Delhi Republic Day parade

The Delhi Republic Day parade is the largest and most important of the parades marking the Republic Day celebrations in India. The parade takes place every year on 26 January at Rajpath, New Delhi. It is the main attraction of India's Republic Day celebrations, which last for 3 days.

Delhi Republic Day parade
Clockwise from top left: CISF marching contingent (2017); tableau of Karnataka (2010); a C-17 Globemaster flanked by two Su-30 MKIs (2018); T-90 tanks (2016); daredevil riders of BSF (2014); bird’s eye view of Rajpath (2013).
GenreNational patriotic parade
Begins26 January
Ends26 January
FrequencyAnnual
Location(s)New Delhi, India
Inaugurated1950
Most recent2020
Previous event26 January 2020
Next event26 January 2021
Organised bySection D, Ministry of Defence[1]
Websiterepublicday.nic.in

The first parade was held in 1950, and it has been held every year since.

The parade marches from the Rashtrapati Bhawan along the Rajpath, until the India Gate. It opens with the unfurling of the national flag by the President of India. This is followed by marching from several regiments of the army, navy, and air force, along with their bands. Tableau from various states signifying their culture are displayed. A beating retreat ceremony signifies the end of the parade.

History
President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950.

The first Republic Day Parade was held on 26 January 1950, during which the President of Indonesia Sukarno was the chief guest. The flypast of that parade included aircraft such as Harvards, Consolidated B-24 Liberators, Dakotas, Hawker Tempest, Spitfires and jet planes comprising a total of more than a hundred aircraft.[2]

Parade
The unique BSF Camel Contingent during the annual Republic Day Parade in 2004.

To mark the importance of the Republic Day, every year a grand parade is held in the capital, New Delhi, from the Raisina Hill Rashtrapati Bhavan (the President's residence), along the Rajpath, past India Gate.[3] Prior to its commencement, the Prime Minister lays a floral wreath at the Amar Jawan Jyoti, a memorial to fallen soldiers at the India Gate at one end of Rajpath, which is followed by two minutes silence in the memory of fallen soldiers. It is a solemn reminder of the sacrifice of the martyrs who died for the country in the freedom movement and the succeeding wars for the defence of sovereignty of their country. Thereafter he/she reaches the main dias at Rajpath to join other dignitaries, subsequently the President arrives along with the chief guest of the occasion. They are escorted on horseback by the President's Bodyguard.

First, the president unfurls the National flag, as the National Anthem is played, and a 21-gun salute is given as the PBG renders the National Salute. Next, important awards like the Ashok Chakra and Kirti Chakra are given away by the President. This is followed by the regiments of Armed Forces starting their march past. The President comes forward to award the medals of bravery to the people from the armed forces for their exceptional courage in the field and also the civilians, who have distinguished themselves by their different acts of valour in different situations. Children who receive the National Bravery Award ride past the spectators on colourfully decorated elephants or vehicles.[4]

An overview of the 55th Republic Day Parade from India Gate in 2004.

Nine to twelve different regiments of the Indian Army in addition to the Navy, and Air Force with their bands march past in all their finery and official decorations. The President of India who is the Commander-in-Chief of the Indian Armed Forces, takes the salute. Twelve contingents of various para-military forces of India and other civil forces also take part in this parade.[5] One of the unique sights of the parade is the camel mounted Border Security Force contingent, which is the only camel mounted military force in the world. The best N.C.C. cadets, selected from all over the country consider it an honour to participate in this event, as do the school children from various schools in the capital. They spend many days preparing for the event and no expense is spared to see that every detail is taken care of, from their practice for the drills, the essential props and their uniforms. 22 to 30 floats exhibiting the cultures of the various states and union territories of India, including floats of union ministries and state enterprises are in the grand parade, which is broadcast nationwide on television and radio. These moving exhibits depict scenes of activities of people in those states and the music and songs of that particular state accompany each display. Each display brings out the diversity and richness of the culture of India and the whole show lends a festive air to the occasion.[6] Around 1200 schoolchildren present cultural dances as part of the parade.[7] The 2016 Republic Day marked the return of K-9 Dog Squad to the parade after 26 years.[8]

The parade traditionally ends with dare devil motor cycle riding display by motorcycle units of the Armed Forces and civil security services and a flypast by the Indian Air Force jets and helicopters.[9] In 2019, the flypast included aircraft such as Su 30 MKI, Jaguar, Mig 29, C-17 Globemaster and HAL Rudra.[10]

A full dress rehearsal parade is organised on 23 January every year.[11]

Tableaux
The tableau of Kerala passes through the Rajpath, on the occasion of the 69th Republic Day Parade 2018, in New Delhi on 26 January 2018

The selection process of the tableaux is conducted by the Ministry of Defence, which involves a number of guidelines. The ministry recommends that tableaux represent a historical event, heritage, culture, development programmes and environment. The tableaux must not carry any logos and should carry some animation and sound.[12]

Proposals are invited from Ministries and departments of the Indian government, and from states and union territories of India within a fixed deadline. The proposals are examined by a committee of experts from arts fields. The examination process involves 2 rounds. The first round provides suggestions for modifications, after evaluating the sketches and designs. The second round evaluates three-dimensional models, after which a final judgement is passed by the committee.[12]

Beating Retreat
The Band performing at Beating Retreat ceremony at Vijay Chowk on 29 January 2018.

The Beating Retreat ceremony officially denotes the end of Republic Day festivities. It is conducted on the evening of 29 January, the third day after the Republic Day. It is performed by the bands of the three wings of the military, the Indian Army, Indian Navy and Indian Air Force. The venue is Raisina Hills and an adjacent square, Vijay Chowk, flanked by the north and south block of the Rashtrapati Bhavan (President's Palace) towards the end of Rajpath.

The Chief Guest of the function is the President of India who arrives escorted by the Presidential Body Guard (PBG), a cavalry unit. When the President arrives, the PBG commander asks the unit to give the National Salute, which is followed by playing of the Indian National Anthem, Jana Gana Mana, by the Army developed the ceremony of display by the massed bands in which Military Bands, Pipe and Drum Bands, Buglers and Trumpeters from various Army Regiments besides bands from the Navy and Air Force take part which play popular tunes like Abide With Me, National Song of India, Vande Mataram, Mahatma Gandhi's favourite hymn Vaishnava Jana To, and Saare Jahan Se Achcha at the end.[13][14][15]

Chief guest
Countries invited as chief guests for the Republic Day parade. Erstwhile Yugoslavia (twice invited) has not been depicted in the map.
  5 times (France, UK)
  4 times (Bhutan, Russia/USSR)
  Thrice (Brazil, Indonesia, Mauritius)
  Twice (Japan, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam)
  Once
  Uninvited

Since 1950, India has been hosting a head of state or government of another country as the state guest of honour for Republic Day celebrations in New Delhi. During 1950–1954, Republic Day celebrations were organised at different venues like Irwin Stadium (National Stadium), Kingsway (Rajpath), Red Fort and Ramlila grounds. It was only starting 1955 when the parade in its present form was organised at Rajpath. The guest country is chosen after a deliberation of strategic, economic and political interests. During the 1950s–1970s, a number of NAM and Eastern Bloc countries were hosted by India. In the post-Cold War era, India has also invited several Western leaders on a state visit during the Republic Day. It is notable that before India fought wars with China and Pakistan, leaders from these countries were invited as state guests for the Republic Day celebrations. The Pakistan Food and Agriculture Minister was the second state guest from that country for Republic Day in 1965, a few days after which the two countries went to a war. Countries which have been invited multiple times include India's neighbours (Bhutan, Sri Lanka and Mauritius), defence allies (Russia/USSR, France and Britain), trade partners (Brazil) and NAM allies (Nigeria, Indonesia and erstwhile Yugoslavia). France has the distinction of being the guest of honour for the maximum (five) number of times followed by four visits from Bhutan and three visits each from Mauritius and USSR/Russia.

Chief Guest US President Barack Obama speaks with Prime Minister Narendra Modi during the parade, c. 2015.

In 2015, the US President Barack Obama was the Chief Guest at Republic Day celebrations, followed by French president François Hollande during the 2016 Republic Day parade. In 2017, Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan from the United Arab Emirates was the Chief Guest of the parade.[16]

Year Chief Guest Country Note
1950 President Sukarno[17]  Indonesia
1951 King Tribhuvan Bir Bikram Shah[18]    Nepal
1952
No invitation
1953
No invitation
1954 King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck[19]  Bhutan
1955 Governor General Malik Ghulam Muhammad[20]  Pakistan First guest for parade at Rajpath[21]
1956 Chancellor of the Exchequer Rab Butler  United Kingdom Note Two guests[22]
Chief Justice Kōtarō Tanaka  Japan
1957 Minister of Defence Georgy Zhukov[23]  Soviet Union
1958 Marshall Ye Jianying[24]  China
1959 Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip[25][26][27]  United Kingdom 2nd invitation
1960 Chairman Kliment Voroshilov[28]  Soviet Union 2nd invitation
1961 Queen Elizabeth II[29]  United Kingdom 3rd invitation, Note
1962 Prime Minister Viggo Kampmann[30]  Denmark Note
1963 King Norodom Sihanouk[31]  Cambodia
1964 Chief of Defence Staff Lord Louis Mountbatten[32]  United Kingdom 4th invitation, Note
1965 Food and Agriculture Minister Rana Abdul Hamid  Pakistan 2nd invitation
1966
No invitation
 Note
1967 King Mohammed Zahir Shah[33]  Afghanistan Note
1968 Chairman Alexei Kosygin  Soviet Union 3rd invitation Two guests[34]
President Josip Broz Tito  Yugoslavia
1969 Prime Minister Todor Zhivkov[35]  Bulgaria
1970 King Baudouin[36][37]  Belgium Note
1971 President Julius Nyerere[38]  Tanzania
1972 Prime Minister Seewoosagur Ramgoolam[39]  Mauritius
1973 President Mobutu Sese Seko[40]  Zaire
1974 President Josip Broz Tito  Yugoslavia 2nd invitation Two guests[41]
Prime Minister Sirimavo Bandaranaike  Sri Lanka
1975 President Kenneth Kaunda[42]  Zambia
1976 Prime Minister Jacques Chirac[43]  France
1977 First Secretary Edward Gierek[44]  Poland
1978 President Patrick Hillery[45]  Ireland
1979 Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser[46]  Australia
1980 President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing  France 2nd invitation
1981 President Jose Lopez Portillo[47]  Mexico
1982 King Juan Carlos I[48]  Spain
1983 President Shehu Shagari[49]  Nigeria
1984 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[50]  Bhutan 2nd invitation
1985 President Raúl Alfonsín[51]  Argentina
1986 Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou[52]  Greece
1987 President Alan Garcia[53]  Peru
1988 President J. R. Jayewardene[54]  Sri Lanka 2nd invitation
1989 General Secretary Nguyễn Văn Linh[55]  Vietnam
1990 Prime Minister Anerood Jugnauth[56]  Mauritius 2nd invitation
1991 President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom[57]  Maldives
1992 President Mário Soares[57]  Portugal
1993 Prime Minister John Major[57]  United Kingdom 5th invitation
1994 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong[57]  Singapore
1995 President Nelson Mandela[58]  South Africa
1996 President Fernando Henrique Cardoso[57]  Brazil
1997 Prime Minister Basdeo Panday[57]  Trinidad and Tobago
1998 President Jacques Chirac[57]  France 3rd invitation
1999 King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah[57]    Nepal 2nd invitation
2000 President Olusegun Obasanjo[57]  Nigeria 2nd invitation
2001 President Abdelaziz Bouteflika[57]  Algeria
2002 President Cassam Uteem[57]  Mauritius 3rd invitation
2003 President Mohammed Khatami[57]  Iran
2004 President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva[57]  Brazil 2nd invitation
2005 King Jigme Singye Wangchuck[57]  Bhutan 3rd invitation
2006 King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz al-Saud[57]  Saudi Arabia
2007 President Vladimir Putin[57]  Russia 4th invitation
2008 President Nicolas Sarkozy[57]  France 4th invitation
2009 President Nursultan Nazarbayev[57]  Kazakhstan
2010 President Lee Myung Bak[59]  South Korea
2011 President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono[60][61]  Indonesia 2nd invitation
2012 Prime Minister Yingluck Shinawatra[62]  Thailand
2013 King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck[63]  Bhutan 4th invitation
2014 Prime Minister Shinzo Abe[64]  Japan 2nd invitation
2015 President Barack Obama[65]  United States
2016 President François Hollande  France 5th invitation[66]
2017 Crown Prince Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan[67]  United Arab Emirates
2018 Sultan Hassanal Bolkiah  Brunei Ten guests (Heads of ASEAN states)[68]
Prime Minister Hun Sen  Cambodia 2nd invitation
President Joko Widodo  Indonesia 3rd invitation
Prime Minister Thongloun Sisoulith  Laos
Prime Minister Najib Razak  Malaysia
State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi  Myanmar
President Rodrigo Duterte  Philippines
Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong  Singapore 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Prayut Chan-o-cha  Thailand 2nd invitation
Prime Minister Nguyễn Xuân Phúc  Vietnam 2nd invitation
2019 President Cyril Ramaphosa[69][70]  South Africa 2nd invitation
2020 President Jair Bolsonaro  Brazil 3rd invitation

Guest contingents
The French Army contingent passes through the Rajpath in 2016.

In 2016, French Army soldiers and French Army Band took part in the 67th Republic Day parade. This marked the first time since the beginning of the parade in 1950, that a foreign army contingent marched down the Rajpath during the Republic Day parade.

YearCountryUnit
2016[71]France35th Infantry Regiment
2017[72]UAEUnited Arab Emirates Presidential Guard

Awards

Best marching contingents
YearBest marching contingent among the three services (led by)Best marching contingent among paramilitary forces and other auxiliary marching contingents
19832 CHD BN NCC (Senior Under Officer Ubhay Bharti Trikha)
1991Madras Engineer Group (Second Lieutenant Vivek Jaswal)
1994Gorkha Regiment ( Major J. S. Tanwar)
1995Gorkha Regiment
1996Brigade of the Guards (Captain Arun Malik)
1997Madras Engineer Group (Lieutenant Pranay Dangwal)Border Security Force
1998Bombay Engineer Group ( Captain Atul Suryavanshi )Indo-Tibetan Border Police
1999Bihar Regiment Indo-Tibetan Border Police
2000Indian Air Force Indo-Tibetan Border Police
2001Madras RegimentDelhi Police
2002Indian Navy Delhi Police
2003Madras Engineer GroupDelhi Police
2004Indian Navy Indo-Tibetan Border Police
2005[73]Sikh RegimentDelhi Police
2006Bihar Regiment Delhi Police
2007Jat RegimentCentral Industrial Security Force
2008Rajputana RiflesCentral Industrial Security Force
2009[74]Territorial ArmyCentral Reserve Police Force
2010[75]Dogra RegimentCentral Reserve Police Force
2011Indian Air ForceIndo-Tibetan Border Police
2012[76]Indian Air ForceBorder Security Force
2013[77]Indian Air Force and Indian NavyCentral Industrial Security Force
2014[78]Sikh Light InfantryCentral Reserve Police Force
2015[79]Brigade of the Guards and Sikh RegimentCentral Industrial Security Force
2016[80]Assam RegimentBorder Security Force
2017[81]Bihar RegimentCentral Industrial Security Force
2018[82]Punjab RegimentIndo-Tibetan Border Police
2019[83]Gorkha RegimentCentral Reserve Police Force
2020[84][85]Indian Air ForceCentral Industrial Security Force

Best three tableaux
YearFirstSecondThird
1980Maharashtra
1981Goa[86]
1983Maharashtra
1988Goa[86]
1989PunjabGoa[86]
1990Goa[86]
1991Goa[86]
1993Maharashtra
1994Maharashtra
1995MaharashtraGoa[86]
2000Goa[86]
2001RajasthanMinistry of RailwaysGujarat and Jammu and Kashmir
2002Jammu and Kashmir
2003GoaAssamUttar Pradesh
2005[73]KarnatakaDepartment of JusticeUttar Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir and Ministry of Railways
2007[87]OdishaMinistry of CultureMaharashtra
2008KeralaKarnatakaMinistry of Human Resource Development
2009[74]KeralaMaharashtraTamil Nadu and Jammu and Kashmir
2010[75]Ministry of CultureGoaChhattisgarh
2011DelhiKarnatakaRajasthan
2012[76]Ministry of Human Resource DevelopmentGoaKarnataka
2013[77]KeralaRajasthanChhattisgarh
2014[78]West BengalTamil NaduAssam
2015[79]MaharashtraJharkhandKarnataka
2016[80]West BengalTripuraAssam
2017[81]Arunachal PradeshTripuraMaharashtra and Tamil Nadu
2018[82] Maharashtra Assam Chhattisgarh
2019[83]TripuraJammu and KashmirPunjab
2020[88] Assam Odisha and Uttar Pradesh

Best tableaux among the Ministries and Department

Year Ministry / Department
2020[89] National Disaster Relief Force and Jal Shakti Mission

See also

Notes
1.^ On each of these occasions, Lady Edwina Mountbatten from United Kingdom was also the official guest for the parade.[22][32]
2.^ Duke of Edinburgh Prince Philip also accompanied Queen Elizabeth II during the parade.[29]
3.^ Danish Prime Minister attended Republic Day in Madras (Chennai).[90]
4.^ No invitations were sent out possibly due to the demise of Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri on 11 January 1966 in Tashkent. The new government headed by Indira Gandhi was sworn on 24 January 1966 (only two days before the Republic Day).[91]
5.^ For the first time, the President of India (Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan) could not take the salute at the Republic Day parade due to ill-health.[92] Zahir Shah arrived on 28 January.[93]
6.^ Attended only the Beating Retreat[36][37]

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