William Light

For other similarly named people, see William Light (disambiguation)

Colonel William Light
Colonel William Light: Self Portrait, c.1815
Born	(1786-04-27)27 April 1786 Kuala Kedah, Kedah (now in Malaysia)
Died	6 October 1839(1839-10-06) (aged 53) Adelaide, South Australia
Occupation	British Colonial Official, Surveyor-General
Known for	Choosing the location and designing the layout of Adelaide

William Light by George Jones, National Portrait Gallery, London.

Monument near the corner of North & West Terraces. (Detail^[1])

William Light, Sicilian Scenery, 1823

Colonel William Light (27 April 1786 – 6 October 1839)^[2] was a British artist, naval and army officer and the first Surveyor-General of the Colony of South Australia. He is famous for choosing the site of the province's capital, Adelaide, and for designing the layout of its streets and parks – in the Adelaide city centre and the Adelaide Park Lands.

Early life

Light was born in Kuala Kedah, Kedah (which is now in Malaysia). He lived in Penang (Pulau Pinang) until the age of six, when he was sent to England to be educated. He was of Eurasian background, the son of Captain Francis Light, the Superintendent of Penang who had married William's mother according to the native custom. Martina Rozells was of Portuguese or French, and Siamese or Malay descent.^[2]

Military career

At the age of 13, Light volunteered for the Royal Navy, in which he served for two years. He then travelled through Europe and India before joining the 4th Dragoons regiment of the British Army in 1808. After courageous service in Spain against Napoleon's forces from 1809 to 1814, during the Peninsular War, he served under the Duke of Wellington and went on to serve in various parts of Britain as a Captain.

Light married E. Perois in Derry, Ireland, in 1821, and later lost his wife in tragic circumstances. In 1823 he returned to Spain to fight the French invasion as aide-de-camp to Sir Robert Wilson. Originally volunteering as a private in the Vigo militia, he was made a Lieutenant-Colonel. He was badly wounded at Corunna and saved from execution by the French. After returning to England he married his second wife, Mary Bennet, natural daughter of the Duke of Richmond, and travelled with her in Europe, the Mediterranean, and Egypt.

Between 1830 and 1835 he helped Mohammad Ali, founder of modern Egypt, to establish a Navy. Light captained the Pasha 's steamship Nile from the River Thames to Alexandria and served in the Egyptian Navy.

South Australia and the design of Adelaide

Light was initially considered for the position of Resident Commissioner – this was, however, given to James Hurtle Fisher. Instead, in 1836, Light was appointed Surveyor-General of the new Province.^[3] He sailed for South Australia with Maria Gandy and her brothers (his second wife having left him for another man), and some of his survey staff on the Survey Brig Rapid.

There Light was the first to accurately chart the Port Adelaide River, selected the location and designed and laid out the plan of the City of Adelaide. The Adelaide city centre was planned by Light to span the River Torrens, and with six City Squares and a figure-eight of open space, the Adelaide Park Lands. One of the reasons he chose the location was because clouds drifting over the nearby Adelaide Hills would provide rainfall. This was a promising indicator of good conditions for avoidance of drought prone areas. Another was that the location was adjacent to the perennial creek grandly named the River Torrens; the available supply of fresh surface water was a key requirement, and had resulted in the rejection of, or relocation of, settlement sites on Kangaroo Island, Port Lincoln and Holdfast Bay (now known as Glenelg).

When Light was designing Adelaide, his plans included surrounding the city with 2,300 acres of parklands.^[4][5] This would provide the urban population in the City of Adelaide with public walks, which were to be preserved in perpetuity. Populous towns in Britain lacked freely accessible open space for recreation and South Australia was to provide a model for reform.

It is sometimes claimed that Light also designed the city of Christchurch in New Zealand. However, this is not possible; Light died in Adelaide in 1839, whereas Christchurch was not settled until 1850.^[6] The settlement and planning of Christchurch was based on the same principles that had been first tested with the founding of South Australia, Edward Gibbon Wakefield's theory of systematic colonization.

Light's role in founding and designing the South Australian capital is remembered as Light's Vision, and commemorated with a statue, relocated from Victoria Square to Montefiore Hill, (also named "Light's Vision"), where it now points towards the River Torrens and the southern part of the City of Adelaide.

Extracts from his diary in 1839 are quoted on a plaque attached to the statue, and highlight the difficulties Light faced in having this site chosen:

'The reasons that led me to fix Adelaide where it is I do not expect to be generally understood or calmly judged of at present. My enemies however, by disputing their validity in every particular, have done me the good service of fixing the whole of the responsibility upon me. I am perfectly willing to bear it, and I leave it to posterity and not to them, to decide whether I am entitled to praise or to blame.'

Light's statue was moved to Montefiore Hill from the site where it was originally erected at northern end of Victoria Square. Light's survey of the City of Adelaide commenced from the corner of North Terrace and West Terrace,^[7] and there is a plaque in the vicinity of Light's and Fisher's huts and the first Land and Survey Offices.^[1] This plaque is now situated outside the main entrance of the new Royal Adelaide Hospital.

Light's design for Adelaide is noted as one of the great planned metropolises; the city's grid layout, with alternating wide and narrow streets, interspaced with six public squares, has made it an ideal modern city, able to cope with traffic, and the Adelaide Park Lands that surround it provide a "city in a park" feel.

In December 1837 Light led an exploration from Adelaide, discovering and naming the Barossa Valley.

Light resigned from his position in 1838, after refusing to use less accurate surveying methods for country surveys, and formed a private company, Light, Finniss & Co., with B. T. Finniss, Henry Nixon, William Jacob and Robert G. Thomas (these last two being among his assistants who came out on the Rapid), offering a range of services to prospective purchasers of City and Country properties,^[8] and to Local Government bodies. In January 1839 the Land and Survey Office, and his adjoining hut (along with that of James Hurtle Fisher), burned down, taking some of the province's early records and many of Light's possessions with it.

Light spoke several languages and was an artist. Many of his watercolours were published in London in 1823 and 1828, and a number of his works, including an incomplete self-portrait, are in the collection of Art Gallery of South Australia on North Terrace.

Death

Light died of tuberculosis on 6 October 1839 in Adelaide, aged 53. He was buried in Light Square, one of the six squares of the City of Adelaide. A memorial was erected in 1843. This eroded and crumbled and was replaced in 1905 with a monumental obelisk, topped with a surveyor's theodolite, that signals his resting place. It notes that Light is the only person legally buried after settlement within the city square.

Memorials

Light is commemorated in a number of ways, including:

• Light Square, Adelaide, and the monument there over his grave. He remains the only person legally buried within the Adelaide "square mile".^[9]
• The statue now on Montefiore Hill, often referred to as Light's Vision. "Light's Vision commemoration" was unveiled on 27 November 1906^[10] in its original location in Victoria Square. It was moved to Montefiore Hill in 1938. The statue depicts Light pointing towards the River Torrens. This, or Victoria Square, is not where he actually first stood when he made his decision on the site for the City; there is evidence that he actually stood near the corner of North and West Terraces,^[7] and there is a memorial and plaque in that vicinity marking the approximate location of the Land and Survey offices, and of Light's and Fisher's huts, which were destroyed by fire in 1839.^[11]
• A Jubilee 150 Walkway Plaque, located along North Terrace commemorates William Light.
• The naming of the Adelaide suburb of Colonel Light Gardens.
• The Colonel Light Hotel. (Light Square, corner Currie St.) Established in 1849 as the Sir Robert Peel Hotel, in 1888 it was renamed the Colonel Light Hotel.^[12]
• Light Square in the Adelaide suburb of Marion (Cnr. Nixon and Market Streets). Four cairns commemorate the early history of the area and original survey of the village by Light, Finniss and Co. in 1838.^[13]
• The Light River which has its source at Waterloo, South Australia and runs 164 km to its mouth in the Gulf St Vincent.
• William Light school, a state government school located in the Adelaide suburb of Plympton. In 2017 it was renamed Plympton International College.^[14][15]

See also

• Light (surname)

References

Notes

External links

• Works by or about William Light in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
• Plan Of The City Of Adelaide In South Australia. With The Acre Allotments Numbered And A Reference To The Names Of The Original Purchasers. Surveyed And Drawn By Colonel Light 1837.
• The District Of Adelaide, South Australia, As Divided Into Country Sections. From The Trigonometrical Surveys Of Colonel Light, Late Survr. Genl. 18 February 1839.
• The District Of Adelaide, South Australia, As Divided Into Country Sections. From The Trigonometrical Surveys Of Colonel Light, Late Survr. Genl. Updated To 1840.
• Other biographies:
  • Adelaide Park Lands Preservation Association
  • HistorySouthAustralia.net