1899 in science

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The year 1899 in science involved some significant events, listed below.

Astronomy

December 2 – During the new moon, a near-grand conjunction of the classical planets and several binocular Solar System bodies occur. The Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars and Saturn are all within 15° of each other, with Venus 5° ahead of this conjunction and Jupiter 15° behind. Accompanying the classical planets in this grand conjunction are Uranus (technically visible unaided in pollution-free skies), Ceres and Pallas.
The 80 cm refracting telescope is completed at Potsdam Observatory.

May 1 – The National Trust in the United Kingdom acquires its first part of Wicken Fen, making it the country's oldest wetland nature reserve.
November 8 – The New York Zoological Society opens the Bronx Zoological Park to the public in New York City under the direction of William Temple Hornaday.

January 23 – The British Southern Cross Expedition crosses the Antarctic Circle. Later in the year, it first charts Duke of York Island.

Élie Cartan first defines the exterior derivative in its modern form.[1]
David Hilbert publishes Grundlagen der Geometrie, proposing a formal set, Hilbert's axioms, to replace Euclid's elements.
Georg Alexander Pick publishes his theorem on the area of simple polygons.[2]

Bubonic plague enters Brazil through the seaport of Santos.
March 6 – Felix Hoffmann patents Aspirin and Bayer registers its name as a trademark.
October 2 – The London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine is established by Patrick Manson at the Albert Dock Seamen's Hospital.

Ernest Rutherford classifies two types of radiation, alpha rays and beta rays.
Henri Becquerel discovers that radiation from uranium consists of charged particles and can be deflected by magnetic fields.
Hertha Ayrton becomes the first woman to read her own paper (on the electric arc) before the Institution of Electrical Engineers in London, of which soon afterwards she is elected the first female member.[3]

February 14 – Voting machines are approved by the U.S. Congress for use in federal elections.
Hugo Lenz first demonstrates Lenz poppet valve gear, for stationary steam engines.
The world's first successful self-propelled steam fire engine, the 'Fire King', is built by Merryweather & Sons in London and dispatched to Port Louis on Mauritius.[4]

January 12 – Paul Hermann Müller (died 1965), Swiss chemist, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1948.
February 27 – Charles Best (died 1978), American-born medical scientist.
April 11 – Percy Lavon Julian (died 1975), African American research chemist.
April 28 – Mary Loveless, née Hewitt (died 1991), American immunologist.
May 8 – Charles Illingworth (died 1991), English surgeon.
July 3 – Ludwig Guttmann (died 1980), German-born neurologist and pioneer of paralympic games.
July 7 – Anna Baetjer (died 1984), American toxicologist.
July 26 – Bill Hamilton (died 1978), New Zealand mechanical engineer.
September 3 – Frank Macfarlane Burnet (died 1985), Australian virologist best known for his contributions to immunology, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1960.
September 29 – László Bíró (died 1985), Hungarian inventor.
October 18 – Janet Vaughan (died 1993), English physiologist.
October 27 – Nikolay Dollezhal (died 2000), a key figure in Soviet atomic bomb project and chief designer of nuclear reactors.
November 10 – Helen Porter (died 1987), English plant physiologist.

January 4 – Henry Alleyne Nicholson (born 1844), British palaeontologist and zoologist.
February 18 – Sophus Lie (born 1842), Norwegian mathematician.
March 18 – Othniel Charles Marsh (born 1831), American paleontologist.
July 16 – Margaretta Riley (born 1804), British botanist.
August 9 – Edward Frankland (born 1825), English chemist.
August 16 – Robert Bunsen (born 1811), German chemist, perfector of the bunsen burner.
October 28 – Ottmar Mergenthaler (born 1854), German American inventor.

Cartan, Élie (1899). "Sur certaines expressions différentielles et le problème de Pfaff" (PDF). Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure. Série 3 (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 16: 239–332. ISSN 0012-9593. JFM 30.0313.04. Retrieved 2018-05-02.
Crilly, Tony (2007). 50 Mathematical Ideas you really need to know. London: Quercus. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-84724-008-8.
"Archives Biographies: Hertha Ayrton". Institution of Engineering and Technology. Archived from the original on 2010-08-26. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
Henderson, Ron (February 2011). "Fire King". Vintage Spirit (103): 30–34.

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