Wipeout (series)

Wipeout
Genres Racing
Developer(s) Psygnosis/SCE Studio Liverpool
Publisher(s) Sony Interactive Entertainment
Platforms PlayStation, Nintendo 64, Sega Saturn, MS-DOS, Microsoft Windows
First release Wipeout
29 September 1995
Latest release Wipeout Omega Collection
6 June 2017

Wipeout (commonly stylised as wipEout or WipEout) is a series of futuristic anti-gravity racing video games developed by Sony Studio Liverpool (formerly known as Psygnosis).

The series is known for its fast-paced gameplay, 3D visual design running on the full resolution of the game's console, and its association with electronic dance music (mainly techno and trance) as well as its continuous collaboration with electronic artists (The Chemical Brothers, Leftfield, CoLD SToRAGE, Kraftwerk, Orbital, DJ Fresh, Noisia and others). The series is notable for its distinctive graphic design identity, provided by The Designers Republic for the first three games.

The concept of Wipeout was first discussed during a pub conversation, when a Psygnosis staff member, Jim Bowers, envisioned an idea of creating a futuristic racing game which featured anti-gravity ships.[1] Some elements of the game were inspired by Matrix Marauders, an Amiga game released by the Liverpudlian studio in 1990. A beta version of Wipeout appeared in the cult film Hackers, in which the game was being played by the protagonists in a nightclub. The game's appearance in the film led to Sony purchasing the studio in the following months after its release.

The Wipeout franchise has been well received by critics, with Wipeout 2097 in particular being listed as among the PlayStation's best games. Wipeout 2048 was the last game to be developed by Studio Liverpool prior to their closure in August 2012. The series was later revived, with Wipeout Omega Collection released in 2017.

Gameplay

A screenshot from Wipeout HD. The series revolves around players piloting anti-gravity ships through futuristic race environments.

The Wipeout games are a series of futuristic racers which involve players piloting anti-gravity ships through various forms of races. The series is known for its extreme speed, range of electronic dance music soundtracks, and consequential difficulty.[2][3]

Power-ups come in the form of offensive or defensive weaponry, ranging from machine guns, missiles, mines and rockets to energy shields, autopilots, and turbo boosts.[4][5][6][7] These power-ups are usually collected by flying over coloured X-shaped pads on race tracks.[8][9] Chevron-shaped speed pads also feature prominently on race tracks: once flown over, the player's ship receives a momentary boost.[10][11]

Every ship featured in a game is owned by a different racing team,[12][13] although the number of teams and ships will vary throughout the games. Each ship has different characteristics: for example, ships will vary in handling, thrust, top speed, shield strength, and occasionally firepower.[14][15][16] Every ship is equipped with a compulsory shield that absorbs damage sustained during a race; energy is lost whenever the player's ship collides or is hit by weapons fire. If damage is sustained after the shield's depletion, the ship in question will explode and the pilot is consequently eliminated from the race.[17][18]

The games' campaign modes usually consist of single races, time trials, and tournaments.

  • Standard single races involve the player competing against opponents to finish first and win a gold medal. As scoring is podium-based, silver and bronze medals are awarded for second and third place, respectively.[19][20]
  • Tournaments typically contain four or eight single races each; points are scored based on position for each race, and the pilot who accumulates the most points wins.[21]
  • Time trials and speed laps have the player obtaining the fastest time on a track in either a predetermined number of laps or an individual lap, respectively.[22][23]
  • "Zone" mode has been featured in every game since Wipeout Fusion and revolves around survival as the player automatically accelerates to extreme speeds. The mode will only end upon the destruction of the player's ship.[19][24][25][26]
  • "Eliminator" mode was introduced in Wipeout 3 and centres around pilots gaining points for damaging competitors and finishing laps.[27][28]
  • "Combat" mode is a slight variation of Eliminator and appears only in Wipeout 2048. The difference between the two is that in Combat, energy is restored through item absorption as opposed to completing a lap.

Games

Timeline of release years
1995Wipeout
1996Wipeout 2097
1997
1998Wipeout 64
1999Wipeout 3
2000
2001
2002Wipeout Fusion
2003
2004
2005Wipeout Pure
2006
2007Wipeout Pulse
2008Wipeout HD
2009
2010
2011
2012Wipeout 2048
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017Wipeout Omega Collection

Wipeout

Wipeout (stylised as wipE'out") is a futuristic racing video game developed and published by Psygnosis. It is the first game in the series and was originally released for the PlayStation and PCs running MS-DOS in 1995, and for the Sega Saturn the following year. It was also a launch title for the PlayStation in Europe and North America. Set in the year 2052, players compete in the F3600 anti-gravity racing league, piloting one of a selection of craft in races on several different tracks around the world.[29]

Unique at the time for its futuristic setting, Wipeout featured music from well-known techno artists such as CoLD SToRAGE, Leftfield, The Chemical Brothers and Orbital.[30][3] A prototype version of the game appeared in the teen cult film Hackers (1995), in which both protagonists were playing the game in a nightclub.[2] A marketing campaign created and launched by Keith Hopwood and graphic design studio The Designers Republic included an infamous promotional poster featuring a bloodstained Radio 1 DJ Sara Cox, which was speculated by some of representing a drug overdose.[2]

Wipeout 2097

Wipeout 2097 (stylised wipE'out"2097; released as Wipeout XL in North America) is the second game of the franchise and is a direct sequel to the original game. It was first released worldwide in 1996 for the PlayStation, and for the Sega Saturn in the following year. Set in the year 2097, the game revolves around players racing in the F5000 anti-gravity racing league. The game was first unveiled to the public in the form of a pre-alpha demo at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in May 1996.[31] Music was mostly recorded from Psygnosis's in-house music team, CoLD SToRAGE, for versions released outside the PlayStation.[32]

Wipeout 64

Wipeout 64 is the third instalment of the series and is the only Wipeout title not to be released on a Sony console. It was released exclusively for the Nintendo 64 in November 1998 for North America, and later in 1999 for Europe. The game is set one year after the events of Wipeout 2097 and shares the same anti-gravity racing league.[33]

Wipeout 64 reuses most of the race tracks featured in the previous games, albeit with mirrored layouts and different locations.[34]

Wipeout 3

Wipeout 3 (stylised as wip3out in Europe and Japan) is the fourth title in the franchise and was first released in September 1999 for the PlayStation, where players race in the F7200 league. An enhanced edition entitled Wipeout 3 Special Edition was released exclusively in Europe on 14 July 2000; featuring minor changes to gameplay, such as different craft physics, auto-loading of saves and artificial intelligence bugfixes.[35] As with the first two games, Psygnosis once again hired The Designers Republic to assist in development. The Sheffield-based company, known for its underground techno album covers, provided "visual candy" to Wipeout 3's graphics, designing the game's icons, billboards, and colour schemes.[36]

The game also featured music from Propellerheads, and with The Chemical Brothers and Orbital, returning from the first Wipeout. Psygnosis selected DJ Sasha to serve as the game's music director.[37]

Wipeout Fusion

Wipeout Fusion (stylised as wipEout fusion) is the fifth instalment of the series and was first released on the PlayStation 2 in 2002. The game was the first to be developed by the newly renamed Sony Studio Liverpool.[2] It is set in the year 2160 and revolves around players competing in the corrupt F9000 anti-gravity racing league. After the success of the previous games, the development team wanted to target Wipeout Fusion at an "older, savvier crowd" by making it stand out from the F-Zero series, which some critics had often compared it to.[38]

Wipeout Pure

Wipeout Pure (stylised as wipE'out pṳre) is the sixth game in the series and was released simultaneously with the launch of the PlayStation Portable in 2005. The game takes place in the year 2197, exactly 100 years after Wipeout 2097, and centres around players competing in the FX300 anti-gravity racing league.

Development of the game started in August 2003 and lasted until early 2005. Throughout production, the Liverpudlian studio created new user interfaces and other algorithms that helped speed up the development process in time for the PlayStation Portable's launch.[39] The game was notable for showcasing the PlayStation Portable's graphical capabilities, and marked the first time a Wipeout game featured downloadable content—an aspect which had the potential to draw in more revenue for Studio Liverpool.[39]

Wipeout Pulse

Wipeout Pulse (stylised as wipEout pulse) is the seventh instalment and was first released for the PlayStation Portable in 2007. A port for the PlayStation 2 was released exclusively in Europe in June 2009, featuring enhanced graphics and all of the game's downloadable content.[40] The game takes place one year after the events of Wipeout Pure and has players compete in the FX400 anti-gravity racing league. Development of the game was centred around focusing on the feedback left by fans on the previous game, with many fans complaining of Wipeout Pure's difficulty, thus prompting Studio Liverpool to improve on aspects where they had thought they failed.[41] The game features sixteen licensed music tracks from techno artists, including Kraftwerk, DJ Fresh, and Skream.[42]

Wipeout HD

Wipeout HD (stylised as WipEout HD) is the eighth title in the franchise and is the first to be released on the PlayStation Network worldwide in 2008, although a retail version was later released exclusively in Europe the next year. A major expansion pack titled Wipeout HD Fury was released worldwide via the PlayStation Network worldwide in July 2009. This time, players compete in the FX350 anti-gravity racing league, set a year prior to the FX400 league, featuring a handful of race tracks from Wipeout Pure and Wipeout Pulse (although all content has been upgraded to render 1080p visuals in 60 frames per second).[43][44]

According to the game's director, the team made the decision to release the game as a PlayStation Store exclusive title before development in order to stress that downloadable content did not have to be focused on "small games".[45] Wipeout HD's expansion pack, Fury, received controversy over its in-game advertising, with many players complaining of extended loading times,[46] as well as consternation about advertising being retroactively added into a game that had already been paid for.[47] The advertisements were removed soon after several complaints were made by players.[48] The game was also chosen as a free PlayStation Store offering as part of Sony's "Welcome Back" program due to the 2011 PlayStation Network outage.[49][50][51]

Wipeout 2048

Wipeout 2048 is the ninth and final game in the series to be developed by Studio Liverpool prior to their closure in August 2012. The game was released as a launch title for the PlayStation Vita in early 2012 and centres around players competing in the Anti-Gravity Racing Championships. It is set in the year 2048 and acts as a prequel to the first Wipeout game. Wipeout 2048 was developed alongside the PlayStation Vita console itself, and acted as a "testbed" for the device.[52] When the staff of the Liverpudlian studio were given development kits for what was then dubbed a "Next Generation Portable", a group was set up within the team to brainstorm ideas. Among these included the proposal of a touchscreen device, which was not yet conceived by Sony at the time, and two analogue sticks—both features eventually made it onto the console.[2][52]

Wipeout Omega Collection

Wipeout Omega Collection (stylised as WipE'out'' OMEGA COLLECTION) is a remaster of the previous two titles in the Wipeout series: Wipeout HD (with its Wipeout HD Fury expansion) and Wipeout 2048. Wipeout HD itself contained content from Wipeout Pure and Wipeout Pulse. The game was developed by Clever Beans, EPOS Game Studios, and XDev.[53] Wipeout Omega Collection was announced in December 2016 and released in June 2017.[54][55] It was designed to be run at 1080p on the PlayStation 4 and 4K on the PlayStation 4 Pro, both at 60 frames per second.[56][57][58]

Development

From starting from a conversation in a pub, to a test video for a movie, to a piece of unknown hardware documented only in Japanese, to then, twelve months later having a working game on the shelf – it was an astonishing achievement.

Nick Burcombe in a retrospective interview with Eurogamer.[2]

All games in the Wipeout franchise were developed by Sony Studio Liverpool.[lower-alpha 1] The conceptualisation of Wipeout revolved around Psygnosis designer Nick Burcombe's idea of creating a racing game using the same types of anti-gravity vehicles from his experience with Powerdrome, a title first released on the Atari ST in 1988.[59] The game's futuristic vehicle designs were based on Matrix Marauders, a 1994 Amiga 3D grid-based strategy game whose concept was developed by fellow Psygnosis employee Jim Bowers.[60] The name "Wipeout" was decided upon during a pub conversation, and was inspired by the instrumental song Wipe Out by The Surfaris.[2][59]

After the beta version of Wipeout appeared in the cult film Hackers, Sony expressed interest in Psygnosis on the basis of the "impressive work" they had produced with 3D graphics.[2] In September 1995, Sony purchased the Liverpool-based company outright.[61] Subsequent development of Wipeout 2097 spanned seven months, and a nightclub tour in conjunction with Red Bull was set up in order to help advertise the game.[59][62] Both of the game's art, in-game branding, and packaging were made by Sheffield-based The Designers Republic.[2]

For the development of Wipeout 3, Psygnosis once again hired The Designers Republic to assist in development. Lead artist Nicky Westcott wanted to make the game to look like a "believable future" in order to retain a believable sensibility.[36] Wipeout 3 was also the first game to benefit from the PlayStation's analogue sticks, which were used to offer smoother control of the player's craft.[63]

Pre-production of Wipeout Pure began in August 2003 and full production commenced in October of that year. The team received development kits of the then-upcoming PlayStation Portable the following year, and was made aware that Wipeout Pure was going to be a launch title for that console. During development, Studio Liverpool created user interfaces and custom plugins for 3D computer graphics software entirely from scratch in order to help speed up the process.[39]

Wipeout HD was first announced during E3 2007, and was revealed to be a downloadable-only title.[64] The game's director, Tony Buckley, said in a retrospective interview that the studio made the decision to release the game as a PlayStation Store exclusive title before development.[45] There was a significant delay when reports emerged that the game's Zone Mode had failed epilepsy testing, and that it would have to be redesigned before it could be released.[65]

Wipeout 2048 was developed in parallel with the PlayStation Vita itself, and had acted as a "testbed" for the console.[52] The development of the game influenced the design of the console itself; staff from the Liverpudlian studio were sent to brainstorm ideas to senior management at Sony. Among these ideas included the proposal of a touchscreen device—which was not yet conceived at the time—as well as the inclusion of two sticks.[2]

On 8 August 2012, Sony officially shut down Studio Liverpool as part of an effort to focus on alternative investment plans.[66] At the time of their closure, the studio was working on a future Wipeout title for the PlayStation 4, which was reported to have been in development for 12 to 18 months.[67]

Reception

Aggregate review scores
Game GameRankings Metacritic
Wipeout 90%[68] –
Wipeout 2097 95%[69] 93%[70]
Wipeout 64 86%[71] 84%[72]
Wipeout 3 87%[73] 89%[74]
Wipeout Fusion 84%[75] 83%[76]
Wipeout Pure 88%[77] 88%[78]
Wipeout Pulse 84%[79] 82%[80]
Wipeout HD 91%[81] 89%[82]
Wipeout 2048 80%[83] 79%[84]
Wipeout Omega Collection 87%[85] 85%[86]

The Wipeout series has been well received by critics. Its fast-paced gameplay, high quality visuals, and prominent techno soundtracks have been cited as hallmarks of the series.[2][3][43][87][23] According to aggregators GameRankings and Metacritic, the highest rated game in the series is Wipeout 2097,[69][70] whereas the lowest ranked is Wipeout 2048.[83][84] Upon release, the first Wipeout game was widely praised for its electronica soundtrack, originality, and outstanding visuals;[88][89] however, a critic at the time questioned its longevity and potential to hold a long lifespan in comparison to Super Mario Kart.[90] In retrospect, Wipeout was described as being synonymous with Sony's debut gaming hardware and as an early showcase for 3D graphics in console gaming.[91] The game also increased awareness of the underground techno community in England, as it was one of the first games to include licensed music.[2]

The second instalment of the series, Wipeout 2097, was released to critical acclaim. Reviewers unanimously commended its innovation, graphics, and unique blend of techno music.[92][93] IGN ranked it as the 13th best PlayStation game of all time in 2002,[94] and The Official PlayStation Magazine named it as the fifth best in 1997.[95] In addition, Wipeout 2097 also ranks as the fourth best PlayStation game of all time at GameRankings.[96] Wipeout 64 received generally positive reviews, with some critics asserting that it was a superior game to F-Zero X in regards to graphics, atmosphere, and track design,[97][98] though others noted that it did not reach the standards of its predecessor, Wipeout 2097.[99]

The fourth instalment of the series, Wipeout 3, was positively received upon release; critics lauded the graphics, fast-paced gameplay, and music,[100][101][102] although many reviews felt that the game's steep learning curve was a major fault.[102][103][104] Wipeout Fusion was more negatively received by critics; the graphics received mixed responses, with one reviewer saying that it looked like an "early first generation PS2 game",[105] despite another opining that the visuals had improved over all of its predecessors.[106] At the time of Wipeout Fusion's release in 2001, critics recognised the fact that techno music was an integral part of the series.[105][106][38]

Wipeout Pure and Wipeout Pulse both received very positive reviews upon release, with critics praising their visual effects, attention to detail, and track design.[107][108][109][28][110] Wipeout HD, along with its Fury expansion pack, also received very positive reviews, with many critics agreeing that it offered the best visual representation of any Wipeout game due to it being upscaled in full 1080p and rendered in 60 frames per second.[43][44] It was nominated for the "Outstanding Achievement in Sound Design" category in the 12th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards and was also nominated under the racing category for the 28th Golden Joystick Awards.[111][112] The final instalment in the franchise to be developed by Studio Liverpool, Wipeout 2048, received generally positive reviews despite it being the lowest ranked game overall. Critics cohesively commended the graphics and visuals, and also regarded it as a showcase for the PlayStation Vita's power.[113][114][115]

See also

  • F-Zero, another anti-gravity racing game series

References

Citations

  1. ↑ "Wipeout's co-creator looks back at three decades of racing games". Polygon. Retrieved 2018-06-30.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Yin-Pool, Wesley (2013). "WipEout: The rise and fall of Sony Studio Liverpool". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Retrieved 1 September 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 "The WipEout Legacy (Part I)". Kotaku. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  4. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2002, p. 21–22.
  5. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 19.
  6. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2007, p. 12.
  7. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2008, pp. 6–7.
  8. ↑ Psygnosis 1997, p. 14.
  9. ↑ "Wipeout 2048 To Introduce New Weapons System, Online Campaign". Siliconera. 22 August 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  10. ↑ Psygnosis 1997, p. 13.
  11. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 18.
  12. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 3.
  13. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2007, p. 4–6.
  14. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2002, p. 5.
  15. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 8.
  16. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2007, p. 9.
  17. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 9.
  18. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2008, p. 8.
  19. 1 2 Sony Studio Liverpool 2002, p. 6.
  20. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 10.
  21. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2008, pp. 10–11.
  22. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 11.
  23. 1 2 Roper, Chris (23 September 2008). "WipEout HD US review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  24. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2005, p. 12.
  25. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2007, p. 14.
  26. ↑ Sony Studio Liverpool 2008, p. 11.
  27. ↑ Psygnosis (2001). "Wipeout 3 game modes". Sony Computer Entertainment Europe. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
  28. 1 2 Haynes, Jeff (12 February 2008). "WipEout Pulse review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2 December 2016.
  29. ↑ Hickman, Sam (March 1996). "The Thrill of the Chase!". Sega Saturn Magazine. Emap International Limited (5): 36–43.
  30. ↑ "Composer Interview: CoLD SToRAGE (Tim Wright)". OverClocked ReMix, LLC. Retrieved 30 August 2010.
  31. ↑ "Psygnosis Own E3 ...". Maximum: The Video Game Magazine. Emap International Limited (7): 78–80. June 1996.
  32. ↑ Hickman, Sam (March 1996). "The Thrill of the Chase!". Sega Saturn Magazine. Emap International Limited (5): 36–43.
  33. ↑ Psygnosis 1998, p. 4.
  34. ↑ Casamassima, Matt. "Wipeout 64 review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  35. ↑ "Game Summary: Wip3out Special Edition". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2008.
  36. 1 2 Herz, J. C. (26 September 1999). "The Game as Elegant Fashion Statement". The New York Times. p. G4. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  37. ↑ Psygnosis (12 July 1999). "The Return of the Game That Kickstarted an Era; Psygnosis Announces Complete Band Lineup for Wipeout 3". Business Wire. p. 1.
  38. 1 2 Davis, Ryan (17 June 2002). "Wipeout Fusion review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  39. 1 2 3 Iain Simons (7 September 2005). "Postcard from GDC Europe 2005: Postmortem: SCEE's WipEout Pure". Gamasutra. UBM. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  40. ↑ Goyon, Frederic (19 June 2009). "Test Wipeout Pulse sur PS2". Jeuxvideo.com. Webedia. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  41. ↑ Shea, Cam (14 June 2007). "Wipeout Pulse AU Interview". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 12 December 2016.
  42. ↑ Yoon, Andrew (20 June 2007). "Complete Wipeout Pulse soundtrack listing". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 5 February 2017.
  43. 1 2 3 Robinson, Martin (16 September 2008). "WipEout HD UK review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  44. 1 2 Whitehead, Dan (15 September 2008). "WipEout HD review". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  45. 1 2 Leadbetter, Richard (1 August 2009). "Tech Interview: WipEout HD/Fury". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  46. ↑ Yoon, Andrew (3 September 2008). "Double Fusion slows down WipEout HD with ads". Engadget. AOL. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  47. ↑ Kuchera, Ben (8 June 2009). "Post-launch WipeOut HD ads a scary look at possible future". ArsTechnica. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  48. ↑ Purchese, Robert (4 August 2009). "Sony removes in-game advert following load-time increase". GamesIndustry.biz. Eurogamer Network. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  49. ↑ "Details for PlayStation Network and Qriocity Customer Appreciation Program in North America". PlayStation Blog. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  50. ↑ "Details Of The Welcome Back Programme For SCEE Users". PlayStation Blog. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 17 May 2011.
  51. ↑ "PlayStation®Network・Qriocity™（キュリオシティ）の一部サービス 日本およびアジアの国・地域でも再開" [PlayStation® Network/Qriocity™ (Curiosity) resumed service in Japan and some countries in Asia] (in Japanese). SCEJ. 27 May 2011. Retrieved 28 May 2011.
  52. 1 2 3 Leadbetter, Richard (31 March 2012). "Tech Interview: WipEout 2048". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  53. ↑ "Wipeout Omega Collection Pre-Release". Clever Beans Ltd. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  54. ↑ Good, Owen S. (3 December 2016). "Wipeout coming back with Wipeout Omega Collection on PS4". Polygon (website). Vox Media. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  55. ↑ Pereira, Chris (30 March 2017). "PS4's Wipeout Collection Release Date Announced With New Trailer". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 5 July 2017.
  56. ↑ "WipEout Omega Collection announced for PS4 at PSX". PlayStation.Blog.Europe. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  57. ↑ "WipEout Omega Collection Game". PlayStation.com. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  58. ↑ "WipEout Omega Collection review". Eurogamer. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
  59. 1 2 3 "The Making of Wipeout". Edge. Future plc. 24 February 2013. Archived from the original on 13 April 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  60. ↑ Langshaw, Mark (18 February 2012). "Retro Corner: 'WipEout'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  61. ↑ "A History Of Psygnosis in 12 Games". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 2 September 2014.
  62. ↑ Bussler, Mark (24 October 2010). "Wipeout 2097". Classic Game Room. Inecom. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  63. ↑ Canter, David (26 October 1999). "Wipeout 3 by Psygnosis". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. 19.
  64. ↑ Hatfield, Daemon (11 July 2007). "E3 2007: Wipeout HD PS3 Download". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  65. ↑ Ogden, Gavin (22 July 2008). "WipEout HD delayed due to epilepsy test failure". Computer and Video Games. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2008.
  66. ↑ "Sony Shuts Down Wipeout Developer Studio Liverpool". Siliconera. 22 August 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  67. ↑ Reynolds, Matthew (22 August 2012). "Wipeout 'was in development for PS4'". Digital Spy. Hearst Magazines UK. Retrieved 4 January 2017.
  68. ↑ "Wipeout for PlayStation". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  69. 1 2 "Wipeout XL (2097) for PlayStation". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  70. 1 2 "Wipeout XL aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  71. ↑ "Wipeout 64 for Nintendo 64". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  72. ↑ "WipeOut 64 aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  73. ↑ "Wipeout 3 for PlayStation". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  74. ↑ "Wipeout 3 aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  75. ↑ "Wipeout Fusion for PlayStation 2". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  76. ↑ "Wipeout Fusion aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  77. ↑ "Wipeout Pure for PSP". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  78. ↑ "Wipeout Pure aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  79. ↑ "Wipeout Pulse for PSP". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  80. ↑ "Wipeout Pulse aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  81. ↑ "Wipeout HD Fury for PlayStation 3". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  82. ↑ "Wipeout HD Fury aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  83. 1 2 "Wipeout 2048 for PlayStation Vita". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  84. 1 2 "Wipeout 2048 aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  85. ↑ "Wipeout: Omega Collection for PlayStation 4". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  86. ↑ "Wipeout: Omega Collection aggregate score". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 6 June 2017.
  87. ↑ Cocker, Guy (19 September 2008). "Wipeout HD review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  88. ↑ "Wipeout review". IGN. Ziff Davis. 26 November 1996. Retrieved 6 August 2014.
  89. ↑ "Classic". Next Generation. Imagine Media (11): 169. November 1995.
  90. ↑ "Wipeout Review". Edge. Future plc. 24 August 1995. Archived from the original on 21 June 2013. Retrieved 21 August 2014.
  91. ↑ Leadbetter, Richard (4 December 2014). "20 years of PlayStation: the making of WipEout". Eurogamer. Eurogamer Network. Retrieved 11 December 2014.
  92. ↑ Gerstmann, Jeff (26 August 1997). "Wipeout XL (2097) review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  93. ↑ Langshaw, Mark. "20 years of PlayStation: Launch game Wipeout revisited". DigitalSpy. Retrieved 18 January 2015.
  94. ↑ "Top 25 Games of All Time: Complete List". IGN. Ziff Davis. 22 January 2002. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  95. ↑ Staff writers (September 1997). "Top 25 PlayStation Games of All Time". PlayStation: The Official Magazine. Future plc. 1 (1): 34.
  96. ↑ "All PlayStation Video Game Releases". GameRankings. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  97. ↑ "IGN view of Wipeout 64". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  98. ↑ "Wipeout 64 overview and ranking". Nintendojo. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  99. ↑ "GameSpot Wipeout 64 review". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  100. ↑ Sanchez, Rick (24 September 1999). "Wipeout 3 Review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 23 June 2008.
  101. ↑ Scholfield, Jack (2 September 1999). "Games review: Ripe wipe". The Guardian. p. 6.
  102. 1 2 "Review: Wipeout 3". GamePro. 1 January 2000. Archived from the original on 17 January 2010. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  103. ↑ Cheung, Kevin (27 September 1999). "WipEout 3 Review". Gaming Age. Archived from the original on 7 May 2008. Retrieved 20 June 2008.
  104. ↑ Canter, David (26 October 1999). "Wipeout 3 review". The San Diego Union-Tribune. p. 19.
  105. 1 2 Sanchez, Rick (18 June 2002). "Wipeout Fusion review". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  106. 1 2 Bedigan, Louis (7 January 2002). "Wipeout Fusion review". GameZone. Archived from the original on 7 February 2005. Retrieved 13 December 2016.
  107. ↑ Davis, Ryan (18 March 2005). "Wipeout Pure for PSP review". GameSpot. Archived from the original on 13 January 2007. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  108. ↑ "Wipeout Pure review". GamePro. 9 March 2005. Archived from the original on 13 March 2005. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  109. ↑ O'Donnell, Ryan (18 March 2005). "Wipeout Pure review". IGN. Ziff Davis. pp. 1–3. Archived from the original on 13 May 2016. Retrieved 17 April 2016.
  110. ↑ Graziani, Gabe (11 February 2008). "GameSpy: WipEout Pulse review". GameSpy. IGN. Retrieved 5 December 2016.
  111. ↑ "D.I.C.E. Awards By Video Game Details". Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  112. ↑ Nunnely, Stephany (29 October 2010). "28th Annual Golden Joystick Awards done and dusted, here are your winners". VG247. Retrieved 22 December 2016.
  113. ↑ Goyon, Frederic (13 February 2012). "Test WipEout 2048 sur Vita". Jeuxvideo.com (in French). Webedia. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  114. ↑ Ryckert, Dan (13 February 2012). "Wipeout 2048 review". Game Informer. GameStop. Archived from the original on 6 April 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
  115. ↑ North, Dale (13 February 2013). "Review: Wipeout 2048". Destructoid. Destructoid LLC. Retrieved 3 January 2017.

Bibliography

  • Psygnosis (1997). Wipeout 2048 Sega Saturn instruction manual. Psygnosis. pp. 2–36.
  • Psygnosis (1998). Wipeout 64 instruction manual. Midway Games. pp. 2–14.
  • Sony Studio Liverpool (2002). Wipeout Fusion instruction manual. Sony Computer Entertainment. pp. 1–32.
  • Sony Studio Liverpool (2005). Wipeout Pure instruction manual. Sony Computer Entertainment. pp. 2–24.
  • Sony Studio Liverpool (2007). Wipeout Pulse instruction manual. Sony Computer Entertainment. pp. 2–22.
  • Sony Studio Liverpool (2008). Wipeout HD/Fury instruction manual (retail version). Sony Computer Entertainment. pp. 2–18.

Notes

  1. ↑ Although all Wipeout titles have been developed by Sony Studio Liverpool before their closure, Wipeout Omega Collection was developed by various other studios (despite the original games featured within the collection being developed by Studio Liverpool).
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.