April 1975

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April 30, 1975: South Vietnam government falls to the North Vietnamese

The following events occurred in April 1975:

April 1, 1975 (Tuesday)
  • Neak Leung fell to Khmer Rouge insurgency, cutting off a critical supply line to the Cambodian capital of Phnom Penh. Cambodia's President Lon Nol left that nation forever, eventually settling in Hawaii. Senate President Saukam Khoy took over from Lon Nol as President of Cambodia, serving until April 12, when he was able to escape the approaching Khmer Rouge on the same helicopter as the American ambassador.[1]
  • The American "Freedom Train" began its tour of the United States in celebration of the United States Bicentennial, starting with a display in Wilmington, Delaware, and then proceeding westward. After reaching San Diego on January 14, the train began its return trip, stopping in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, on July 4, 1976, and finishing its tour on December 31 in Miami. In all, 7,000,000 visitors would see the train and its exhibits.[2]
  • Died: George Parr, 74, Texas politician known as "The Duke of Duval", by suicide. His manipulation of election results in Duval County, Texas, helped future U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson become a U.S. Senator for Texas in 1948.

April 2, 1975 (Wednesday)
  • The CN Tower was topped off at 1,185.4 feet or 553.33 meters in height, as the last section was put into place by a helicopter, making the building the largest free-standing structure in the world. The Tower would open on June 26, 1976.[3]
  • A bus, carrying French pilgrims on its way back from Notre Dame de la Salette to Loiret, lost its brakes, then plunged 80 feet into a ravine near Vizille, killing 27 people.[4]
  • Born: Adam Rodríguez, American TV actor (Eric Delko on CSI: Miami) in Yonkers, New York
  • Died: Dong Biwu, 89 Vice Chairman of the People's Republic of China since 1959

April 3, 1975 (Thursday)
  • Bobby Fischer refused to play in a chess match against Anatoly Karpov in Manila, turning down a chance to receive at least $1,500,000 and becoming the first world chess champion to voluntarily give up his title. At Amsterdam, the FIDE voted to award the title to Karpov the world chess championship title. Fischer had not defended the title since winning it in 1972, and Karpov became the new champ "without moving a pawn".[5]
  • At the request of John Gunther Dean, the American ambassador to Cambodia, U.S. President Ford ordered the evacuation of all Americans from Phnom Penh.[6]
  • Israel and South Africa signed SECMENT, a secret mutual defense agreement, following a meeting in Jerusalem between the defense ministers, P. W. Botha of South Africa and Shimon Peres of Israel.[7]
  • Born:
  • Died: Mary Ure, 42, Scottish film actress and wife of actor Robert Shaw, died of an overdose of alcohol and barbiturates.

April 4, 1975 (Friday)
  • Bill Gates and Paul Allen incorporated Micro-Soft, Inc., in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[8]
  • The first military Operation Babylift flight, C5A 80218, crashed 27 minutes after takeoff, killing 144 of the 305 people on board, including 78 of the 243 children. Two cargo doors blew off of the jet, largest in the world at the time, as it reached 23,000 feet during the evacuation of civilians in the closing days of the Vietnam War.[9]
  • South Vietnam premier Tran Thien Khiem resigned, and was replaced by Nguyễn Bá Cẩn.[10]
  • For the first time since the 1973 War Powers Resolution had taken effect, an American President delivered the required report to Congress about military action. President Ford advised of his sending of U.S. Marines, ships, and helicopters to evacuate refugees from South Vietnam. As of 2009, there had been 127 reports made under the law.[11]
  • At least 20 people were killed and 80 injured the Lithuanian SSR, in what is still the worst rail disaster in Lithuania. At 5:35 in the evening local time, near the village of Žasliai, passenger Train 513 on the Vilnius–Kaunas Railway hit a cargo train from behind, rupturing a tank car which hadn't fully been pulled off the main track. The locomotive and the first passenger car of Train 513 derailed, but the third car and its passengers slid into the fire, which spread to two other passenger cars.[12]
  • Born:

April 5, 1975 (Saturday)
  • The Soviet manned space mission Soyuz 18a ended in failure during its ascent into orbit when a critical malfunction occurred when the third stage of the booster rocket failed to separate. The spacecraft and cosmonauts, Vasily Lazarev and Oleg Makarov, landed in Mongolia and their Soyuz spacecraft having to be ripped free from the vehicle.[13]
  • Died:
    • Chiang Kai-shek, 87, President of the Republic of China, who later relocated to the island of Taiwan after the Communist takeover of the mainland.[14]
    • Harold Osborn, 75, American track athlete, decathlon winner in 1924 Olympics

April 6, 1975 (Sunday)

April 7, 1975 (Monday)

April 8, 1975 (Tuesday)

April 9, 1975 (Wednesday)

April 10, 1975 (Thursday)
  • The legislature for the Kingdom of Sikkim, located in the Himalayan Mountains, voted to abolish the monarchy and to make the nation one of the states of India.[26]
  • Lee Elder became the first African-American golfer to play in the Masters' Tournament [27]
  • Born: Matthew Phillips, New Zealand native who later became a player for the Italian national rugby union team; in Kaitaia
  • Died:

April 11, 1975 (Friday)

April 12, 1975 (Saturday)
  • Operation Eagle Pull started as the United States closed its embassy in Cambodia, and began the evacuation of all American citizens. American military helicopters from the aircraft carrier USS Hancock, and 180 U.S. Marines from the amphibious assault ship USS Okinawa, arrived at Phnom Penh. There was no interference from the Khmer Rouge during the rescue.[29]
  • ARVN General Staff sends numbers of South Vietnamese fighter-bombers to slow down or halt PAVN units to attempt major ambushes and attacks at the highway and at Xuan Loc. South Vietnamese fighter bombers uses 80-120 sorties per day to stiff strong resistance.
  • Died: Josephine Baker, 68, African-American dancer who attained fame in France and then worldwide

April 13, 1975 (Sunday)
  • In Lebanon, snipers of the Christian Phalangist Kataeb militia attacked a bus carrying Muslim Palestinians to the inauguration of a new mosque in the Beirut suburb of Ain El Remmeneh, killing 27 and wounding 18.[30] The attack, which came soon after an assassination attempt against Phalangist leader Pierre Gemayel that killed four of his bodyguards, triggered a new civil war that would last for more than 15 years.[31]
  • Chadian coup of 1975: François (Ngarta) Tombalbaye, 56, who had been President of Chad since 1960, was assassinated in a coup d'état by soldiers led by General Félix Malloum.
  • The first victim of the Trash Bag Murders was found in California near San Juan Capistrano, and identified as 21-year-old Albert Rivera. The murders would continue until March 13, 1977, when a 17-year-old boy disappeared after meeting a friend identified as David Hill. Hill and his roommate, Patrick Kearney, would turn themselves into the Riverside County Sheriff on July 1, 1977. Kearney would confess to 28 murders, dating back to 1968, while Hill would plead guilty to three.[32]
  • Born: Bruce Dyer, English footballer who became the first "£1 million-teenager" in 1994, for Crystal Palace; in Ilford
  • Died: Larry Parks, 60, American film actor nominated for an Oscar in 1946, and blacklisted in 1951

April 14, 1975 (Monday)
  • "No-frills service" began for airline passengers in the United States, as National Airlines began offering a 35 percent discount off the air fare for passengers who were willing to give up airline food and drink service. Four other airlines-- American, Continental, Eastern and Delta began offering discount service the same day. All five had obtained permission from the Civil Aeronautics Board.[33]
  • The Federal Election Commission, created on October 15, 1974, began operations with the swearing in of six commissioners by U.S. President Ford.[34]
  • Voters in the ancient Himalayan kingdom of Sikkim overwhelmingly approved abolishing that nation's monarchy and merging with neighboring India. The final result was 59,637 in favor and only 1,496 against.[35]
  • A Chorus Line, which would go on to become a long running Broadway musical, was first performed, at the New York Shakespeare Festival.[36]
  • Born:
    • Amy Dumas, American professional wrestler, in Fort Lauderdale, billed as "Lita"
    • Anderson Silva, Brazilian UFC fighter, World Middleweight Champion since 2006, in São Paulo
    • Stefano Miceli, Italian conductor and pianist, in Brindisi
  • Died:
    • Fredric March, 77, American film actor, Academy Award winner for Best Actor in 1932 and 1946
    • Clyde Tolson, 74, Associate Director of the FBI, second only to J. Edgar Hoover

April 15, 1975 (Tuesday)
  • Karen Ann Quinlan, 21, collapsed after drinking several gin and tonics in addition to having already taken the tranquilizers Valium and Darvon.[37] She would become the subject of a landmark case in the "right to die" movement, In re Quinlan. After a Massachusetts court ruled that a person could be taken off life support in cases where there was no prospect of recovery, she would be removed from the respirator on May 22, 1976. To the surprise of most people, Quinlan was able to breathe on her own, and would live, comatose, for another nine years. She would die on June 11, 1985, at the age of 31.[38]
  • The leftist government of Portugal nationalized most of that nation's basic industries and began a land reform program.[39]
  • Born: Paul Dana, American race car driver, in St. Louis (killed in racing accident, 2006)
  • Died: Richard Conte, 65, American actor

April 16, 1975 (Wednesday)

April 17, 1975 (Thursday)
  • The Cambodian Civil War came to an end when Khmer Rouge guerrillas captured Phnom Penh.[42] That evening the Khmer Rouge directed the residents to leave the city for the countryside.[43]
  • Former U.S. Treasury Secretary John B. Connally was acquitted of all charges by a federal jury in a bribery trial in Washington. Connally, who had been wounded during the assassination of President Kennedy in 1963, then later switched from the Democrats to the Republicans, had been under consideration by Richard M. Nixon as successor to Vice-President Agnew in 1973, but was bypassed in favor of Gerald Ford, who became president upon Nixon's resignation.[44]
  • Born: Lee Hyun-il, South Korean badminton player, in Seoul
  • Died:

April 18, 1975 (Friday)

April 19, 1975 (Saturday)

April 20, 1975 (Sunday)

April 21, 1975 (Monday)
  • South Vietnam's President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu resigns and flees the country to Taiwan five days later. After going to Thailand, Thiệu, who was succeeded by Vice-President Trần Văn Hương, moved to London. He would pass away in Newton, Massachusetts, on September 29, 2001.[51]
  • The CBU-55, at the time what was described as "the most powerful non-nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal", was used in combat for the first and only time. A Republic of Vietnam Air Force C-130 dropped the fuel bomb, which consumed all oxygen within a radius of 70 meters, killing 250 North Vietnamese troops near Xuân Lộc, capital of Bình Tuy Province. Despite a stiff resistance by the south, the province would fall later in the day.[52]
  • Members of the Symbiomese Liberation Army, which had kidnapped newspaper heiress Patty Hearst, who had been kidnapped on February 4, 1974, robbed a branch of the Crocker National Bank in Carmichael, California. Unlike previous bank robberies by the SLA, the group killed a bystander. Myrna Opsahl, a 42-year-old mother of four, had been at the bank depositing money collected by her church from the previous day's services.[53] Hearst was identified later as the driver of the getaway car.[54]
  • Died: Sisowath Sirik Matak, 61, former Prime Minister of Cambodia and Long Boret, 42, Prime Minister of Cambodia, two of the seven "supertraitors" designated by the Khmer Rouge for trial and execution, were executed on or about this date after choosing to remain in Cambodia rather than to evacuate.

April 22, 1975 (Tuesday)

April 23, 1975 (Wednesday)
  • Speaking to an audience of students at Tulane University in New Orleans, U.S. President Ford announced that "Today, America can regain the sense of pride that existed before Vietnam. But it cannot be achieved by refighting a war that is finished as far as America is concerned." [57] Earlier in the day, the U.S. Senate had voted 75–17 to approve $250 million in humanitarian aid and use of U.S. troops to evacuate South Vietnam, but declined to take up Ford's request for any further military aid.[58]
  • Pol Pot, the rarely seen Khmer Rouge commander-in-chief and new leader of Cambodia, arrived at Phnom Penh to begin his revolutionary plans to build Democratic Kampuchea.[59]
  • Born: Olga Kern, Russian classical pianist, as Olga Pushechnikova in Moscow
  • Died: William Hartnell, 67, British actor who had been the first of 13 to portray Doctor Who in the show of the same name, from 1963 to 1966.

April 24, 1975 (Thursday)
  • West German Embassy siege: Six terrorists of the Baader-Meinhof Gang (officially the "Red Army Faction") terrorists took over the West German embassy in Sweden, took 11 hostages, and demanded the release of 26 of the group's jailed members (including Andreas Baader and Ulrike Meinhof). Reversing prior West German policy, Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's government refused to give in to terrorist demands, offering nothing but an opportunity for the group to get away. In response, the group murdered two embassy employees, military attaché Andreas von Mirbach and Heinz Hillegaard. As Swedish commandos were preparing to storm the building, a terrorist bomb detonated, apparently accidentally, destroying the structure and allowing the hostages to escape after the 12-hour siege. Two of the six terrorists were fatally injured by their own bomb, and the others were captured while trying to leave. The event marked the beginning of the decline of domestic terrorism in West Germany.[60]
  • Colorado Attorney General Joyce Murdoch invalidated all six marriage licenses for same-sex marriage that had been issued by Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex since March 26. Rorex had issued the first license to two men after being advised by the District Attorney that nothing in Colorado law prohibited a marriage between two people of the same gender.[61]
  • Died: Pete Ham, 27, Welsh musician who led the group Badfinger, hanged himself.

April 25, 1975 (Friday)

April 26, 1975 (Saturday)
  • Boxer George Foreman, in his first ring appearance since losing the world heavyweight championship to Muhammad Ali (and 19 years away from winning the world title again), fought five different challengers in Toronto as part of a televised exhibition promoted by Don King as "Foreman versus Five".[64] Rather than facing one challenger for 15 rounds, went up to 3 rounds with each fighter. The "Fearsome Fivesome" consisted of Alonzo Johnson, Jerry Judge, Terry Daniels, Charlie Polite, and Boone Kirkman, and each received $7,500 for appearing.[65]

April 27, 1975 (Sunday)
  • Duong Van Minh was unanimously (134-0) elected as President of South Vietnam by the National Assembly, and authorized to negotiate a peace agreement with the Viet Cong and with North Vietnam. "Big Minh" replaced Tran Van Huong, who had refused to step aside after a week as president, the next day.[66][67]
  • Born: Kazuyoshi Funaki, Japanese ski jumper and 1998 Olympic gold medalist; in Yoichi, Hokkaidō
  • Died: John B. McKay, 52, U.S. Air Force test pilot, twelve years after sustaining serious injuries in the November 9, 1962, crash of an X-15 aircraft.

April 28, 1975 (Monday)
  • David Prosser, the lone security guard at Israel's consulate in Johannesburg, South Africa, killed three consulate employees, held another 21 people hostage, and wounded 37 people. Although police initially estimated that six terrorists had seized the consulate,[68] Prosser later revealed that he had fired weapons from different windows on the fifth floor, and had spoken to them by radio using different accents.[69] South African police rushed the building after Prosser began firing from the window at crowds outside the building. Prosser, a South African Jew who had fought for Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur, said that he had seized the consulate because he was dissatisfied with the government of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin. Prosser was captured alive, and later sentenced to 25 years in prison.[70]
  • Died: Hans Heilbronn, 66, German-born Canadian mathematician and co-discoverer of the Deuring–Heilbronn phenomenon

April 29, 1975 (Tuesday)
  • At 11:08am ICT in Saigon (4:08am GMT), the order to carry out Operation Frequent Wind was received, commencing the evacuation of all Americans from South Vietnam, as well as South Vietnamese nationals who might face retaliation. The first wave of helicopters was dispatched from the aircraft carrier USS Hancock landed by 3:00 pm on the grounds of the U.S. Defense Attaché Office compound next to Tan Son Nhut Airport.[71] In all, American helicopters evacuated 1,373 Americans, 5,595 South Vietnamese and 815 foreign nationals in a span of 18 hours.[72]
  • Two U.S. Marine Security Guards - Corporal Charles McMahon and Lance Corporal Darwin L. Judge - became the last American servicemen to be killed in Vietnam, the victims of North Vietnamese shelling of the airport. Their remains were inadvertently left behind, and would be buried by North Vietnamese at a Saigon cemetery. On February 22, 1976, the bodies of the two servicemen would be released back to American custody.[73]

April 30, 1975 (Wednesday)
  • The Fall of Saigon took place, effectively ending the Vietnam War as a victory for the Communists, at 10:24 am local time (0324 UTC) when South Vietnamese President Duong Van Minh announced the surrender of the nation to North Vietnamese invaders. "I believe firmly in reconciliation among Vietnamese to avoid unnecessary shedding of the blood of Vietnamese", said Minh. "For this reason, I ask the soldiers of the Republic of Vietnam to cease hostilities in calm and to stay where they are." Shortly after President Minh called for ceasefire, North Vietnamese tanks knocked down the Independence Palace gate. The Viet Cong flag was raised over the presidential palace at 12:15 P.M.[74] Duong Van Minh was taken to a radio station to announce the government's unconditional surrender. Throughout the day in Saigon, ARVN soldiers discarded their military uniforms. PAVN soldiers and VC soldiers occupied all of Saigon, without resistance, by 11:00 in the morning. Earlier in the day, U.S. Ambassador Graham Martin was the last American diplomat to leave Saigon, lifting off of the U.S. Embassy roof at 4:58 am, and at 7:53 am USMC Colonel James Kean and ten U.S. Marines left on an American helicopter, ending the U.S. presence in Vietnam.[75] Saigon was renamed "Ho Chi Minh City". Huỳnh Tấn Phát of North Vietnam would administer the "Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam" as president until July 2, 1976, when the area would be formally incorporated by the North as part of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.[76]
  • Born:
  • Died:

References
  1. "Lon Nol Exiled, Senate President Takes Over Post", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, April 1, 1975, p1
  2. "American Freedom Train Timeline", FreedomTrain.org
  3. Bruce Bell and Elan Penn, Toronto: A Pictorial Celebration (Sterling Publishing, 2006) p111
  4. "French Bus Crash Kills 27", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 3, 1975, p4
  5. Frank Brady, Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall - from America's Brightest Prodigy to the Edge of Madness (Random House, 2012) p219; "Bobby Fischer Loses Crown by Default", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 3, 1975, p2
  6. James S. Olson and Randy W. Roberts, Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945-1995 (John Wiley & Sons, 2008)
  7. Sasha Polakow-Suransky, The unspoken alliance: Israel's secret relationship with apartheid South Africa (Random House Digital, 2010) pp82-83
  8. "Bill Gates: a timeline", BBC.co.UK, June 15, 2006
  9. "140 ORPHANS DIE IN CRASH", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 5, 1975, p1
  10. "Premier, Cabinet Quit in S. Vietnam", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 5, 1975, p2
  11. Richard F. Grimmett, War Powers Resolution: After Thirty-Six Years (Congressional Research Service, 2010) pp49-69
  12. "Ten žmonės degė gyvi: kaip prieš 44 metus įvyko didžiausia traukinių avarija Lietuvos istorijoje?" (in Lithuanian). 15min.lt. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  13. "Soviet Soyuz Fails, Perils Linkup Plan", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 7, 1975, p1 "Baikonur LC1" Archived 2003-09-04 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopedia Astronautica
  14. "Chiang Kai-shek Dies; Lost China To Reds In 1949", Pittsburgh Press, April 6, 1975, p1
  15. "Taiwan to Mourn Chiang for Month", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 7, 1975, p2
  16. Nguyen Van Canh, Vietnam under Communism, 1975-1982 (Hoover Press, 1983) p75
  17. "Cambodian officials confer with rebels", Lodi (CA) News-Sentinel, April 8, 1975, p5
  18. "Miss Sills Adds Met to Triumphs", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 8, 1975, p2
  19. "Robinson Instant Hit as Player-Manager", Pittsburgh Press, April 9, 1975, p29
  20. "Art Carney, Miss Burstyn Win Oscars", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 9, 1975, p1
  21. "Goldwater Blasts Early Viet Policy", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 9, 1975, p3
  22. "Blast from the Past: The Very First PBA Games", by Gary Mercado, Basketball.Exchange.ph
  23. "TV Designates 7-9 PM as 'Family Time,' " New York Times, April 10, 1975
  24. Donald Kirk, Korea betrayed: Kim Dae Jung and sunshine (Macmillan, 2010) p54
  25. Craig Glenday, Guinness World Records 2009 (Random House Digital, 2009) p211
  26. "Kingdom to Seek Indian Statehood", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 11, 1975, p3
  27. Jessie Carney Smith and Linda T. Wynn, Freedom Facts and Firsts: 400 Years of the African American Civil Rights Experience (Visible Ink Press, 2009)
  28. Nicholas Khoo, Collateral Damage: Sino-Soviet Rivalry and the Termination of the Sino-Vietnamese Alliance (Columbia University Press, 2011) p97
  29. "Evacuate Yanks From Pnompenh", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 12, 1975, p1
  30. "29 Die in Guerilla, Lebanese Clash", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 12, 1975, p1
  31. Thomas Collelo, Lebanon: A Country Study (Federal Research Division, 1990, reprinted by Kessinger Publishing, 2004) pp55-56
  32. Michael Newton, The Encyclopedia of Serial Killers (Infobase Publishing, 2006) pp142-143
  33. "4 Airlines Get No-Frill Fare OK", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 10, 1975, p3
  34. Andrew Downer Crain, The Ford presidency: a history (McFarland, 2009) p84
  35. "Sikkim approves India tie", Windsor (ON) Star, April 16, 1975, p32
  36. Boze Hadleigh, Broadway Babylon: Glamour, Glitz, and Gossip on the Great White Way (Random House Digital, 2007) p201
  37. Michael S. Lief and Harry M. Caldwell, And the Walls Came Tumbling Down: Closing Arguments that Changed the Way We Live, from Protecting Free Speech to Winning Women's Suffrage to Defending the Right to Die (Simon and Schuster, 2004) p5; Joseph and Julia Quinlan, with Phyllis Battelle, Karen Ann: The Quinlans Tell Their Story (Doubleday, 1977)
  38. "Karen Ann Quinlan dies after 10 years in a coma", St. Petersburg (FL) Evening Independent, June 12, 1985, p1
  39. "Portugal Nationalizes Industries", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 16, 1975, p1
  40. "Russ Oust 'Rising Star' Shelepin", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 17, 1975, p2
  41. "Sadat Names New Deputy", The Age (Melbourne), April 17, 1975, p6
  42. "PNOMPENH FALLS; CAMBODIA GIVES UP", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 17, 1975, p1
  43. "Civilian Exodus From Pnompenh", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 19, 1975, p1; "In Phnom Penh that day, Everyone became a 'Khmer'", Eugene Register-Guard - May 9, 1975, p5B
  44. "FIND CONALLY NOT GUILTY", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 18, 1975, p1
  45. Klinton W. Alexander and Kern Alexander, Higher Education Law: Policy and Perspectives (Taylor & Francis, 2010) p679
  46. Alex R. Goldfeld, The North End: A Brief History of Boston's Oldest Neighborhood (The History Press, 2009) p162
  47. "Satellites and Space Application", by C.N. Ghosh, in Indian Defence Review (Volume 24) (Lancer Publishers, 2009) p 70
  48. Howard J. De Nike, et al., eds., Genocide in Cambodia: Documents from the Trial of Pol Pot and Ieng Sary (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2000) pp 426-428
  49. Retnowati Abdulgani-Knapp, Soeharto: The Life and Legacy of Indonesia's Second President (Marshall Cavendish, 2007) p274
  50. Charles R. Brooks, The Hare Krishnas in India (Motilal Banarsidass Publishing, 1989)
  51. Justin Corfield, The History of Vietnam (ABC–CLIO, 2008) p134; "Thieu Resigns In South Vietnam", Ocala Star-Banner, April 21, 1975, p1
  52. Spencer Tucker, Vietnam (University Press of Kentucky, 1999) p185
  53. "Bank Robbers Kill Woman Depositing Church Collection Funds; No Reason", Warsaw (IN) Times-Union, April 22, 1975, p12
  54. Gus Martin, The Sage Encyclopedia of Terrorism (SAGE, 2011) p569; "Patty A Key Suspect In Robbery-Murder", Pittsburgh Press, September 25, 1975, p4
  55. "United Brands Paid Bribe of $l.25 Million To Honduran Official", The Wall Street Journal, April 9, 1975
  56. "Chief Of State Ousted In Coup In Honduras", Toledo Blade, April 22, 1975, p1
  57. "WAR OVER FOR U.S. — FORD", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 24, 1975, p1
  58. "Ford Given Authority To Use U.S. Troops In Evacuation of Americans And Vietnamese", Lewiston (ME) Evening Journal, April 24, 1975, p1
  59. Haing Ngor and Roger Warner, Survival in the Killing Fields (Basic Books, 2003) pp430-431
  60. "Terrorists' bid ends with blast; 3 dead", Calgary Herald, April 25, 1975, p1; Heinrich August Winkler, Germany: The Long Road West: Volume 2: 1933-1990 (Oxford University Press, 2007) p308
  61. Deb Price, Courting Justice: Gay Men and Lesbians v. The Supreme Court (Basic Books, 2002) p220
  62. Comissão Nacional de Eleições website; James M. Anderson, The History of Portugal (Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000) p171
  63. "Bank Bandits Kill 11 In Mexico", Pittsburgh Press, April 26, 1975, p1
  64. "Foreman Handles Foes", Pittsburgh Press, April 27, 1975, pD-7; James B. Roberts and Alexander Skutt, The Boxing Register: International Boxing Hall of Fame Official Record Book (McBooks Press, 2006) pp380-385
  65. "Foreman's Exhibition Filled with Incidents", Florence (AL) Times, April 27, 1975, p32
  66. "MINH ELECTED VIET CHIEF", Milwaukee Sentinel, April 28, 1975, p1
  67. Ang Cheng Guan, Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists' Perspective (Routledge Curzon, 2004) p165
  68. "40 shot, 9 held: Israeli office raid", Sydney Morning Herald, April 29, 1975, p1
  69. "Israeli Consulate Lone Guard Seized", Milwaukee Journal, April 29, 1975, p2
  70. Franciszek Przetacznik, Protection of Officials of Foreign States According to International Law (BRILL, 1983) p78
  71. Edward J. Marolda, By Sea, Air, and Land: An Illustrated History of the U. S. Navy and the War in Southeast Asia (Naval Historical Center, 1994) p367-68
  72. Robert M. Collins, Transforming America: Politics and Culture in the Reagan Years (Columbia University Press, 2007) p13
  73. Paul D. Mather, M.I.A.: Accounting for the Missing in Southeast Asia (National Defense University Press, 1994) p33
  74. "Minh Surrenders, Vietcong In Saigon", New York Times, April 30, 1975, p 1
  75. Edward F. Murphy, Semper Fi: Vietnam (Random House Digital, , 2003) p 381; "Evacuation From Saigon Tumultuous at the End", New York Times, April 30, 1975, p 1
  76. "Who's running Vietnam", Anchorage Daily News, May 1, 1975, p 1; "North, South Vietnam Are United", Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, July 3, 1976, p 1
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