Architecture of Saudi Arabia

In the western region or Hijaz region, it is a hot-humid climate and located in coastal plain along the Red Sea.[1] The structural skeleton of the house is made up of large coral columns and with wood floors and roofs.[1] In ground floor is general sitting room and the more private sitting room is located in the first floor. The sleeping room is generally located on the upper floor and in summer are sleep on the roof so that there is better ventilation in the sea breeze and natural winds.[2]

In the central an northern (Najd) region, it is a desert climate, therefore, the weather is hot and dry and has a great temperature difference between day and night.[1] The typical houses in the Najd region are usually two stories high and built around an open central courtyard.[3] The shape of the courtyard is usually geometric like a rectangle or a square and it works as lungs of the houses to regulate the microclimate and provide a private space for the family to maintain the private life. The house are build on either side of the narrow street, providing a shady place for the pedestrians. The roof level of the house is used for sleeping in summer.[4] The main material to built this kind of house is sun-dried mud bricks and mud. The mud is worked as plastering material used to smear interior and exterior walls, it is very suitable for the sandy weather the reason why is because the colour is unaffected by the weather. The exterior walls are thick which are about 80–100 cm, thus, it can effectively isolate high temperate and create comfort level to the residents.[1]

It is located in the eastern region, it is a hot humid region along the Persian Gulf. It has the extreme weather which means in summer months it is hot and dry and has a high rate of humidity temperature day and night.

The traditional house in this region has a courtyard style and the arcade balcony around the house. Due to the harsh climate, the height of the typical house in the eastern region is one to three stories high and the building is very compact, resulting in a narrow passage between the house and the house.[5] The wall of this type of houses is thicker than other types which have better heat resistant and has the effect of insulating. The way to create natural ventilation by installation wind catchers.

The Asir region, it is a high mountains province to the southwest side and it has the Mediterranean climates which characteristics are dry summers and rainy winter.[1]

The Asir houses are commonly built on the high mountains province due to its geographical location. Climatic conditions promoted the emergence of architectural society.[6] The building normally makes up by one ground and two upper floors which can provide shelter for man and tamed animals.[7] The main sitting room is on the first floor, while the top floor is the kitchen and bedroom, at the same time the open terrace is also added to the upper floor for wash purpose. In each house there is at least one room used for male reception, which separates from female quarters and family living rooms.[6] The staircase occupies the middle of the house and material of the staircase is mud and use wooden beams to sustained.[8]

The National Commercial Bank located in Jeddah, designed by Gordon Bunshaft of Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM),[10] was built in 1983 with a 27-story and set in a 1.2-hectare plaza on the edge of the sea. The 27-story building has a triangular appearance with helical parking on either side.[12] The design concept of this building not only represents a complete transformation of architectural philosophy, but also represents a fundamental transformation of modern architecture, away from universality and from asymmetry to regionalized modernism.[13] There are three triangular courts vertically through the building's  façade and this can provide the ventilation and heats, two of the courtyard are seven floor and the third one is nine-story.[10] The stacked courtyard is combined with a windowless exterior to avoid direct sunlight. At the same time, diffuse sunlight is allowed to shine into the interior of the building and each v-shaped floor is unaffected by direct sunlight and wind.[12] This form conforms to two characteristics of traditional Islamic architecture, natural ventilation and inward orientation.[12]

Mashrabiya is a kind of traditional element which are widely used in Saudi Arabia's architecture and it is the beautiful wooden screens that built on the faced of the buildinglike the wooden bay window.[14] The function of mashrabiya is used to provide a private place and suppresses the strong desert sunlight to keep the room cool.[5] The working principle is with the evaporation of water n the surface of porous pots can be cooled the internal water to provide stable natural ventilation through the shade and open lattice. Therefore, it can be used as a window, curtain, air conditional and refrigerator at the same time. Mashrabiyas are also introduced used in mosques because of its function: suppresses the string sunlight to keep the room cool and which are also conducive to prayer and meditation.[15]

In Saudi Arabia, Islam is the national religion. In Islamic culture, the gender differences are emphasized, therefore, the house design and the planning of the architecture can also be influenced. In Saudi Arabia, male and female will be separated into different schools, work setting even the sitting and waiting area in public places such as hospital, airports and mosques.[16] The shops, open on the facades overlooking the passable roads, so as not to be in the face of the neighboring houses, have been taken into account in the division of the houses vertically.[5] The Islamic University of Al-Madinah is very common in Saudi Arabia.Take the Islamic University of Al-Madinah as an example this university is not only open to the Madinah society but also open to Muslims around the world and the history of this university is very conservative.[17]

Jawatha Mosque

Jawatha Mosque is the oldest in the Hajar region. It is the first mosque which hold Friday prayer nest to the prophet's mosque in Al-Madina. Jawatha Mosque can be considered as architecture heritage which is one of the main constituents of national identity. It is built on a high land and some of the walls are built of stone.[18] The Jawatha Mosque can hold approximately 130 people to pray together during prayers at a same time. The indoor prayer space is divided by three main gallery spaces and there are two entrances can go to the main prayer, one from the west side and the other is from the east side. In Jawaha Mosque there is no minaret and this is an exception to the typical ancient Turkish mosque.[19]