effort failed to bring the bands popularity. On August 12, 2004, an article by Wojciech Orliński was published in Gazeta Wyborcza entitled "Śmierć disco polo" (Death of disco polo) describing the decline of this musical genre at the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries.[27] On August 6, 2006, TVN aired a program called "Attention! Behind the scenes of the cycle of Fame", dedicated to the revival of the disco polo genre.[24] This report was recognized as the best report of 2006 in an internet poll and was repeated 31 December.[28]

In 2007, after a five-year hiatus, the genre once again established itself on television through the station iTV, which broadcasts a program called "Discostacja" every day. In addition, the promotion takes place on the internet through two internet radio stations associated with it. From 2007, disco polo bands started to play gigs again, the number of which increased every year, and records once again began to sell, which meant bands started bringing in a profit again.

From July 5, 2008, a show presenting sidewalk music, called "Nie tylko Barachołka" ("Not just Barachołka"), formerly known as "Barachołka", returned to Polskie Radio Lublin. It is broadcast between 21:00 and 2:00 at night from Friday to Saturday.[29]

In the first half of 2009, disco polo music was promoted by the channel Edusat,[30] however after three months this was discontinued.

Since March 2009, the iTV television broadcast resumed the program Disco Polo Live from several years ago,[31] but the broadcast was suspended in March 2011.[32] From May 7, 2011, Disco Polo Live program is now broadcast on Polo TV.[33]

On October 4, 2009, a new program produced by Maciej Jamróz by the name of Disco Bandżo (Disco Banjo) was featured on Tele 5, which lasts approximately 50 minutes[34]. Currently, the program Disco Bandżo is broadcast every morning on Polonia 1.

From December 5, 2010, on the channel VIVA Polska (VIVA Poland) a program of dance music called "Disco ponad wszystko" ("Disco above all") aired every Sunday.[35] This program doubled the viewership of the channel and after each subsequent episode the viewership steadily increased,[36] but was removed after a period of eighteen months from the channel.[37] CSB TV also broadcast disco polo, but the channel was discontinued in May 2012. On May 7, 2011, a television channel dedicated primarily to disco polo music - Polo TV was launched.[38] Since December 19, 2011, the channel was broadcast on digital TV and the multiplex and had become the most watched music channel in Poland. On September 27, 2011, the channel TV.DISCO was launched, which broadcast the genre next to disco, dance music and electronic music, which has stayed on air until the present day (as of January 2015).[39] The program Disco Relax, which aired in the 90s on Polsat, was meant to be resumed on this channel, but eventually returned on February 12, 2012 on Polo TV.[40] On October 20, 2012, the program Vipo Disco Polo Hits led by Wojciech Grodzki moved from the TVS channel to Polo TV. It was aired every Saturday at 10.00 am[41] until 30 December 2017.[42]

In 2011, director Maciej Bochniak produced a documentary entitled Miliard Szczęśliwych Ludzi (A Billion Happy People) about the travels of a band of this genre - Bayer Full, and their performances in China.[43]

On December 1, 2012, Polsat launched a new program dedicated to the music of disco polo entitled "Imperium Disco Polo" ("Disco Polo Empire"), these are re-runs from Polsat Play.[19] However, at the beginning of March 2013 the program was taken off the Polsat channel, due to the emergence of new episodes of the series Pamiętniki z Wakacji, but new episodes are still available in cable networks and digital platforms of the channel Polsat Play. From 21 April 2013 to June 2013, this program was aired on ATM Rozrywka, and from August 3, 2013 is shown on Polsat 2 at 2:00 am.[44]

From April 8 to 1 December 2013, disco polo was promoted by Radio Plus, which changed its slogan from Łagodne Przeboje (Gentle hits) to Zawsze w rytmie (Always in rhythm). In addition to streaming disco polo there were also dance songs from the 80s and 90s.[45] From 1 December 2013 this music had been moved to the radio VOX FM.[46] This change was due to protests from listeners of Radio Plus and bishops who were the owners of licenses on Radio Plus.[45]

On August 17, 2013, Telewizja Polsat broadcast a concert named "Disco Pod Żaglami" ("Disco Under Sails") featuring the disco polo stars Akcent, Shazza, Boys, Classic and Weekend. This was the first disco polo concert since the removal of programs of this genre in the station for over 10 years, and it retained 2.7 million views.[47]

On May 1, 2014, another TV channel dedicated to disco polo was launched, named Disco Polo Music, belonging to Telewizja Polsat.[48]

In early February 2015, the channel TV.DISCO completely removed disco polo music from its schedule.[39][49]

On 27 February, 2015, Maciej Bochniak's film "Disco Polo" hit movie theatres, which tells the story of a group of musicians who get to the top of the Disco Polo charts.[50] On February 26, 2015, in connection with the release of this film, an episode of "Hala odlotów" ("Waiting Area") aired that day on TVP Kultura, dedicated to disco polo.[51]

On 4 December, 2017, as a result of an agreement with the ZPR Media group, Telewizja Polsat acquired 100% of the shares in Lemon Records, the broadcaster of disco polo stations Polo TV and Vox Music TV, thus becoming the owner of both.[52][53]

The two most popular Polish songs on YouTube are of the disco polo genre. For a long time, the first most viewed song was "Ona tańczy dla mnie" ("She dances for me") by Weekend. At the end of June 2017, achieving over 106 million views, the song "Prez twe oczy zielone" ("Through your green eyes") by Akcent beat the record of most viewed Polish song, bumping Weekend down to second place.

After 2002, this genre is often combined with dance music[54][55] and other genres of electronic dance music[56][57][58][59], e.g. power dance, eurodance, nu-electro and techno. After 2002, songs of this genre often also contain elements of folk music and pop music.[55] The bands and artists which gained significant popularity after 2002 are, among others: After Party, Weekend, Andre, Czadoman, Tomasz Niecik, Eva Basta, Masters, DJ Disco ft. MC Polo, Cliver, Effect and Power Play.[60] Disco polo is also popular outside of Poland, especially within the Polish diaspora. There are artists, such as Disco Polo Tomek, who perform disco polo music. Recently, the disco polo genre has seen a new revival in Poland after the 2016 New Year's Eve party, when the TV channel TVP2 invited the frontman of Akcent, Zenon Martyniuk, one of the most popular disco polo performers, to perform on the main stage.[61] The president of Polish television Jacek Kurski has also expressed his joy at the fact that disco polo is no longer ironically hated as the performance was enjoyed by many people present at the event.[62]

The genre in Polish mass media
The band Akcent

Since the mid-90s, to the turn of the century, television and radio programs devoted to the music of disco polo were broadcast by the TV Polsat stations,[5] Radio Eska,[5] Polonia 1, TV Polonia and some regional radio stations and local cable networks.Since 2007, interest in disco polo has grown, which is reflected in a greater presence of this music in some media and the increased amount of played concerts. However, the genre is still considered a symbol of bad taste by many radio stations and television channels and is not promoted by them.[9]

After 2007, TV stations that promoted or promote disco polo include Polo TV, iTV, Polsat 2, TVS, Polonia 1, Disco Polo Music, TVR, VOX Music TV, Power TV, Polsat Play, Eska TV, TV.DISCO, VIVA Polska, Polsat, Puls 2, Tele 5, ATM Rozrywka, Kino Polska Muzyka, as well as TV4 and TV6. This genre is also promoted by some radio stations and internet sites such as Radio FTB, Discoparty.pl, Disco-Polo.fm, Discostacja and IRN, as well as regional stations - including Radio Express, Radio Hit Radio Jard, Radio Kaszëbë, Polish Radio Kielce, Radio Leliwa, Polskie Radio Lublin, Radio Silesia and Radio Plus, as well as transregional stations radio VOX FM[63] and radio WAWA[64][65]. Online social video services such as YouTube[66] and the site Wrzuta.pl[67] ,which existed from 2006-2017, also had significant influence on the return of mass interest in disco polo.

In the summer, several disco polo festivals take place, of which the largest since 1996 is National Festival of Music and Dance in Ostróda (originally held in Koszalin), and from 2011 is Disco Hit Festival - Kobylnica, in Kwakowo near Kobylnica. The biggest stars of the Polish dance music perform in these festivals and thousands of fans attend from all over Poland. Bands and performers of disco polo also participate in many charity concerts and events including during the Wielka Orkiestra Świątecznej Pomocy (Great Orchestra of Christmas Charity).[68] At the end of 2016 and beginning of 2017, for the first time a star band of disco polo, Akcent (Zenon Martyniuk and Ryszard Warot) performed at New Year's in Zakopane, organised by Telewizja Polska.[69][70][71] TVP2 also acquired the rights to broadcast the "25 years of disco polo" gala, which took place on June 25, 2017 at the stadium of Warsaw Polonia.[72] According to the Nielsen Audience Measurement, the "25 years of disco polo" gala on TVP2 was viewed by 2.6 million viewers.[73]

Additional information
  • The promotion of disco polo in Poland was often in the hand of the leaders of criminal organization Pruszków mafia and Wołomińska mafia.[8] At the height of the success of this music, in 1995–1997, criminal organizations controlled approx. 70 percent of the market.[74]
  • Disco Polo was met with severe criticism from supporters of other musical genres, who accused it of primitiveness of music, lyrical naivety, a low level of performance and lack of originality (duplication of motifs and designs, often derived from Polish and foreign music of the 60s and 70s). These criticisms, however, did not affect the popularity of this music. Supporters of this genre and the groups performing it argue that currently professionalisation of disco polo is progressing, the lyrics and music have improved, and the performers are increasingly avoiding singing from playback.[54][75]
  • At the same time, some of the performers from the older generation took part in the creation of mainstream disco polo or benefited its popularity (e.g. Janusz Laskowski, Marlena Drozdowska, Bohdan Smoleń, Andrzej Rosiewicz, Stan Tutaj, Marek Kondrat, Piotr Pręgowski and Cabaret OT.TO).
  • In the early 90s Krzysztof Krawczyk sang and recorded songs in the italo disco genre, the basis from which disco polo came into being.[76][77]
  • In some media, the term neo-disco polo is used in relation to some artists[78]. The creators referred to by the term themselves point out that the new disco polo has an "old-school climate", but compared to the disco polo from the 1990s, there is better production and arrangement of songs.
  • In 2014, during the performance at the 51st National Polish Song Festival in Opole, the singer Maryla Rodowicz performed her covers of songs of this musical genre. These were the songs "You're crazy" and "Long live freedom" from the repertoire of the band Boys and the song "She dances for me" by the band Weekend .

See also

References and notes
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