Xylooligosaccharide

Molecular structure of an hypothetical xylooligosaccharide, where n is a variable number of xylose units.

Xylooligosaccharides (XOS) are polymers of the sugar xylose.[1] They are produced from the xylan fraction in plant fiber. Their C5 structure is fundamentally different from other prebiotics, which are based upon C6 sugars. Xylooligosaccharides have been commercially available since the 1980s, originally produced by Suntory in Japan. They have more recently become more widely available commercially, as technologies have advanced and production costs have fallen.

Xylooligosaccharides act as a prebiotic,[2][3] selectively feeding beneficial bacteria such as bifidobacteria and lactobacilli within the digestive tract. A large number of clinical trials have been conducted with XOS, demonstrating a variety of health benefits, including improvements in blood sugars and lipids, digestive health benefits, laxation, and beneficial changes to immune markers. These health benefits have typically been observed at 1 – 4 g/d, a lower dose than required for prebiotics such as fructooligosaccharides and inulin.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Vázquez, M.J; Alonso, J.L; Domı́Nguez, H; Parajó, J.C (2000). "Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 11 (11): 387. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00031-0.
  2. ↑ Ma, Rui; et al. (2017). "Utility of Thermostable Xylanases of Mycothermus thermophilus in Generating Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (6): 1139–1145. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05183.
  3. ↑ Linares-Pastén, J.A.; Aronsson, A.; Nordberg Karlsson, E. (2017). "Structural Considerations on the Use of Endo-Xylanases for the Production of prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides from Biomass". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 18 (999): 1–20. doi:10.2174/1389203717666160923155209. ISSN 1875-5550.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]

  1. ↑ Vázquez, M.J; Alonso, J.L; Domı́Nguez, H; Parajó, J.C (2000). "Xylooligosaccharides: Manufacture and applications". Trends in Food Science & Technology. 11 (11): 387. doi:10.1016/S0924-2244(01)00031-0.
  2. ↑ Ma, Rui; et al. (2017). "Utility of Thermostable Xylanases of Mycothermus thermophilus in Generating Prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 65 (6): 1139–1145. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05183.
  3. ↑ Linares-Pastén, J.A.; Aronsson, A.; Nordberg Karlsson, E. (2017). "Structural Considerations on the Use of Endo-Xylanases for the Production of prebiotic Xylooligosaccharides from Biomass". Current Protein & Peptide Science. 18 (999): 1–20. doi:10.2174/1389203717666160923155209. ISSN 1875-5550.
  4. ↑ Chung Y-C, Hsu C-K, Ko C-Y, Chan Y-C. Dietary intake of xylooligosaccharides improves the intestinal microbiota, fecal moisture, and pH value in the elderly. Nutr Res 2007;27:756–61. doi:10.1016/j.nutres.2007.09.014.
  5. ↑ Childs CE, Roytio H, Alhoniemi E, Fekete AA, Forssten SD, Hudjec N, et al. Xylo-oligosaccharides alone or in synbiotic combination with Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis induce bifidogenesis and modulate markers of immune function in healthy adults: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomised, factorial cross-over study. Br J Nutr 2014;111:1945–56. doi:10.1017/S0007114513004261.
  6. ↑ Cloetens L, Broekaert WF, Delaedt Y, Ollevier F, Courtin CM, Delcour JA, et al. Tolerance of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides and their prebiotic activity in healthy subjects: a randomised, placebo-controlled cross-over study. Br J Nutr 2010;103:703–13. doi:10.1017/S0007114509992248.
  7. ↑ Finegold SM, Li Z, Summanen PH, Downes J, Thames G, Corbett K, et al. Xylooligosaccharide increases bifidobacteria but not lactobacilli in human gut microbiota. Food Funct 2014;5:436–45. doi:10.1039/c3fo60348b.
  8. ↑ Francois IEJA, Lescroart O, Veraverbeke WS, Marzorati M, Possemiers S, Evenepoel P, et al. Effects of a wheat bran extract containing arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on gastrointestinal health parameters in healthy adult human volunteers: a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Br J Nutr 2012;108:2229–42. doi:10.1017/S0007114512000372.
  9. ↑ Iino T, Nishijima Y, Sawada S, Sasaki H, Harada H, Suwa Y, et al. Improvement of Constipation by a Small Amount of Xylooligosaccharides Ingestion in Adult Women. J Japanese Assoc Diet Fiber Res 1997;1:19–24. doi:10.11217/jjdf1997.1.19.
  10. ↑ Kajihara M, Kato S, Konishi M, Yamagishi Y, Horie Y, Ishii H. Xylooligosaccharide decreases blood ammonia levels in patients with liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2514. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02712.x.
  11. ↑ Lecerf J-M, Depeint F, Clerc E, Dugenet Y, Niamba CN, Rhazi L, et al. Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties. Br J Nutr 2012;108:1847–58. doi:10.1017/S0007114511007252.
  12. ↑ Lin S-H, Chou L-M, Chien Y-W, Chang J-S, Lin C-I. Prebiotic Effects of Xylooligosaccharides on the Improvement of Microbiota Balance in Human Subjects. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2016;6:1–6. doi:10.1155/2016/5789232.
  13. ↑ Maki KC, Gibson GR, Dickmann RS, Kendall CWC, Chen C-YO, Costabile A, et al. Digestive and physiologic effects of a wheat bran extract, arabino-xylan-oligosaccharide, in breakfast cereal. Nutrition 2012;28:1115–21. doi:10.1016/j.nut.2012.02.010.
  14. ↑ Na MH, Kim WK. Effects of xylooligosaccharide intake on fecal Bifidobacteria, lactic acid and lipid metabolism in Korean young women. Kor J Nutr 2007;40:154–61. doi:10.1097/01.NPT.0000288316.43613.63.
  15. ↑ Sheu WH-H, Lee I-T, Chen W, Chan Y-C. Effects of xylooligosaccharides in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2008;54:396–401. doi:10.3177/jnsv.54.396.
  16. ↑ Tateyama I, Hashii K, Johno I, Iino T, Hirai K, Suwa Y, et al. Effect of xylooligosaccharide intake on severe constipation in pregnant women. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2005;51:445–8. doi:10.3177/jnsv.51.445.
  17. ↑ Yang J, Summanen PH, Henning SM, Hsu M, Lam H, Huang J, et al. Xylooligosaccharide supplementation alters gut bacteria in both healthy and prediabetic adults: a pilot study. Front Physiol 2015;6. doi:10.3389/fphys.2015.00216.
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