Arirang

It is believed that "Arirang" originated in Jeongseon, Gangwon Province. According to a legend, the name is derived from the story of a bachelor and a maiden who fell in love while picking Camellia blossoms near the wharf at Auraji (아우라지). There are two versions of this story. In the first one, the bachelor cannot cross the Auraji to meet the maiden because the water is too high and so, they sing a song to express their sorrow. In the second version, the bachelor attempts to cross the Auraji and drowns, singing the sorrowful song after he dies.[6]

Other theories on the origin of the name "Arirang" point to Lady Aryeong, wife of the first king of Silla; "arin," the Jurchen word for "hometown"."[7]

According to Prof. Keith Howard, "Arirang" originated in the mountainous regions of Jeongseon and the first mention of the song was found in a 1756 manuscript.[8]

According to Pete Seeger, who sang the song in concert in the 1960s, the song goes back to the 1600s when a despotic emperor was imprisoning people right and left who had opposed him. He hung these prisoners from tall pine trees on top of the hill of Arirang, located outside Seoul. Legend states that one of the prisoners condemned to death, walked his final miles singing of how much he loved his country, and how much he hated to say goodbye to it. It was soon picked up by the other prisoners, where it became a Korean tradition that any man had the right to sing this song before his execution.

The first known recording of "Arirang" was made in 1896 by American ethnologist Alice C. Fletcher. At her home in Washington, D.C., Fletcher recorded three Korean students singing a song she called "Love Song: Ar-ra-rang."[9][10] One source suggests that the students belonged to noble Korean families and were studying abroad at Howard University during the period in which the recording was made.[11] The recordings are currently housed in the U.S. Library of Congress.[12]

During the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1910 to 1945, when singing was proscribed and it became a criminal offense for anyone to be singing any patriotic song including the national anthem of Korea, Arirang became an unofficial anthem. "Arirang" became a resistance anthem against Imperial Japanese rule.[13][14] Korean protesters sang "Arirang" during the March 1 Movement, a Korean demonstration against the Japanese Empire in 1919. Many of the variations of "Arirang" that were written during the occupation contain themes of injustice, the plight of labourers, and guerrilla warfare. It was also sung by the mountain guerrillas who were fighting against the fascists. [13]

The most well-known lyrics to "Arirang" first appeared in the 1926 silent film Arirang, directed by Na Woon-gyu. Arirang is now considered a lost film but various accounts say the film was about a Korean student who became mentally ill after being imprisoned and tortured by the Japanese. The film was a hit upon its release and is considered the first Korean nationalist film.[15][13][16]

During the Japanese occupation of Korea, Japan experienced a craze for Korean culture and for "Arirang", in particular. Over 50 Japanese versions of "Arirang" were released between 1931 and 1943, in genres including pop, jazz, and mambo.[13] Some of the former Japanese Imperial soldiers remember and sing "Arirang" from the memories they recollect from their service in Japanese Korea, or from the Korean comfort women (sex slaves) or the Korean forcefully-inscripted labourers and soldiers.

Both South Korea and North Korea submitted "Arirang" to be included on the UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list. South Korea successfully submitted the song for inclusion in 2012.[3][2] North Korea successfully submitted the song for inclusion in 2014.[1][4]

In 2015, the South Korean Cultural Heritage Administration added the "Arirang" to its list of important intangible cultural assets.[5]

The U.S. Army's 7th Infantry Division adopted "Arirang" as its official march song in May 1956, after receiving permission from Syngman Rhee, the first president of South Korea. The division had been stationed in Korea from 1950 to 1953, during the Korean War.[22]

• American composer John Barnes Chance based his 1962-63 concert band composition Variations on a Korean Folk Song on a version of "Arirang" that he heard in Korea in the late 1950s.[23]

Pete Seeger sang the song, with an English translation in a concert in the 1960s.

• The tune of "Arirang" is used for the 1986 Christian hymn, "Christ, You Are the Fullness."[24]
• The New York Philharmonic performed "Arirang" for an encore during its trip to North Korea on February 26, 2008.[25]
• In November 2013, the student choir at Hankuk University of Foreign Studies performed "Arirang" in English, Chinese, Japanese, French, Italian, Spanish, German, Russian, Arabic and Korean.[26]
• K-pop group BTS performed an "Arirang" medley at KCON France in June 2016.[27]
• An October 2016 episode of South Korean TV music competition show Immortal Songs: Singing the Legend was an "Arirang" special, featuring famous musicians performing different variations of the song.[28]
• On June 12, 2018, a Slovenian avant-garde music group Laibach marked the historic summit in Singapore between President Donald Trump and the leader of North Korea, Kim Jong-un, by sharing a track dedicated to the Korean reunification process.[29]

• British Junior School children learned the song in 1980, when a three-verse version was included in BBC Radio's Summer Term "Singing Together" pamphlet[30].

• Arirang is the title of early Korean filmmaker Na Woon-gyu's influential 1926 film, which popularized the song "Arirang" in the 20th century.[7]
• Arirang is also the title of a 2011 South Korean documentary. The film won the top prize in the Un Certain Regard category at the 2011 Cannes Film Festival.[31]

• Arirang TV and Arirang Radio are international English-language media stations run by the Korea International Broadcasting Foundation.[32][33]
• Arirang will appear in the Gardens by the Bay Musical Lighting in Singapore.

• North Korea's mass gymnastics and performance festival is commonly known as the Arirang Festival.[34]
• At the 2000 Summer Olympics opening ceremony in Sydney, Australia, South Korean and North Korean athletes marched into the stadium together carrying the Korean Unification Flag while "Arirang" played.[35]
• South Korean fans used "Arirang" as a cheering song during the 2002 FIFA World Cup.[7]
• South Korean figure skater Yuna Kim performed to "Arirang" during her free skate in the 2011 World Figure Skating Championships, where she placed second.[36]
• Parts of "Arirang" were used many times during the PyeongChang 2018 Winter Olympics, especially during the Opening Ceremony[37] and in the Olympic Broadcasting Services TV Intro. During the gala show of figure skating, Choi Da-bin skated to Arirang.
• At the 2018 Asian Games "Arirang" was played as the Korea Unification Team wins gold medal on canoeing[38]

• D.Va's musical opening in Heroes of the Storm has elements of "Arirang."[39]
• Kim Wu's theme in Killer Instinct has elements of "Arirang", sung by Hoona Kim. [40]
• Civilization VI's Korean civilization, which is included in the "Rise and Fall" downloadable content, use "Arirang" as their soundtrack.