Yangtze River Crossing Campaign

Yangtze River Crossing Campaign
Part of the Chinese Civil War

The People's Liberation Army on top of the Presidential Palace after the fall of Nanjing in April 1949
Date20 April – 2 June 1949
LocationSouth of the Yangtze
Result Communist victory
Belligerents
Nationalist government People's Liberation Army
Commanders and leaders
Tang Enbo
Bai Chongxi		 Liu Bocheng
Deng Xiaoping
Chen Yi

The Yangtze River Crossing Campaign (Chinese: 渡江战役) was a military campaign launched by the People's Liberation Army to cross the Yangtze River and capture Nanjing, the capital of the Nationalist government, in the final stage of the Chinese Civil War. The campaign began at night on 20 April, and lasted until 2 June 1949, concluding after the fall of Nanjing and Shanghai to the Communist forces.

Background

Between the end of 1948 and the beginning of 1949, the Nationalist government suffered consecutive defeats against the Communist Party of China (CPC) in the Liaoshen Campaign, the Huaihai Campaign and the Pingjin Campaign. On 21 January 1949, Chiang Kai-shek stepped down as the President of the Republic of China and was replaced by Li Zongren.[1][2] The area north of the Yangtze River were firmly in control by the Communists by spring of 1949. In the second plenary session of the 7th Congress, the Communist forces were renamed as the People's Liberation Army (PLA) as part of the reorganization efforts in preparation for the campaigns in south China.[3]

Prelude

On April 1949, representatives from both sides met in Beijing and attempted to negotiate ceasefire. While the negotiations were ongoing, the Communists were actively making military maneuvers, moving Second, Third and Fourth Field Army to the north of the Yangtze in preparation for the campaign, pressuring the Nationalist government to make more concessions. The Nationalist defenses along the Yangtze were led by Tang Enbo and 450,000 men, responsible for Jiangsu, Zhejiang and Jiangxi, while Bai Chongxi was in charge of 250,000 men, defending the portion of the Yangtze stretching from Hukou to Yichang.[4]

The Communist delegation eventually delivered an ultimatum to the Nationalist government. After the Nationalist delegation was instructed to reject the ceasefire agreement on 20 April, the PLA began gradually crossing the Yangtze River on the same night, launching a full assault against Nationalist positions across from the river.[5]

The campaign

Between 20 April and 21 April, 300,000 men from the PLA crossed from the north to the south banks of the Yangtze River.[6] Both the Second Fleet of the Republic of China Navy and the Nationalist fortress in Jiangyin soon switched side to the Communists, allowing the PLA to penetrate through Nationalist defenses along the Yangtze.[7] As the PLA began landing on the south side of the Yangtze on 22 April and securing the beachheads, the Nationalist defense lines began to rapidly disintegrate.[6] As Nanjing was now directly threatened, Chiang ordered a scorched earth policy as the Nationalist forces retreated toward Hangzhou and Shanghai. The PLA stormed across the Jiangsu province, capturing Danyang, Changzhou and Wuxi in the process. As the Nationalist forces continued to retreat, the PLA was able to capture Nanjing by 23 April without encountering much resistance.[6]

On 27 April, the PLA captured Suzhou, threatening Shanghai. In the meanwhile, the Communist forces in the west began attacking Nationalist positions in Nanchang and Wuhan. By the end of May, Nanchang, Wuchang, Hanyang were all under the control of the Communists.[6] The PLA continued to advance across the Zhejiang province, and launched the Shanghai Campaign on 12 May. The city center of Shanghai fell to the Communists on 27 May, and the rest of the Zhejiang fell on 2 June, marking the end of the Yangtze River Crossing Campaign.[8]

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Lew 2009, p. 122.
  2. ↑ Westad 2003, pp. 214–15.
  3. ↑ Lew 2009, p. 129.
  4. ↑ Lew 2009, p. 130.
  5. ↑ Worthing 2016, pp. 268–69.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Lew 2009, p. 131.
  7. ↑ Westad 2003, pp. 242–43.
  8. ↑ Westad 2003, pp. 253–54.

Bibliography

  • Lew, Christopher R. (2009). The Third Chinese Revolutionary Civil War, 1945–49: An Analysis of Communist Strategy and Leadership. New York: Routledge. ISBN 1135969736.
  • Westad, Odd Arne (2003). Decisive Encounters: The Chinese Civil War, 1946–1950. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ISBN 080474484X.
  • Worthing, Peter (2016). General He Yingqin: The Rise and Fall of Nationalist China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107144637.
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