Balkan Pact (1953)

The Balkan Pact of 1953, officially known as the Agreement of Friendship and Cooperation, was a treaty signed by Greece, Turkey, and SFR Yugoslavia on 28 February 1953. It was signed in Ankara. The treaty was to act as a deterrence against Soviet expansion in the Balkans. It provided for the eventual creation of a joint military staff for the three countries. At the time Turkey and Greece were members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), while Yugoslavia was a non-aligned communist state. The Balkan Pact allowed Yugoslavia to associate itself with NATO indirectly.

For the 1934 pact, see Balkan Pact.
Balkan Pact
Signed28 February 1953 (1953-02-28)
LocationAnkara, Turkey
Signatories
LanguagesGreek, Serbo-Croatian, Turkish

Background

Yugoslavia and the USSR had been allies in the aftermath of World War II, but bilateral cooperation halted in 1948 through the Tito–Stalin Split. Fearing a Soviet invasion, Yugoslavia quickly established political and defense alliances and agreements with the Western countries. NATO considered Yugoslavia to be strategically important country, and the Balkan Pact was perceived as a way for the West to protect Yugoslavia against the USSR. The Balkan Pact was signed in 1953 by Yugoslavia, Greece and Turkey. The plan was to integrate Yugoslavia into the Western defense system and the economic aid system because of the increasing threats Yugoslavia received from Moscow.[1]

The Agreement

The agreements regarding the creation of the Balkan Pact started with a political treaty in Ankara in February 1953, and ended with a military treaty in Bled in August 1954.[2] The Agreement had 14 articles; including an agreement to settle international disputes without force, military assistance for each country if one attacked the other, and to maintain and strengthen their defensive capacity. It was agreed that representatives from each country would meet twice a year through 1974. It also respected previous treaties that were in place at the time, such as the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation and the Charter of the United Nations.[3]

Effects

The new alliance showed its weakness from the very beginning. A few days after it came into being Joseph Stalin died. The new Soviet government, led by Nikita Khrushchev, started to relax its criticism towards Yugoslavia, the Yugoslav communist leadership were more willing to abandon open cooperation with the Western countries.

In the course of 1954 and 1955 Yugoslavia's overtures to the Soviet Union which resulted in a change of Yugoslav view regarding the military significance of the Balkan Pact. The visit of Turkish Prime Minister Adnan Menderes to Yugoslavia in May 1955 (only three weeks before Nikita Khrushchev's visit to Josip Broz Tito) showed the difference between the Yugoslav and Turkish estimates of the international situation. Menderes was interested in the whole field of cooperation within the Balkan Alliance. Yugoslavia was reluctant to take any steps that might appear to give added significance at that time to the military side of the Balkan Pact.

Soon after that, the Cyprus dispute between Turkey and Greece broke out and became a new danger for the Balkan Alliance.

After the Hungarian Revolution, Tito showed some interest in reviving the alliance. However, because of the Cyprus conflict, Tito's attempt to mediate between Turkey and Greece failed.

The Balkan Pact included Yugoslavia into the Western defense system, which strengthened the country’s security. It also raised problems for Tito and the League of Communists of Yugoslavia, and brought the Yugoslav and Greek powers together. The Balkan Pact indirectly heightened international and ideological conflicts.

See also

References
  1. Terzic, Milan. "Yugoslavia and the Balkan Pact 1953/1954". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  2. Terzic, Milan. "Yugoslavia and the Balkan Pact 1953/1954". Archived from the original on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2014-05-29.
  3. "Treaty of Alliance, Political Cooperation, and Mutual Assistance Between the Turkish Republic, the Kingdom of Greece, and the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia (Balkan Pact), August 9, 1954".

Sources
  • David R. Stone, "The Balkan Pact and American Policy, 1950-1955," East European Quarterly 28.3 (September 1994), pp. 393–407.
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