Australian Antarctic Medal

The Australian Antarctic Medal (stylised AAM as post-nominal), originally designated the Antarctic Medal until 18 December 1997, is a meritorious service award of the Australian honours and awards system, instituted by Letters Patent[note 1] on 2 June 1987 (amended 18 December 1997 and 13 December 2011).[9]

Australian Antarctic Medal


Medal and ribbon
Awarded by Australia
TypeMedal (Meritorious)[1]
EligibilityAustralian Antarctic expedition members and support staff[2]
Awarded forOutstanding service in scientific research or exploration, or in support of such work, in the course of, or in connection with, an Australian Antarctic expedition[2]
StatusActive
Description32 mm nickel-silver octagonal medal, ensigned with a hexagonal ice-crystal device, surmounted by a plain suspender bar, and suspended on a 32 mm snow-white moire ribbon, edged with three shades of blue.[3]
Post-nominalsAAM[4]
Statistics
Established2 June 1987 (as Antarctic Medal)[5]
First awarded22 June 1987[6]
Total awarded104
Posthumous
awards		4[7]
Distinct
recipients		103
Order of Wear
Next (higher)Conspicuous Service Medal (CSM)
Next (lower)Royal Victorian Medal (RVM)
RelatedPolar Medal

Unique among the Australian meritorious service awards, the Australian Antarctic Medal may be awarded to the same person more than once.[10] The medal may be awarded to anyone who has given outstanding service in connection with an Antarctic expedition, in scientific research, exploration, or in support of such work.[11] Except in exceptional circumstances however, the medal will only be awarded if the nominee has also worked at least 12 months (cumulative) in Antarctic climates south of latitude 60° South, or in similar climate and terrain conditions elsewhere in the Antarctic region.[12]

The Australian Antarctic Medal is also unique in that (other than the first time when it was awarded, which occurred on 22 June 1987) awardees are announced in their own Midwinter's Day (21 June) awards list.[13]

The Australian Antarctic Medal has only been awarded twice once, to Graham Robertson, and only four times posthumously (to Howard Burton, Neil Adams, John Oakes, and Patrick Quilty AM).[14]

Design

The Australian Antarctic Medal is a nickel-silver octagonal medal, 32 mm in diameter, ensigned with a hexagonal ice-crystal device, surmounted by a plain suspender bar.[3] The obverse (front of the medal) bears a depiction of the Southern Hemisphere showing Australia and the Antarctic enclosed by the inscription "FOR OUTSTANDING SERVICE IN THE ANTARCTIC".[3]

Reverse of Australian Antarctic Medal

The reverse (back) of the Australian Antarctic Medal has an Antarctic expeditioner outside Mawson's hut, leaning into a blizzard as they use an ice-axe.[15]

The Australian Antarctic Medal is suspended on a 32 mm snow-white moire ribbon,[note 2] with 3 mm edging of three shades of blue that merge into the white of the ribbon (representing the transition of water to ice as one approaches Antarctica).[3] A date bar, being a nickel-silver clasp of 30 mm wide and 6 mm high, inscribed with the year the eligible service was rendered, is attached to the ribbon of the medal.[3]

Second and subsequent awards of the Australian Antarctic Medal are recognised by the awarding of another nickel-silver date bar clasp, worn on the ribbon above the medal (and positioned above any earlier date bar clasps), and by the use of 9 mm replicas of the ice-crystal device for each subsequent award on the ribbon bar (worn on uniforms when not wearing the medal).[3]

The miniature of the Australian Antarctic Medal is a half-sized replica of the medal, suspended from a miniature of the ribbon that is 16 mm wide.[3] Half-sized replicas of date bar clasps are worn on the ribbon of the miniature medal.[3]

A lapel badge, being a 10 mm wide replica of the hexagonal ice-crystal device used on the medal, is also provided to awardees.[3]

History

Prior to 2 June 1987,[note 3] eligible service on Australian Antarctic expeditions (known as Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions at that time) was recognised by the Polar Medal under the Imperial honours system.[18]

Origins

When Australian Prime Minister Bob Hawke came to power in 1983, he declared his government would no longer be making any recommendations for Imperial honours and awards.[19] The Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee, which had been set up by Ministerial appointment, declared at its meeting of 3 December 1984 that an Australian award should be created to honour outstanding achievement in the Australian Antarctic Territory, including for scientific achievement and exploration, and outlined some design specifications for the proposed medal.[20] On 26 January 1986, Hawke announced the intention to seek Letters Patent for a new meritorious service award to recognise extraordinary service in the Antarctic region by Australian polar expeditioners, to be called the Australian Antarctic Medal.[21]

Initial designs of the medal were drafted by Michael Tracey, but the Australian Antarctic Names and Medals Committee expressed some dissatisfaction with some of his design elements, and Stuart Devlin AO CMG replaced him as designer (although Tracey's map on the obverse of the medal was retained).[22] Stuart Devlin's final design was approved by the government on 21 January 1987.[23]

On 2 June 1987, the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, issued Letters Patent instituting the Antarctic Medal.[24]

Production delays

Although 16 inaugural awardees of the Antarctic Medal were announced on 22 June 1987, covering meritorious service as far back as 1981, extended production delays with the Antarctic Medal and its ribbon resulted in it taking two years before these medals were presented to them.[25]

Re-naming and post-nominals

In 1993, the then Keating federal government established a Review of Australian Honours and Awards Committee, to make recommendations about the Australian honours and awards system.[26] The committee delivered its report in 1995, and one of its recommendations was that the Antarctic Medal be re-named the Australian Antarctic Medal, and be granted the post-nominal AAM (the preceding Imperial Polar Medal and the Antarctic Medal had no entitlement to use of a post-nominal).[27]

On 18 December 1997, the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, issued Letters Patent authorising the amendment of the original Letters Patent to change the designation of the Antarctic Medal to the Australian Antarctic Medal and authorised the use of the AAM post-nominal to those who had been awarded this medal.[28]

Expansion of eligibility

Prior to 13 December 2011, the conditions for the award of the Australian Antarctic Medal were that, except in exceptional circumstances, only those who had accumulated 12 months or more in Antarctic climate and terrain conditions, and who had given outstanding service in (either directly, or in support of) scientific research or exploration, in the course of, or in connection with, an Australian Antarctic expedition were eligible to be considered for this meritorious award.[29]

On 13 December 2011, the Queen of Australia, Elizabeth II, issued Letters Patent authorising the amendment of the original Letters Patent (and its regulations) to allow eligibility for the Australian Antarctic Medal to be expanded so that persons representing an Australian agency or institution on foreign Antarctic expeditions could also be considered for this medal.[30]

List of recipients

As at Midwinter's Day (21 June) 2020, the Australian Antarctic Medal (also known as the Antarctic Medal prior to 1998) has been awarded 104 times to 103 individuals (one person has received the medal twice).[31] In four cases the medal was awarded posthumously.[32] Apart from its inaugural award, which occurred on 22 June 1987, it has always been awarded on Midwinter's Day, although in some years no awards have been made (2003, 2010, 2014, 2015, 2017 and 2019).[33]

From 1987 to 1991, no short citation was given when the medal was awarded.[34] From 1992 to 1997, the short citation For outstanding service in connection with Australian Antarctic expeditions was used.[35] In 1998, the short citation For outstanding service in support of Australia's Antarctic Program was used.[36] From 1999 to 2011 the short citation For outstanding service in support of Australian Antarctic expeditions was used.[37] Generic short citations were replaced with individual short citations from 2012 until 2016, when short citations were no longer given.[38]

The only awardee to have received the Australian Antarctic Medal twice (where an additional clasp is given to the recipient, to place on the ribbon of the medal, and the ice crystal device is worn on the ribbon bar, when the medal is not worn) is Graham Robertson (who received his medal in 1989, and his additional clasp in 2012).[39]

The four posthumous awards made to date are to Howard Burton (d. 5 November 1993) in 1994, Neil Adams (d. 23 March 2012) in 2012, John Oakes (d. 23 July 2016) in 2018, and Patrick Quilty (d. 26 August 2018) in 2020.[40]

Date awardedNamePost-nominalsDetailsNotes
22 June 1987Ricky BessoAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Carpenter (Davis 1985) in support of science and general expedition duties.[41]
22 June 1987David Andrew BlabyAAMFor outstanding service as Plant Inspector (Mawson 1980) in support of science and general expedition duties.[42]
22 June 1987Harry Roy BurtonAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology, limnology) and in support of general expedition duties.[43]
22 June 1987John Gerard CorcoranAAMFor outstanding service (Casey 1980) in Antarctic exploration (surveying) and in support of science and general expedition duties.[44]
22 June 1987Charles Henry Lewis CosgroveAAMFor outstanding service (Mawson 1982) in support of science and general expedition duties.[45]
22 June 1987Malcolm Charles EllsonAAMFor outstanding service (Davis 1985) in support of science and general expedition duties.[46]
22 June 1987Anthony Peter EverettAAMFor outstanding service (Mawson 1985) in support of science and general expedition duties.[47]
22 June 1987Lloyd Douglas FletcherAAMFor outstanding service as Medical Officer (Casey 1986) in support of science and general expedition duties.[48]
22 June 1987Raymond John MorrisAAMFor outstanding service (Davis 1985) in Antarctic scientific research (physics) and in support of general expedition duties.[49]
22 June 1987Robert Campbell OrchardAAMFor outstanding service as Communications Officer (Davis 1984) in support of science and general expedition duties.[50]
22 June 1987David Arnold PottageAAMFor outstanding service (Mawson 1985) in Antarctic scientific research (meteorology) and in support of general expedition duties.[51]
22 June 1987Donald Alexander ReidAAMFor outstanding service as Carpenter (Davis 1986) in support of science and general expedition duties.[52]
22 June 1987Shane Anthony RollinsAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Diesel Mechanic (Davis 1982) in support of science and general expedition duties.[53]
22 June 1987Ulrich SchmitterAAMFor outstanding service as Cook (Casey 1980) in support of science and general expedition duties.[note 4][55]
22 June 1987Peter Graham SullivanAAMFor outstanding service as Medical Officer (Davis 1985) in support of science and general expedition duties.[56]
22 June 1987Herman Henk Edward WesterhofAAMFor outstanding service as Radio Technical Officer (Casey 1981) in support of science and general expedition duties.[57]
21 June 1988Ian Frederick AllisonAO, AAM, FAA[58]For outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (glaciology) and in support of general expedition duties.[note 5][60]
21 June 1988Martin Stephen BettsAAMFor outstanding service as Voyage Leader in support of science and general expedition duties.[61]
21 June 1988Neil Joseph ConrickAAMFor outstanding service as Carpenter (Macquarie Island 1987) in support of science and general expedition duties.[62]
21 June 1988Maxwell Cecil DietrichAAMFor outstanding service as Foreman (Mawson 1986) in support of science and general expedition duties.[63]
21 June 1988William Leslie RobinsonAAMFor outstanding service as Chef (Casey 1987) in support of science and general expedition duties.[64]
21 June 1988Bernard William SorensenAAMFor outstanding service as Chef (Mawson 1986) in support of science and general expedition duties.[65]
21 June 1989Denise Mary AllenAAMFor outstanding service (Davis 1988) in Antarctic scientific research (meteorology) and in support of general expedition duties.[note 6][67]
21 June 1989Willem Philip BarnaartAAMFor outstanding service as Station Leader (Mawson 1988) in support of science and general expedition duties.[note 7][69]
21 June 1989David Rockley McCormackAAMFor outstanding service as Plant Inspector (Mawson 1988) in support of science and general expedition duties.[note 8][71]
21 June 1989Daniel Henry O'ReillyAAMFor outstanding service as Construction Services Leader (Davis 1988) in support of science and general expedition duties.[72]
21 June 1989Russell Albert RachingerAAMFor outstanding service as Station Leader (Casey 1987) in support of science and general expedition duties.[73]
21 June 1989Graham George RobertsonAAMFor outstanding service (Mawson 1988) in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[74]
21 June 1989Diana Lynn WilliamsAAMFor outstanding service (Heard Island 1986) in Antarctic scientific research (medicine) and in support of general expedition duties as Medical Officer.[75]
21 June 1990David John GrantAAMFor outstanding service (Mawson 1989) in Antarctic scientific research (meteorology) and in support of general expedition duties.[76]
21 June 1990Roderick Bentley LedinghamAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[77]
21 June 1990Robert John TingeyAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (geology) and in support of general expedition duties.[78]
21 June 1990Dudley Raymond TwiggAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Technical Officer (Radio) in support of science and general expedition duties.[note 9][80]
21 June 1990Egon WehrleAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[81]
21 June 1990Charlie Robert Reid WeirAAMFor outstanding service (Macquarie Island 1989) in support of science and general expedition duties.[82]
21 June 1991Peter James GormlyAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Medical Officer in support of science and general expedition duties.[83]
21 June 1991Graham John MillsAAMFor outstanding service as Plant Inspector (Davis 1990) in support of science and general expedition duties.[84]
21 June 1991Eric William OsbornAAMFor outstanding service as Carpenter (Davis 1990) in support of science and general expedition duties.[85]
21 June 1991William Royce WareAAMFor outstanding service in support of meteorological science and general expedition duties.[86]
21 June 1992Murray James HotchinAAMFor outstanding service as Electrical Works Supervisor in support of science and general expedition duties.[87]
21 June 1992Jeffrey Roger MackerethAAMFor outstanding service as Electrical Fitter (Macquarie Island 1991) in support of science and general expedition duties.[88]
21 June 1992Richard WilliamsAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (marine biology) and general expedition duties.[89]
21 June 1993Albert BruehwilerAAMFor outstanding service as Plant Inspector (Mawson 1990) in support of science and general expedition duties.[90]
21 June 1993David James HasickAAMFor outstanding service as Station Leader (Mawson 1992) in support of science and general expedition duties.[91]
21 June 1993Knowles Ronald KerryAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[92]
21 June 1993Paul John MunroAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Electrical Fitter (Mawson 1992) in support of science and general expedition duties.[93]
21 June 1993Ray James PikeAAMFor outstanding service as Construction Foreman (Mawson 1992) in support of science and general expedition duties.[94]
21 June 1994Russell James BrandAAMFor outstanding service as Plant Inspector in support of science and general expedition duties.[95]
21 June 1994Howard Douglas BurtonAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[96]
21 June 1994Geoffrey James MooreAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and general expedition duties.[97]
21 June 1995Erwin ErbAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[98]
21 June 1995Peter Damian FranzmannAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (microbiology) and in support of general expedition duties.[99]
21 June 1995Norman Leigh HornsbyAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Helicopter Pilot in support of science and general expedition duties.[100]
21 June 1995Robert Patrick KiernanAAMFor outstanding service (Davis 1994) in Antarctic exploration (surveying) and in support of science and general expedition duties.[101]
21 June 1995Vincent Ivor MorganAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (glaciology) and general expedition duties.[102]
21 June 1995Meredy Jayne ZwarAAMFor outstanding service as Chef (Mawson 1994) in support of science and general expedition duties.[103]
21 June 1996Judith Rebekah ClarkeAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[104]
21 June 1996Trevor Michael CravenAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (glaciology) and general expedition duties.[105]
21 June 1996Robert Tracy JonesAAMFor outstanding service as Station Leader (Mawson 1994) in support of science and general expedition duties.[106]
21 June 1996Allen Carey RookeAAMFor outstanding service as Communications Officer (Macquarie Island 1994) in support of science and general expedition duties.[107]
21 June 1996Lloyd Peter SymonsAAMFor outstanding service as Electronic Engineer (Davis 1995) in support of science and general expedition duties.[108]
21 June 1997Paul Robert DelaneyAAMFor outstanding service as Construction Foreman (Mawson 1996) in support of science and general expedition duties.[109]
21 June 1998Robert Leslie EastherAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[110]
21 June 1999Michael Robert WhittleAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[111]
21 June 2000John Joseph JonesAAMFor outstanding service as Trades Team Leader (Davis 1998) in support of science and general expedition duties.[112]
21 June 2000Nicolas Andrew MortimerAAMFor outstanding service as search and rescue team member (Mawson 1999) in support of science and general expedition duties.[113]
21 June 2000Andrew Jason ReinkeAAMFor outstanding service as search and rescue team member (Mawson 1999) in support of science and general expedition duties.[114]
21 June 2000Garry Iain WatsonAAMFor outstanding service as search and rescue team member (Mawson 1999) in support of science and general expedition duties.[115]
21 June 2000Madeleine WilcockAAMFor outstanding service as Medical Officer (Mawson 1999) in support of science and general expedition duties.[116]
21 June 2001Alan ElcheikhAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (glaciology) and in support of general expedition duties.[117]
21 June 2001Joseph Vaughan JohnsonCSC, OAM, AAM, RFD, ED[118]For outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[119]
21 June 2001Ian John McLeanAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Communication Technical Officer in support of science and general expedition duties.[120]
21 June 2001Dale Allan MainAAMFor outstanding service as Communication Technical Officer in support of science and general expedition duties.[121]
21 June 2001Peter Helmut SprunkAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[122]
21 June 2001Michael Stephen StoneAAMFor outstanding service as Plant Inspector (Casey 1999) in support of science and general expedition duties.[123]
21 June 2002Jonathan James ReeveAAMFor outstanding service as Marine Science Support Manager in support of science and general expedition duties.[124]
21 June 2004Patricia Margaret SelkirkAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (terrestrial science) and in support of general expedition duties.[note 10][126]
21 June 2005Geoffrey Reginald CopsonAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[127]
21 June 2005Andrew Graeme TinkAAMFor outstanding service as Chef in support of science and general expedition duties.[128]
21 June 2006Per Brun LarsenAAMFor outstanding service as Bo'sun (RSV Aurora Australia) in support of science and general expedition duties.[129]
21 June 2007Sharon Rae LabuddaAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Aircraft Ground Support Officer in support of science and general expedition duties.[130]
21 June 2008Matthew Wayne FilipowskiAAMFor outstanding service as the Wilkins Runway Construction Supervisor in support of science and general expedition duties.[131]
21 June 2009David Ernest PullingerAAMFor outstanding service in position of Helicopter Pilot in support of science and general expedition duties.[132]
21 June 2011Murray Patrick DoyleAAMFor outstanding service as Master of the RSV Aurora Australis in support of science and general expedition duties.[133]
21 June 2011Stephen NicolAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (marine biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[134]
21 June 2012Graham George RobertsonAAM and ClaspFor continued outstanding research on seabird mortality in long line fisheries.[135]
21 June 2012Neil David AdamsAAMFor outstanding contributions to the development of the science of Antarctic meterology.[136]
21 June 2012James DoubeAAMFor outstanding contributions to the theory and practice of polar medicine.[137]
21 June 2012Stephen Rich RintoulAAMFor outstanding contributions as Leader, Antarctic Climate and Ecosystems Cooperative Research Oceans Program.[138]
21 June 2013Scott Francis LaughlinAAMFor outstanding service to the Australian Antarctic program as a crew member and Master of the RSV Aurora Australis.[139]
21 June 2013Barbara Christine WieneckeAAMFor outstanding service to research into sea birds and the effect of commercial fishing operations on sea bird populations.[140]
21 June 2016John Frederick CaddenAAMFor outstanding service as Expedition Medical Officer in support of science and general expedition duties.[141]
21 June 2016Kym Blair NewberyAAMFor outstanding service as Electronics Engineer in support of science and general expedition duties.[142]
21 June 2016Robert William RowlandAAMFor outstanding service as Plumber in support of science and general expedition duties.[143]
21 June 2018Graham David CookAAMFor outstanding service as Station Leader in support of science and general expedition duties.[144]
21 June 2018Garry StuddAAMFor outstanding service as Senior Pilot in support of science and general expedition duties.[145]
21 June 2018Martin Travers TuckerAAMFor outstanding service as Fisheries Observer in support of science and general expedition duties.[146]
21 June 2018John Alfred OakesAAMFor outstanding service as Helicopter Pilot in support of science and general expedition duties.[147]
21 June 2020Simon CrossAAMFor outstanding service as Field Training Officer in support of science and general expedition duties.[148]
21 June 2020Bradley Allen CollinsAAMFor outstanding service as Refuelling Supervisor in support of science and general expedition duties.[149]
21 June 2020Alison Audrey DeanAAMFor outstanding service as Station Leader in support of science and general expedition duties.[150]
21 June 2020Leanne Mary MillhouseAAMFor outstanding service in support of science and general expedition duties.[151]
21 June 2020Patrick Gerard QuiltyAM, AAM[152]For his outstanding contribution to Antarctic science.[note 11][154]
21 June 2020Colin Jeffrey SouthwellAAMFor outstanding service in Antarctic scientific research (biology) and in support of general expedition duties.[155]

See also

Notes
  1. In Australia, Letters Patent are an official prerogative instrument of law making, made under the royal prerogative (which is that power of the Crown still existing and not superseded by parliamentary legislation), enabled by section 61 of the Australian Constitution. As the Sovereign has remained the font of "all honour and dignity" in Australia, the practice of instituting Australian honours and awards via Letters Patent continues, although in practice the role of the Sovereign is very limited, as Letters Patent are drafted by the government of the day and by convention the Sovereign is guided by the advice of that government to sign them, making the role taken by the Sovereign overwhelmingly symbolic.[8]
  2. Formally known as the riband.[16]
  3. The last award of the Polar Medal under the Imperial honours system in Australia was on 5 May 1982. Before 1968, the Polar Medal was not a meritorious service medal but recognised those who had wintered in the Arctic and Antarctic while on expedition.[17]
  4. Ulrich Schmitter was previously awarded the Imperial Polar Medal on 23 December 1980, and is whom Schmitter Peak, a small mountain peak in the Prince Charles Mountains region of Antarctic, is named after.[54]
  5. Dr Ian Allison received the Phillip Law Medal in 2013 for outstanding service to Antarctic science.[59]
  6. Denise Allen participated in the Australian Antarctic culture oral history project, which can be accessed via the reference.[66]
  7. Willem Barnaart was the first person to have been station leader at all four permanent Australian Antarctic stations (Mawson, Davis, Casey and Macquarie Island).[68]
  8. Dave McCormack was previously awarded the Imperial Polar Medal on 23 December 1980. David McCormack also received the Phillip Law Medal in 2017 for outstanding service in the recovery and preservation of Antarctic heritage artefacts.[70]
  9. Dudley Twigg was previously awarded the Imperial Polar Medal on 21 July 1961 (Polar Medals before 1968 were not a meritorious service medal but recognised those who had wintered in the Arctic and Antarctic while on expedition).[79]
  10. Dr Patricia Selkirk received the Phillip Law Medal in 2018 for outstanding contributions to Antarctic science.[125]
  11. Professor Patrick Quilty received the Phillip Law Medal in 2016 for outstanding service to Antarctic science.[153]

References
  1. Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 7. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  2. Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 42. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  3. Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 61. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  4. Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 43. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  5. Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 39. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  6. "Australian Antarctic Medal". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020. the first recipients of the Australian Antarctic Medal were announced on 22 June 1987.
  7. Refer:
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 8). Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 75). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  8. Jordan, Roy (8 September 2003). "A Rare Form of Law Making: Legislation Made Outside Parliament" (PDF). Department of the Parliamentary Library: Research Note. Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. pp. 1–2.
  9. Refer:
  10. Refer:
    • Australian Antarctic Medal Regulations (Cth) reg 4(2)
    • "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 25 June 2020. Unique among the Meritorious Service Awards, the Australian Antarctic Medal can be awarded to the same person for a second and subsequent occasion, and there is no quota imposed on the number of awards per year. The medal can be awarded posthumously and it may also be withdrawn.
  11. Refer:
  12. Australian Antarctic Medal Regulations (Cth) reg 4(3)
  13. Meritorious Service Awards (PDF) (2nd ed.). Canberra, Australia: Government House. 2014. p. 7. Retrieved 5 June 2020.
  14. Refer:
    • Robertson - 1st "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 204). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • Robertson - 2nd "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 75). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 8). Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 75). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  15. Refer:
  16. "Orders, Decorations, and Medals". Army Manual of Dress (PDF). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 2017. p. 6-4.
  17. "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 87). Canberra, Australia. 5 May 1982. p. 1. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  18. "Australian Antarctic Medal". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  19. "Prime Minister" (PDF) (Press release). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 8 April 1983. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  20. "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  21. "Prime Minister" (PDF) (Press release). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 26 January 1986. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  22. "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  23. "Australian Antarctic Medal celebrates 25 years". Australian Antarctic Division. Commonwealth of Australia. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  24. Refer:
  25. Refer:
  26. "Review of Australian Honours and Awards" (PDF) (Press release). Canberra, Australia: Commonwealth of Australia. 28 May 1993. Retrieved 23 May 2020.
  27. Refer:
  28. Refer:
  29. "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 8). Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. pp. 295–296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  30. Letters Patent (2011) Amending Letters Patent Constituting the Australian Antarctic Medal, cl 3
  31. Refer:
    • Robertson - 1st "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 204). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • Robertson - 2nd "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 75). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  32. Refer:
    • Burton "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 8). Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • Adams "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 75). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2012. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Oakes "Government Notices Gazette" (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia Gazette. Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2018. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • Quilty "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
  33. "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 8). Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
  34. Refer:
    • 1987 "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 8). Canberra, Australia. 24 June 1987. p. 296. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • 1988 "Government Notices Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (GN 22). Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1988. p. 1141. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
    • 1989 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 204). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1989. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • 1990 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 160). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1990. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
    • 1991 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 161). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1991. p. 1. Retrieved 19 June 2020.
  35. Refer:
    • 1992 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 156). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1992. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
    • 1993 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 178). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1993. p. 1. Retrieved 20 June 2020.
    • 1994 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 214). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1994. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 1995 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 227). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1995. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 1996 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 212). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1996. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 1997 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 216). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1997. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  36. 1998 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 294). Canberra, Australia. 22 June 1998. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
  37. Refer:
    • 1999 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 257). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 1999. p. 1. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
    • 2000 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 320). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2000. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
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    • 2002 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 194). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2002. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2003 No awards
    • 2004 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 208). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2004. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2005 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 107). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2005. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
    • 2006 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 96). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2006. p. 1. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
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    • 2009 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 107). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2009. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
    • 2010 No awards
    • 2011 "Special Gazette". Commonwealth of Australia Gazette (S 99). Canberra, Australia. 21 June 2011. p. 1. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
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    • 2014 No awards
    • 2015 No awards
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    • 2017 No awards
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    • 2019 No awards
    • 2020 "Midwinter's Day Honours List" (PDF). The Governor-General of the Commonwealth of Australia. Government House. Retrieved 24 June 2020.
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