William Hale Thompson

William Hale Thompson
31st & 33rd Mayor of Chicago
In office
November 3, 1915[1] – November 3, 1923
Preceded by Carter Harrison, Jr.
Succeeded by William Emmett Dever
In office
November 3, 1927 – November 3, 1931
Preceded by William Emmett Dever
Succeeded by Anton Cermak
Personal details
Born (1869-05-14)May 14, 1869
Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died March 19, 1944(1944-03-19) (aged 74)
Chicago, Illinois, U.S.
Political party Republican

William Hale Thompson (May 14, 1869 – March 19, 1944) was an American politician, mayor of Chicago for three terms, from 1915 to 1923 and again from 1927 to 1931. Known as "Big Bill" Thompson,[2] he is the last Republican to have served as mayor of Chicago to date. Historians rank Thompson among the most unethical mayors in American history, mainly for his open alliance with Al Capone.[3] However, others recognize the effectiveness of his political methods and publicity-oriented campaigning, acknowledging him as a "Political Chameleon" and an effective political machine.[4] TIME magazine said in 1931, "chief credit for creating 20th Century Politics Chicago Style" should go to William Thompson.[5]

Thompson was known for his over-the-top campaigning and uncensored language that, along with his towering height and weight, earned him the nickname "Big Bill".[6] Though Thompson was a popular figure, his popularity escalated after his death, when two safe-deposit boxes were found in his name containing nearly $1.8 million in cash and bonds.[6] Prior to his death in 1944, Thompson, upon his reelection in 1919, was at the forefront of the movement for Chicago Public Libraries and education officials to censor and ban many texts and historical recollections coming from the United Kingdom.[7]

Early life

Thompson was born in Boston, Massachusetts to William Hale and Mary Ann Thompson, but his family moved to Chicago when he was nine days old. Despite having been born in Boston, Thompson had strong roots in Chicago. His father, Colonel William Hale Thompson Sr., was a popular businessman within Chicago and served as colonel in the Second Illinois Guard who came to Chicago after serving in the United States Navy during the American Civil War. His maternal grandfather, Stephen F. Hale, the first chief of the Chicago Fire Department, played a large part in drawing up the city's corporation charter in 1837, earning him regard as a "Chicago pioneer" by some academic journalists.

Thompson was meant to attend Yale University but instead moved to Wyoming at the age of 14, where he became a cowboy and cattle owner and traveled across Europe, taking up ranching in Texas and New Mexico later on in his life. The experiences influenced him to add Western touches into his campaign, including his sombrero, which became a symbol for his campaign. By the age of twenty-one, he had accumulated a stake of $30,000. He returned to Chicago in 1892 after his father's death to manage his estates. Shortly after returning to Chicago, Thompson joined the Illinois Athletic Club and the Sportsmen's Club of America and quickly was appointed director-general and captain of the water polo and football teams. His six-foot frame and athletic prowess earned him the nickname "Big Bill," which stuck with him throughout his career as a politician.[4][8] In 1901, Thompson married Miss Mary "Maysie" Walker Wyse a secretary in his father's office, but the two of them never had children.[9][10]

Political career

Thompson began his political career in 1900, when he ran for and narrowly won the position as alderman of the 2nd Ward, his home district.[11] Two years later, he was named a member of the Cook County Board of Commissioners. During this period, Thompson formed a political alliance with Fred Lundin, a Republican city clerk who worked under William Lorimer, a U.S. Representative from Illinois who was known for corrupt election methods. The political duo, according to most citizens, worked very well together earning them the title the "Gallagher and Shean of Chicago Politics". Thompson with his outgoing and charismatic personality paired with his towering stature and gentlemanly appearance gave him an undeniable public presence, which was completed by Lundin's cunning political ideas and projects.[8]

1915-1923

Thompson in a campaign photo, ca. 1915.

In 1915, Thompson was elected as the 41st Mayor of Chicago, beating County Clerk Robert M. Sweitzer, John H. Hill, Seymour Steadman, and Charles Thompson. He was the last Republican to be elected into office since, aside from his third term in 1928. As Thompson entered the first term of his mayorship, he appointed Fred Lundin as chairman on the committee of patronage.[8] Early in his mayoral career, Thompson began to amass a war chest to support an eventual run for the Presidency, by charging city drivers and inspectors $3 per month.

Thompson gained national attention and condemnation for his neutral attitude toward the events of World War I. By declining the visit of the French Mission to Chicago and refusing to control or act out against anti-war or anti-conscription meetings, Thompson is "credited with characterizing Chicago as the sixth German city of the world." Also earning the nickname "Kaiser" Bill Thompson. These facts later went on to hurt his chances in his 1918 Senatorial Campaign.[8][10]

In his Inaugural Address, given April 26, 1915, Thompson spoke of his ambitions for Chicago to become "the greatest in the world", but also that his acts as mayor should not be swayed by corruption. He also emphasized the importance of public safety (as enforced by the Chicago Police Department), the improvement of public transit, secure and permanently lowered gas prices, Chicago being allowed to have Home rule and more efforts being placed into Chicago's commercial interests in order to create jobs and improve the city's economy. His efforts to expand and publicly improve the streets of Chicago earned him another nickname of "Big Bill the Builder". In his time as mayor, he oversaw the completion of the Michigan Avenue link bridge, the Twelfth Street widening, and the extension and widening of Ogden Avenue. Along with his big dreams for Chicago's geographical expansion, he wished for Chicago to expand politically and economically. He believed that Chicago should be able to enforce laws on their own terms, particularly without the interference of British government or totalitarian rule. He ended his Inaugural speech by stating:

"I am a firm believer in the separation of the three co-ordinate branches of government--Executive, Legislative and Judicial--peculiar to our American system, and that one should not intrude upon or violate, the prerogatives of the other. I do not intend to exceed the rights and privileges of the executive nor transgress upon the legislative or judicial functions. I shall impartially execute the laws made by the proper legislative authorities and interpreted by the judiciary." [12]

He was reelected mayor during the Chicago Race Riot of 1919, beating out Robert Sweitzer once again along with Adolph S. Carm, John Collins, John Fitzpatrick, and Maclay Hoyne. Thompson was said to have had control of the 75,000 black voters in his day. In his campaign he claimed to be an advocate for the people against public utility companies and the rich who avoided taxes. This inspired Thompson to enforce a five-cent streetcar fare to promote his campaign, which was also used to threaten the action of streetcar companies. Eventually, however, despite his protests, the fare was raised to seven cents.

In his Inaugural Address on April 28, 1919, Thompson looked towards drastically expanding Chicago, saying that "Chicago is greater than some nations". This expansion included the extension and widening of streets to cross over more of the city, new post offices, freight terminals, playgrounds, bridges, and more. Also, due to the rapidly changing city, Thompson proposed a zoning bill to regulate and create commercial, industrial, and residential areas. Among the other issues he claimed he would address were telephone prices and service quality, the expansion of the Chicago Police Department, Jobs for returning soldiers, lowering the cost of living, and restoring the jobs of Public School representatives who were removed by the Supreme Court.[13]

Thompson declined to run for reelection in 1923 and he was succeeded by William Emmett Dever. While out of office, Thompson was appointed chairman of the Illinois Waterways Commission. He used his position to remain relevant in the media, involving himself in civic suits and campaigning for the Lakes-to-Gulf waterway project: to build a waterway from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Promoting both the project and himself, Thompson set off on a "scientific" expedition (to be extensively covered by the media), which he set off to the South Seas to find a tree-climbing fish on July 5, 1924. Attracting more attention, Thompson placed a $25,000 bet on his success, but no one participated.[8][14]

1927-1931

Thompson ran again in 1927 during citywide gang war. Always a flamboyant campaigner, Thompson held a debate between himself and two live rats which he used to portray his opponents. Pledging to clean up Chicago and remove the crooks, Thompson instead turned his attention to the reformers, whom he considered the real criminals. According to Thompson, the biggest enemy the United States had was King George V of the United Kingdom. Thompson promised his supporters that if they ever met, Thompson would punch the king in the nose.[2] Upon his victory in 1927, Thompson's floating speakeasy outwardly known as the Fish Fans Club docked at Belmont Harbor, was flooded with his supporters, so many so, that the boat itself sunk beneath the weight.[15]

In his Inaugural Address, Thompson addressed the importance of remedying crime in Chicago, saying:

"Our new Superintendent of Police has my positive instructions to drive the crooks and thieves and lawbreakers out of Chicago in ninety days, so that the people, their homes and their property may again be secure." [16]

Thompson expressed his desire to remove Superintendent William McAndrew from the public schooling system, and restore what he calls the "true history of George Washington" while exposing "the treason and propaganda which insidiously have been injected into our schools and other educational institutions". He also went on to enforce other issues he'd addressed in previous speeches, like the issue of public transit, playgrounds, and the general upkeep and expansion of Chicago in an effort to aid property owners and increase residential income and revenue for the city as a whole.

Al Capone's support was pivotal to Thompson's return to the mayor's office, using such tactics as the "Pineapple Primary" which occurred April 10, 1928, so-called because of the hand grenades thrown at polling places to disrupt voting. The St. Valentine's Day Massacre also took place while Thompson was mayor.

Thompson blamed Ruth Hanna McCormick's lack of support for his loss at the 1928 Republican National Convention, and he returned the favor during her 1930 campaign for the United States Senate.[17] Thompson had had a longstanding rivalry with the McCormicks. He intensely disliked Robert Rutherford McCormick who published the Chicago Tribune. U.S. Senator Joseph Medill McCormick was the publisher's brother,[17] and after his death, his widow ran against Thompson for the vacant seat. Caricature in the Chicago Tribune, 1920

Amid growing discontent with Thompson's leadership, particularly in the area of cleaning up Chicago's reputation as the capital of organized crime, he was defeated in 1931 by Democrat Anton Cermak. Cermak was an immigrant from Bohemia, and Thompson used this fact to belittle him with ethnic slurs such as:

I won't take a back seat to that Bohunk, Chairmock, Chermack or whatever his name is.
Tony, Tony, where's your pushcart at?
Can you picture a World's Fair mayor with a name like that?

Cermak replied, "He doesn't like my name...It's true I didn't come over on the Mayflower, but I came over as soon as I could," which was a sentiment to which ethnic Chicagoans could relate, so Thompson's slurs largely backfired.[18]

After Thompson's defeat, the Chicago Tribune wrote:

For Chicago Thompson has meant filth, corruption, obscenity, idiocy and bankruptcy.... He has given the city an international reputation for moronic buffoonery, barbaric crime, triumphant hoodlumism, unchecked graft, and a dejected citizenship. He nearly ruined the property and completely destroyed the pride of the city. He made Chicago a byword for the collapse of American civilization. In his attempt to continue this he excelled himself as a liar and defamer of character.[18]

Years later, in 1936, Thompson ran for office as Illinois governor as an independent against Henry Horner. He received only 3% of the vote. In 1939, he ran in the Republican primary for mayor of Chicago and was soundly defeated by a 77% to 23% margin against future Governor Dwight Green.[19]

Death

William Hale Thompson died on March 19, 1944, at the Blackstone Hotel at the age of 74.[20] He was buried in Oak Woods Cemetery in a solid bronze casket.

Despite the fact that many loved Thompson and enjoyed his various political antics, it was reported that very few people attended his funeral, and one reporter noted that there was not "a flower nor a fern to be seen".[19]

Upon Thompson's death, two safe deposit boxes in his name were discovered to contain nearly $1.84 million in cash.[21][22] Once the money was uncovered, the Internal Revenue Service took their share in taxes, and Maysie Thompson lived off of the rest until her passing in 1958.[10]

Biographies Written[4] Author Year of Publication
Hizzoner Big Bill Thompson: An Idyll of Chicago John Bright 1930
The Twenty Incredible Years William H. Stuart 1935
Big Bill of Chicago Herman Kogan and Lloyd Wendt 1953
Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image Douglas Bukowski 1998


References

  1. ↑ Election Gives A Setback To Wilson Hopes Chicago Tribune Nov. 3, 1915
  2. 1 2 Reynolds, Paul (2009-11-29). "US-UK 'Special Relationship' Not So Special Any More". BBC. Retrieved 2014-03-20.
  3. ↑ Grossman, Mark (2008). Political Corruption in America: An Encyclopedia of Scandals, Power, and Greed. Amenia, NY: Grey House Publishing. p. 329. ISBN 978-1-59237-297-3.
  4. 1 2 3 Bukowski, Douglas. Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998.
  5. ↑ Briton Hadden; Henry Robinson Luce (1931). "Time". Time Inc.: 16.
  6. 1 2 McCelland, Edward. "The Most Corrupt Public Official In Illinois History: William Hale Thompson." NBC Chicago. NBC Universal Media, 25 Jan. 2012. Web. 28 Oct. 2016.
  7. ↑ Thomison, Dennis. "The Private Wars of Chicago's Big Bill Thompson." Journal of Library History 15.3 (1980): 261-80. America: History & Life. Web. 2 Nov. 2016.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Martin, Edward M. "Our American mayors XIII. William Hale Thompson of Chicago: The saga of a sombrero." National Municipal Review 17, no. 11 (November 1928): 663. Publisher Provided Full Text Searching File, EBSCOhost (accessed November 2, 2016).
  9. ↑ Grossman, James R., Ann Durkin Keating and Janice L. Reiff, editors. Encyclopedia of Chicago. University of Chicago Press, 2004.
  10. 1 2 3 "Mrs. William Hale Thompson, Mayor's Wife, Robbed at Gunpoint." Mrs. William Hale Thompson, Mayor's Wife, Robbed at Gunpoint. March 16, 2009. Accessed November 25, 2016. http://chicagocrimescenes.blogspot.com/2009/03/mrs-william-hale-thompson-mayors-wife.html.
  11. ↑ Bilek, Arthur J. (2008). The First Vice Lord: Big Jim Colosimo and the Ladies of the Levee. Nashville, TN: Cumberland House. p. 179. ISBN 978-1-58182-639-5.
  12. ↑ Chicago City Council. Journal of the Proceedings, April 26, 1915, p. 2–5.
  13. ↑ Chicago City Council. Journal of the Proceedings, April 28, 1919, p. 8–11.
  14. ↑ Leinwand, Gerald. Mackerels in the Moonlight: Four Corrupt American Mayors. Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2004.
  15. ↑ "Floating Speakeasy". chicagotribune.com. 3 February 2016. Retrieved November 17, 2016.
  16. ↑ Chicago City Council. Journal of the Proceedings, April 18, 1927, p. 24–25.
  17. 1 2 "Thompson v. McCormicks". Time. Time, Inc. 1930-11-03. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  18. 1 2 Wendt, Lloyd (1979). Chicago Tribune: The Rise of a Great American Newspaper. Chicago: Rand McNally. ISBN 0-528-81826-0.
  19. 1 2 Kogan, Rick (March 21, 2011). "Filling 'Big Bill's' britches". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved November 25, 2016.
  20. ↑ "'Big Bill' Thompson Is Dead In Chicago. Mayor Three Times, 1915-23, 1927-31. Long Stormy Figure, Ruled In Crime-wave Era. Purged History Texts Called Pro-German in 1937. Later Offered To Punch King George V in the Snoot". New York Times. March 20, 1944.
  21. ↑ "$1,500,000 Is Found Hidden By 'Big Bill'. Illinois Agents Discover Big Hoard of Cash in Safe-Deposit Boxes in Chicago. Lawyer Had Not Known. It Estate of Ex-Mayor Had Been Valued at Only $150,000. His Will Is Still Hunted". New York Times. March 31, 1944.
  22. ↑ "Strikers". Time magazine. April 10, 1944.
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