Zia people

Zia
Sia [Zia] buffalo dancer, circa 1925, Edward S. Curtis photo
Total population
850[1]
Regions with significant populations
United States United States
(New Mexico New Mexico)
Languages
Keresan, English, Spanish
Related ethnic groups
Pueblo community
PUEBLO OF ZIA

2009 GOVERNOR IVAN R. PINO[1][2]
135 Capitol Square Dr.
Zia Pueblo, NM 87053-6013
Phone (505) 867-3304
Fax (505) 867-3308

Lt. Gov. Fred Medina

The Zia /ˈziːə/ are an indigenous tribe centered at Zia Pueblo, an Indian reservation in the U.S. state of New Mexico. The Zia are known for their pottery and use of the sun symbol. The people are one of the Puebloan peoples.[3]

History

Archaeologists believe that the Keresan-speaking residents of Zia are descendants of the Ancestral Puebloan people of the Four Corners region who migrated to the Jemez River Valley sometime in the thirteenth century.[4] The Spanish explorer Antonio de Espejo first encountered the Zia in 1583, when he noted that the largest pueblo was the one the natives called Tsiya, which the Spanish later renamed to Zia.

Spanish settlers and their religious orders slowly took control of the region and outlawed traditional Zia religious ceremonies. The first missionary was assigned to the Zia in 1598 by Don Juan De Oñate, and by 1613 a church and convent had been built by tribal members.[1] Tensions between the Spanish and Zia continued to build until 1680 when a regional uprising led by Popé, a Tewa religious leader, overthrew the Spanish regime. The uprising was successful and the Spanish were forced to flee south. The Pueblo Indians acquired horses from the Spanish, thus allowing the further spread of horses to the Plains tribes.[5]

It was another nine years before the Spanish returned, laying siege to Zia Pueblo in 1689. Soldiers led by Governor Domingo Jironza Petriz de Cruzate sacked the pueblo, killing 600 people and taking 70 Zia Indians captive.[6] Three years later the Spanish had crushed any Pueblo resistance and convinced the Zia people and their leader, Antonio Malacate, to return to their homes, but fighting and disease had taken their toll with only about 120 people left living in Zia in 1892.[7]

Living and culture

Farming techniques

Because of the arid climate of the land where they live, the Zia had to adapt to the way of life in a way best suited for the desert. Since they were home dwellers instead of nomads, farming was essential to their supply of food.[3]

In New Mexico rain was scarce during certain parts of the year so new techniques of farming were developed (such as dry farming and crop rotation) The Zia would plant seeds in a fertile piece of land close to a river or stream. They would then dig paths to the fields from the stream and thus the water flowed from the stream to water the crops. By strategically placing rocks in the paths, they controlled the flow of water to their crops.

In the more elevated regions men planted seeds in a patch on a sunny slope. When it rained, the rainwater ran down the slope to water the crops as well. Another method was digging trenches, used like cisterns, to collect the rain. Women would go to these trenches with clay pottery to collect water for watering the fields.

Crops

Maize, important crop to the Zia

Zia farming produced a wide array of crops, but the most important of these were maize, beans, and squash, nicknamed the three sisters. These crops were planted in shared or common ground, which everyone contributed. They were the staple of Zia and Pueblo diets. Corn was the most important of all. While some was eaten fresh, most was stored away in pots and cellars for the winter and droughts. When some of the corn dried, it was turned into flour and bread by the women. They would sit outside at grinding stones, singing religious songs while rubbing stones against the corn, producing flour. They sang, because they considered the corn to be sacred.[8]

Once the flour was done, it was mixed with water to make dough. The dough was widened to round flat sheets and placed on hot rocks over a fire. When done baking, a tortilla was produced; it was the most important staple available to them.

Other minor crops were grown in personal, individual gardens, such as peppers, onions, chilies, and tobacco. New Mexico is well known for its spicy chilies that originated among tribes like this.[9]

Meat sources

The Zia were primarily vegetarians but they ate meat when it was available. Small hunting parties of men and teenage boys would be sent to hunt for small game such as rabbit, gopher, and squirrel. They also hunted large game such as deer, antelope, and mountain lions. When the spring season came, special groups would go close to the Great Plains to hunt for bison.[9]

Housing

The Natives of the southwestern United States, including the Zia, were known for their "pueblo homes" made of adobe. These were built like an apartment complex with a huge box base, smaller box on top, and an even smaller one on top of that. That way, it had different floors for storing different items and for families. Until recently, no doors were located on the bottom floor, so the only way to access the building was by ladders made from logs. One ladder would reach from the ground to the patio (second floor) and another led through an opening through a roof and down onto the first floor.[10] Other ladders led to higher floors. At night, ladders would be taken inside for protection, so no outsider could come in without permission.[8]

These houses are made from the natural resources of the nearby desert. Adobe, the building-block, is made by mixing clay, sand, water and organic materials such as sticks, straw, and dung. These are formed into blocks and left to dry. Meanwhile. a hole is dug where the new building is to be constructed and supporting poles are planted firmly in the ground to make a frame. When the blocks of adobe are dry and hard, they are laid around the building and bonded by wet clay, used as a cement. Every year, a new coat of adobe mixture/clay is added to the walls to keep them firm.

Religious customs

Kachinas

The Zia, like the other Pueblos, believe in different spirits called kachinas. These are thought to be ancestral spirits that live among their people. The spirits got offended when people didn't pay them attention so they fled to live in the sky. They were said to come occasionally and bring rain and clouds. Over 300 kachinas are present in the worship and the Zia held religious festivals and ceremonies in which they ask the Kachinas to bring rain and make their crops grow. They used drums and rattles in the dances during the ceremonies. Religious men dress as the kachinas come down from the mountains and dance among the people during the festival. After three days, they go back up.

Zia art

Pottery

Pottery is a widely recognized art form and an important part of daily life in Zia Pueblo. Due to the fine quality of the craftsmanship and the poor agricultural land where the Pueblo is located, pottery has been historically important for trade. It has been estimated that at the end of the 19th century, twenty-five or fewer women were making the entirety of the pottery for the village.[11]

Zia pottery is unique in that it is tempered with basalt, a hard volcanic rock.[11] Pots are made by mixing clay and ground basalt with water and then coiling ropes of this mixture into specific shapes.[12] Once they dry out, the pots are painted with nature and religious symbols. They then sit for about a week before they are fired in the kiln, in which cow dung is usually used for fuel. Common motifs include geometric designs, plants, and animals, and are often on a white or red background.[13][14]

Most pottery is made by women.[14] One of the most well-known Zia potters is Elizabeth Toya Medina (originally of Jemez).[12]

Zia symbol

The Zia Sun Symbol is featured on the New Mexico flag.

The Zia regard the Sun as a sacred symbol. Their symbol, a red circle with groups of rays pointing in four directions, is painted on ceremonial vases, drawn on the ground around campfires, and used to introduce newborns to the Sun. Four is the sacred number of the Zia and can be found repeated in the four points radiating from the circle. The number four is embodied in:

  • the four points of the compass (north, south, east and west);
  • the four seasons of the year (spring, summer, autumn and winter);
  • the four periods of each day (morning, noon, evening and night);
  • the four seasons of life (childhood, youth, middle years and old age); and
  • the four sacred obligations one must develop (a strong body, a clear mind, a pure spirit, and a devotion to the welfare of others), according to Zia belief.

The symbol is featured on the flag of New Mexico and in the design of both the New Mexico State Capitol and New Mexico's State Quarter entry, as well as the state highway marker. Given its history, the Pueblo would like people to first request permission before using it.[15][16]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Welcome to Pueblo of Zia". zia.com. 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  2. ↑ "2009 PUEBLO GOVERNORS AND TRIBAL OFFICIALS". 19pueblos.org. 2009. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  3. 1 2 "Zia Pueblo". indianpueblo. 2009. Archived from the original on May 12, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  4. ↑ pg 189 - David Pike. Roadside New Mexico (August 15, 2004 ed.). University of New Mexico Press. p. 440. ISBN 0-8263-3118-1.
  5. ↑ pg 32 - Phillip M. White. American Indian chronology (August 30, 2006 ed.). Greenwood Press. p. 184. ISBN 0-313-33820-5.
  6. ↑ pg 33 - Margaret Szasz. Between Indian and White Worlds (September 2001 ed.). University of Oklahoma Press. p. 386. ISBN 0-8061-3385-6.
  7. ↑ Richard Flint and Shirley Cushing Flint (2009). "Bartolome de Ojeda". New Mexico Office of the State Historian. Archived from the original on September 18, 2009. Retrieved July 6, 2009.
  8. 1 2 "Zia Pueblo". AAANativeArts.com. 2009. Archived from the original on September 28, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  9. 1 2 "Pueblo". mce. 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  10. ↑ "Information about the Pueblo Indians". essortment. 2009. Archived from the original on May 1, 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  11. 1 2 1950-, Trimble, Stephen, (1987). Talking with the clay : the art of Pueblo pottery (1st ed.). Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press. ISBN 0933452152. OCLC 15082081.
  12. 1 2 Schaaf, Gregory (2002). Southern Pueblo Pottery: 2,000 Artist Biographies (American Indian Art Series: Volume Four). Santa Fe, New Mexico: CIAC Press. p. 203.
  13. ↑ "Zia Pueblo". New Mexico Tourism Department. 2009. Retrieved July 5, 2009.
  14. 1 2 1928-2016., Harlow, Francis H. (Francis Harvey), (2003). The pottery of Zia Pueblo. Lanmon, Dwight P. (1st ed.). Santa Fe, N.M.: School of American Research Press. pp. 234–257. ISBN 1930618263. OCLC 52057686.
  15. ↑ Erin McSherry (August 30, 2014). "Report to the Indian Affairs Committee of the New Mexico Legislature" (PDF). New Mexico. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  16. ↑ Stephanie B. Turner (March 1, 2012). "The Case of the Zia: Looking Beyond Trademark Law To Protect Sacred Symbols". Yale. Retrieved November 13, 2016.

Coordinates: 35°30′52″N 106°43′23″W / 35.5144°N 106.7230°W / 35.5144; -106.7230

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