1991 in spaceflight (July–December)

This is a list of spaceflights launched between July and December 1991. For launches between January and June, see 1991 in spaceflight (January–June). For an overview of the whole year, see 1991 in spaceflight.

Launches

Date and time (UTC)	Rocket	Flight number	Launch site		LSP
	Payload (⚀ = CubeSat)	Operator	Orbit	Function	Decay (UTC)	Outcome
	Remarks
July
1 July 21:53:00	Proton-K / DM-2		Baikonur Site 200/39		RVSN
1 July 21:53:00	Gorizont-23	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
2 July	Minuteman III		Vandenberg LF-10		US Air Force
	GT-143GM	US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	2 July 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
4 July 02:32:00	Delta II (7925)		Cape Canaveral SLC-17A		McDonnell Douglas
	USA-71 (GPS IIA-2)	US Air Force	Medium Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Successful
	Losat-X	SDIO	Low Earth	Navigation	15 November 1991	Failure
	Losat-X Command receiver failed nine days after launch
9 July 09:40	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN
9 July 09:40	Kosmos 2152 (Zenit-8)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	23 July 1991	Successful
10 July 14:00	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 31/6		RVSN
10 July 14:00	Kosmos 2153 (Yantar-4KS1M)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	13 March 1992	Successful
11 July 17:25	Black Brant IX		White Sands LC-36		NASA
		NASA	Sub-orbital	Solar Ultraviolet Astronomy	11 July 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 300 kilometres (190 mi)
17 July 01:46:31	Ariane 4 (40)		Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
	ERS-1	ESA	Low Earth (Sun-synchronous)	Remote sensing	In orbit	Successful
	Orbcomm-X	Orbcomm	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Failure
	SARA	ESIEESPACE	Low Earth	Astronomy / Amateur radio	In orbit	Successful
	Tubsat-A	TUB	Low Earth	Technology demonstration	In orbit	Successful
	UoSAT-5	SSTL	Low Earth	Technology demonstration / Amateur radio	In orbit	Successful
	Orbcomm-X Did not contact ground after separation from carrier rocket
17 July 17:33:53	Pegasus / HAPS		NB-52, Edwards AFB		Orbital Sciences
	SCS-1 (Microsat-1)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
	SCS-2 (Microsat-2)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
	SCS-3 (Microsat-3)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	24 January 1992	Partial failure
	SCS-4 (Microsat-4)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
	SCS-5 (Microsat-5)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
	SCS-6 (Microsat-6)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	25 January 1992	Partial failure
	SCS-7 (Microsat-7)	DARPA	Low Earth	Technology development	23 January 1992	Partial failure
	Placed in incorrect orbit due to staging error, most mission objectives still met
23 July 09:05:00	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN
23 July 09:05:00	Resurs-F-12	MOM	Low Earth	Remote sensing	8 August 1991	Successful
29 July	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)		USS Pennsylvania, ETR		US Navy
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	29 July 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
July	Hwasong 6		Chiha-ri		DPRK
		DPRK	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 200 kilometres (120 mi)
July	MR-20		Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
August
1 August 01:40:00	Nike Orion		Esrange		DLR
	TURBO-B	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 130 kilometres (81 mi)
1 August 01:54:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 111 kilometres (69 mi)
1 August 02:03:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)
1 August 02:39:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 112 kilometres (70 mi)
1 August 02:24:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	1 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
1 August 11:53	Molniya-M		Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN
1 August 11:53	Molniya-1-82	MOM	Molniya	Communication	9 October 2004	Successful
2 August 15:02:00	Space Shuttle Atlantis		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-48	NASA	Low Earth	Manned orbital flight	11 August 1991	Successful
	TDRS-5	NASA	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
5 August 23:32:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	5 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 113 kilometres (70 mi)
9 August 22:53:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
9 August 22:39:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Failure
	Apogee: 5 kilometres (3.1 mi)
9 August 23:30:20	Black Brant VB		Esrange		NASA
	EFIELD-A	NASA	Sub-orbital	Ionosphere	9 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 101 kilometres (63 mi)
9 August 23:15:00	Nike Orion		Esrange		DLR
	TURBO-A	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
9 August 23:15:15	Nike Orion		Esrange		SSC
	DECIMALS-A	SSC	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
9 August 23:40:00	Nike Orion		Esrange		NASA
	PEP-A	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	9 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
10 August 00:06:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 101 kilometres (63 mi)
10 August 00:24:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		DLR
	PMSE		Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 115 kilometres (71 mi)
10 August 01:37:00	Nike Orion		Esrange		SSC
	DECIMALS-B	SSC	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 118 kilometres (73 mi)
10 August 01:42:00	Viper 3A		Esrange		NASA
	PMSE	NASA	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	10 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 117 kilometres (73 mi)
14 August 23:15:13	Ariane 4 (44L)		Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
14 August 23:15:13	Intelsat 605	Intelsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
15 August 09:14:59	Tsyklon-3		Plesetsk		RVSN
15 August 09:14:59	Meteor-3-5	MOM	Low Earth	Weather	In orbit	Successful
15 August 12:05	UR-100NU		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	15 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
19 August 22:55	RT-2PM Topol		Plesetsk		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	19 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 August 09:45:48	Aries		Cape Canaveral LC-20		BMDO
		BMDO	Sub-orbital	Target	20 August 1991	Failure
	Apogee: 2 kilometres (1.2 mi)
20 August 22:54:10	Soyuz-U2		Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN
20 August 22:54:10	Progress M-9	MOM	Low Earth, docked to Mir	Resupply Mir	30 September 1991	Successful
21 August 10:50:00	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN
21 August 10:50:00	Resurs-F-2	MOM	Low Earth	Remote sensing	20 September 1991	Successful
22 August 12:35:46	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 132/1		RVSN
22 August 12:35:46	Kosmos 2154 (Parus)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Successful
25 August 08:40	H-I		Tanegashima LA-Y		NASDA
25 August 08:40	BS-3B		Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
29 August 06:48:43	Vostok-2M		Baikonur Site 31/6		RVSN
	IRS-1B	ISRO	Low Earth (Sun-synchronous)	Remote sensing	In orbit	Successful
	Final flight of Vostok rocket
30 August 02:30	Mu-3S-II		Kagoshima LA-M1		ISAS
30 August 02:30	Yohkoh (SOLAR-A)	ISAS	Low Earth	Solar research	12 September 2005	Successful
30 August 08:58:01	Zenit-2		Baikonur Site 45/1		RVSN
	Tselina-2	MO SSSR	Intended: Low Earth	ELINT	30 August 1991	Failure
	Second stage overheated, resulting in explosion
30 August	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)		USS Kentucky, ETR		US Navy
	DASO-7	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	30 August 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
August	MR-20		Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
September
3 September	Minuteman III		Vandenberg LF-04		US Air Force
	GT-145GM	US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	3 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
4 September 05:50	Talos-Castor		Barking Sands		Sandia
		Sandia	Sub-orbital	Tungsten dust release	4 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
6 September 21:50	Black Brant 8C		White Sands		NASA
		NASA	Sub-orbital	Plasma research	6 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 148 kilometres (92 mi)
12 September 05:41	Talos-Castor		Barking Sands		Sandia
		Sandia	Sub-orbital	Target	12 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 330 kilometres (210 mi)
12 September 12:45	R-36MUTTH (SS-18 Mod 4)		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	12 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 September 23:11:04	Space Shuttle Discovery		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-48	NASA	Low Earth	Manned orbital flight	18 September 1991	Successful
	UARS	NASA	Low Earth	Atmospheric research	23 September 2011	Successful
13 September 17:51:02	Proton-K / DM-2		Baikonur Site 81/23		RVSN
13 September 17:51:02	Kosmos 2155 (Prognoz)	MOM	Geostationary	Missile defence	In orbit	Successful
15 September 23:00	TR-1A		Tanegashima		NASDA
		NASDA	Sub-orbital	Microgravity	15 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 270 kilometres (170 mi)
17 September 10:20	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	17 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
17 September 20:01:59	Molniya-M		Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN
17 September 20:01:59	Molniya-3-48L	MOM	Molniya	Communication	In orbit	Successful
17 September 23:43	Nike Orion		Andøya		DLR
	Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	17 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
17 September	LGM-118 Peacekeeper		Vandenberg LF-02		US Air Force
		US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	17 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
19 September 16:20	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN
19 September 16:20	Kosmos 2156 (Yantar-4K2)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	17 November 1991	Successful
20 September 20:48	Nike Orion		Andøya		DLR
	Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	20 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
20 September 22:40	Nike Orion		Andøya		DLR
	Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	20 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
26 September 23:43:00	Ariane 4 (44P)		Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
26 September 23:43:00	Anik E1	Telesat	Geosynchronous	Communication	In orbit	Successful
28 September 07:05	Tsyklon-3		Plesetsk		RVSN
	Kosmos 2157 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2158 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2159 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2160 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2161 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2162 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
30 September 20:55:15	Nike Orion		Andøya		DLR
	Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	30 September 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
September	MR-20		Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
October
2 October 05:59:38	Soyuz-U2		Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN
	Soyuz TM-13	MOM	Low Earth, docked to Mir	Manned orbital flight	25 March 1992	Successful
	Last Soviet manned spaceflight
2 October 15:50	RT-2PM Topol		Plesetsk		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	2 October 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
3 October 22:27:30	Nike Orion		Andøya		DLR
	Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	3 October 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
4 October 00:08	Nike Orion		Andøya		DLR
	Turbo-Metal	DLR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	4 October 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 140 kilometres (87 mi)
4 October 18:10:00	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 43/4		RVSN
4 October 18:10:00	Foton-4	MOM	Low Earth	Biological research	20 October 1991	Successful
9 October 13:15	Soyuz-U2		Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN
9 October 13:15	Kosmos 2163 (Ortlets)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	7 December 1991	Successful
10 October 11:05	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	10 October 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
10 October 14:00	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 132/1		RVSN
10 October 14:00	Kosmos 2164 (Taifun-1)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Radar calibration	12 December 1992	Successful
14 October 10:17:20	Aries		Cape Canaveral LC-20		BMDO
		BMDO	Sub-orbital	Target	14 October 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 320 kilometres (200 mi)
17 October 00:05:25	Soyuz-U2		Baikonur Site 1/5		RVSN
17 October 00:05:25	Progress M-10	MOM	Low Earth, docked to Mir	Resupply Mir	20 January 1992	Successful
23 October 15:25:00	Proton-K / DM-2		Baikonur Site 200/39		RVSN
23 October 15:25:00	Gorizont-24	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
29 October 23:08:08	Ariane 4 (44L)		Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
29 October 23:08:08	Intelsat 601	Intelsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
30 October	Jericho I		Negev Desert		IDF
		IDF	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	30 October 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 100 kilometres (62 mi)
October	MR-20		Professor Zubov, Caribbean		MO SSSR
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
		MO SSSR	Sub-orbital	Aeronomy	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 250 kilometres (160 mi)
November
4 November	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)		USS Kentucky, ETR		US Navy
	DASO-8	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	4 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
8 November 07:07	Titan IVA (403A)		Vandenberg SLC-4E		US Air Force
	USA-72 (SLDCOM-2)	NRO	Medium Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	USA-74 (NOSS-2-2-A)	NRO	Low Earth	Naval Reconnaissance	In orbit	Successful
	USA-76 (NOSS-2-2-B)	NRO	Low Earth	Naval Reconnaissance	In orbit	Successful
	USA-77 (NOSS-2-2-C)	NRO	Low Earth	Naval Reconnaissance	In orbit	Successful
11 November 10:19	Minuteman III		Vandenberg LF-09		US Air Force
	GT-146GM	US Air Force	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,300 kilometres (810 mi)
11 November	UGM-133 Trident II (Trident D-5)		USS Pennsylvania, ETR		US Navy
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
	CET	US Navy	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	11 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
12 November 20:09	Tsyklon-3		Plesetsk		RVSN
	Kosmos 2165 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2166 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2167 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2168 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2169 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Kosmos 2170 (Strela-3)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Communication	In orbit	Successful
16 November 15:30	Black Brant 9CM1		White Sands LC-36		SSI
	CONSORT-4	SSI	Sub-orbital	Microgravity	16 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 298 kilometres (185 mi)
20 November 08:05	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	20 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
20 November 19:15	Soyuz-U		Plesetsk Site 43/3		RVSN
20 November 19:15	Kosmos 2171 (Yantar-4K2)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	17 January 1992	Successful
22 November 13:27:00	Proton-K / DM-2		Baikonur Site 81/23		RVSN
22 November 13:27:00	Kosmos 2172 (Potok)	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
23 November 09:40	Skylark 7		Esrange LA-S		MBB
	TEXUS-28	MBB	Sub-orbital	Microgravity	23 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 239 kilometres (149 mi)
24 November 23:44:00	Space Shuttle Atlantis		Kennedy LC-39A		United Space Alliance
	STS-44	NASA	Low Earth	Manned orbital flight	1 December 1991	Successful
	DSP-16	US Air Force	Low Earth	Missile defence	In orbit	Successful
26 November 02:30	UR-100NU		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	26 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
27 November 03:30:26	Kosmos-3M		Plesetsk Site 133/3		RVSN
27 November 03:30:26	Kosmos 2173 (Parus)	MO SSSR	Low Earth	Navigation	In orbit	Successful
28 November 07:10	R-36M2 Voevoda (SS-18 Mod 5)		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	28 November 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
28 November 13:23	Atlas-E		Vandenberg SLC-3W		US Air Force
28 November 13:23	USA-73 (DMSP-11)	US Air Force	Low Earth (Sun-synchronous)	Weather	In orbit	Successful
December
6 December 00:54	Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk		Wallops Island		NASA
	RED AIR 2	NASA	Sub-orbital	Plasma research	6 December 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 346 kilometres (215 mi)
6 December 01:19	Taurus-Nike-Tomahawk		NASA		Wallops Island
	RED AIR 2	NASA	Sub-orbital	Plasma research	6 December 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 346 kilometres (215 mi)
7 December 22:47	Atlas II		Cape Canaveral LC-36B		General Dynamics
7 December 22:47	Eutelsat 2F3	Eutelsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
16 December 23:19:48	Ariane 4 (44L)		Kourou ELA-2		Arianespace
	Inmarsat 2F3	Inmarsat	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Télécom 2A	France Télécom	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
17 December 11:00	Soyuz-U		Baikonur Site 31/6		RVSN
17 December 11:00	Kosmos 2174 (Yantar-1KFT)	MOM	Low Earth	Reconnaissance	30 January 1992	Successful
18 December 03:54:00	Tsyklon-3		Plesetsk		RVSN
	Interkosmos-25	MOM	Medium Earth	Plasma research	In orbit	Successful
	Maigon-3		Medium Earth	Magnetosphere research	In orbit	Successful
	Released from Interkosmos-25 on 28 December 1991
19 December 11:41:00	Proton-K / DM-2		Baikonur Site 81/23		RVSN
	Raduga-28	MOM	Geostationary	Communication	In orbit	Successful
	Last Soviet orbital launch
20 December 21:31	Rokot		Baikonur		RVSN
		RVSN	Sub-orbital	Test spacecraft	20 December 1991	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
28 December 12:00	Long March 3		Xichang LA-1		CALT
	Chinasat-4	Chinasat	Intended: Geosynchronous Achieved: Geostationary transfer	Communication	In orbit	Partial failure
	Third stage failed to ignite
December	Volna		Submarine		VMF
		VMF	Sub-orbital	Operational test flight	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 1,000 kilometres (620 mi)
December	Zyb		Submarine		VMF
	Sprint	VMF	Sub-orbital	Technology demonstration	Within an hour of launch	Successful
	Apogee: 500 kilometres (310 mi)

References

Generic references:

Spaceflight portal

Bergin, Chris. "NASASpaceFlight.com".
Clark, Stephen. "Spaceflight Now".
Kelso, T.S. "Satellite Catalog (SATCAT)". CelesTrak.
Krebs, Gunter. "Chronology of Space Launches".
Kyle, Ed. "Space Launch Report".
McDowell, Jonathan. "Jonathan's Space Report".
Pietrobon, Steven. "Steven Pietrobon's Space Archive".
Wade, Mark. "Encyclopedia Astronautica".
Webb, Brian. "Southwest Space Archive".
Zak, Anatoly. "Russian Space Web".
"ISS Calendar". Spaceflight 101.
"NSSDCA Master Catalog". NASA Space Science Data Coordinated Archive. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
"Space Calendar". NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.
"Space Information Center". JAXA.
"Хроника освоения космоса" [Chronicle of space exploration]. CosmoWorld (in Russian).

Footnotes

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1991 in spaceflight (July–December)

Launches

July

August

September

October

November

December

References

Footnotes