Battle of Dettingen

French commander the duc de Noailles, whose plan was jeopardised by his nephew's unauthorised attack

The immediate cause of the War of the Austrian Succession was the death in 1740 of Emperor Charles VI, last male Habsburg in the direct line. This left his eldest daughter, Maria Theresa, as heir to the Habsburg Monarchy, [lower-alpha 4] whose laws excluded women from the succession. The 1713 Pragmatic Sanction waived this and allowed her to inherit, but this was challenged by Charles of Bavaria, the closest male heir.[7]

The dispute became a European issue because the Monarchy formed the most powerful single element in the Holy Roman Empire. A federation of mostly German states, it was headed by the Holy Roman Emperor, in theory an elected position but held by the Habsburgs since 1440. In January 1742, Charles of Bavaria became the first non-Habsburg Emperor in 300 years, with the support of France, Prussia and Saxony. Maria Theresa was backed by the so-called Pragmatic Allies, which in addition to Austria included Britain, Hanover and the Dutch Republic.[8]

In December 1740, Prussia invaded the Austrian province of Silesia, whose mining, weaving and dyeing industries provided 10% of total Imperial income.[9] France, Saxony and Bavaria occupied Habsburg territories in Bohemia, while Spain joined the war, hoping to regain possessions in Northern Italy lost to Austria in 1713. By early 1742, Austria's position seemed desperate; Britain agreed to send a naval squadron to the Mediterranean and 17,000 troops to the Austrian Netherlands, under the Earl of Stair.[10]

However, Austria made peace with Prussia in the June 1742 Treaty of Breslau; by December, they occupied most of Bavaria while the French armies were devastated by disease.[11] The focus of the 1743 campaign switched to Germany; the Austrians defeated the Bavarians at Simbach and in mid-June, the Allied army arrived at Aschaffenburg, on the north bank of the River Main. Here they were joined by George II, who was attending the coronation of a new Elector of Mainz.[12]

By late June, the Allies were running short of supplies; the nearest depot to Aschaffenburg was at Hanau, the road to which ran through Dettingen. Here, French commander, the duc de Noailles, positioned 23,000 troops under his nephew, the duc de Gramont.[13]

Mainz

Frankfurt

Aschaffenburg

Hanau

Wiesbaden

Dettingen

Kassel

Kassel

The Battle of Dettingen; key locations. Note river line (in blue)

Around 1:00 am on 27 June, the Allies left Aschaffenburg in three columns, and marched along the north bank of the Main, heading for Hanau.[14] The French position at Dettingen was extremely strong; De Gramont's infantry held a line anchored on the village, and running to the Spessart Heights, with the cavalry on level ground to their left. Noailles instructed de Vallière to place his guns on the south bank of the Main, which allowed them to fire into the left flank of the Pragmatic army.[15]

Inadequate reconnaissance was a problem for the Pragmatic Army throughout the war, and the French presence in Dettingen took them by surprise. Their danger became clear when Noailles sent another 12,000 troops over the Main at Aschaffenburg, into the Allied rear; he had high hopes of destroying their entire army. Ilton, commander of the Allied infantry, ordered the British and Hanoverian Foot Guards back to Aschaffenburg, while the remainder changed from column of march into four lines to attack the French position. As they did so, they were fired on by the French artillery, although this caused relatively few casualties.[16]

Despite being ordered three times by Noailles to hold their position, around midday the elite Maison du Roi cavalry charged the Allied lines.[17] Who initiated it is disputed, de Gramont being the most common choice; French historian De Périni suggests the Maison de Roi, who not seen action since Malplaquet in 1709, saw an opportunity to win the battle on their own. They were followed by the Gardes Françaises infantry, in a disjointed and piecemeal attack.[18]

However, led by the duc d'Harcourt, they broke through the first three lines, capturing a number of standards, and throwing the inexperienced British cavalry into confusion.[lower-alpha 5] De Vallière ceased fire for fear of hitting his own troops, and the British infantry in the fourth line were able to hold their ground. A Hanoverian artillery battery began firing at close range into the French infantry, while an Austrian brigade took them in the flank. After three hours of fighting, the French retreated to the left bank of the Main, most of their casualties occurring when one of the bridges collapsed.[20]

The Pragmatic army continued towards Hanau; although it has been suggested that they could have exploited their victory, they were in no shape to attempt a contested river crossing.[21] Their precarious position was demonstrated by the need to abandon their wounded in order to move faster.[22]

The River Main, at Dettingen, now Karlstein am Main (right); the French withdrew to the left bank, using three pontoon bridges

Although George II handed out numerous promotions and rewards to his subordinates, Dettingen was a lucky escape. The Allies, short of supplies and in retreat, had escaped, but had to abandon their wounded, and would have suffered a serious defeat if Noailles' orders had been followed. Unable to agree how to best exploit their 'victory', they ended by doing nothing, and in October, took up winter quarters in the Netherlands.[23]

It was the last battle for several senior officers; in 1744, Noailles was appointed Foreign Minister, while de Gramont was killed at Fontenoy in 1745. The 70 year old Stair retired, and was replaced by the equally elderly George Wade.[24]

The Allied cavalry performed woefully, failing to locate 23,000 men across their line of retreat, less than 13 km (8 mi) away, while many troopers were allegedly unable to control their horses.[25] Only the infantry's training and discipline saved the army from destruction; in recognition, one of the training companies at the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst is named 'Dettingen.'[26]

In honour of the battle, and his patron George II, Handel composed the Dettingen Te Deum and Dettingen Anthem.[27]

• Anderson, MS (1995). The War of the Austrian Succession 1740–1748. Routledge. ISBN 978-0582059504.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Armour, Ian (2012). A History of Eastern Europe 1740–1918. Bloomsbury Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-849-66488-2.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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• Black, James (1999). From Louis XIV to Napoleon: The Fate of a Great Power. Routledge. ISBN 978-1857289343.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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• Brumwell, Stephen (2006). Paths of Glory: The Life and Death of General James Wolfe. Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1852855536.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
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• De Périni, Hardÿ (1896). Batailles françaises; Volume VI. Ernest Flammarion, Paris.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Duffy, Christopher (1987). Military Experience in the Age of Reason (2016 ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1138995864.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Hamilton, Richard (1874). Origin and History of the First, or Grenadier Guards, Volume II. HMSO.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "Handel Dettingen Te Deum; Te Deum in A". Gramophone.co.uk. Retrieved 11 July 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Harding, Richard (2013). The Emergence of Britain's Global Naval Supremacy: The War of 1739–1748. Boydell Press. ISBN 978-1843838234.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Lecky, WEH (1878). A history of England in the Eighteenth century; Volume I.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mackinnon, Colonel Daniel (1883). Origin and Services of the Coldstream Guards: Volume I. Richard Bentley.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Mallinson, Alan (2009). The Making of the British Army. Bantam Press. ISBN 978-0593051085.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Morris, Edward Ellis (1886). The Early Hanoverians. Charles Scribner & Sons.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• Townshend, Charles Vere Ferrers (1901). The Military Life of Field-Marshal George First Marquess Townshend, 1724–1807: Who Took Part in the Battles of Dettingen 1743, Fontenoy 1745, Culloden ... from Family Documents Not Hitherto Published. John Murray.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)
• "Vallière, Joseph-Florent de". kronoskaf.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)