Walter de Merton

Walter de Merton
Bishop of Rochester
Elected	July 1274
Term ended	27 October 1277
Predecessor	Lawrence of St Martin
Successor	John Bradfield
Other posts	prebendary of St. Paul's, London prebendary of Exeter Cathedral canon of Wells Cathedral
Orders
Consecration	21 October 1274
Personal details
Born	c. 1205 probably Merton
Died	27 October 1277
Buried	Rochester Cathedral
Denomination	Catholic
Lord Chancellor
In office 1261–1263
Monarch	Henry III of England
Preceded by	Nicholas of Ely
Succeeded by	Nicholas of Ely
Lord Chancellor
In office 1272–1274
Monarch	Henry III of England, Edward I of England
Preceded by	Lawrence of St Martin
Succeeded by	Richard Middleton

Arms of de Merton: Or, three chevrons party per pale azure and gules counter-changed

Walter de Merton (c. 1205 – 27 October 1277) was Bishop of Rochester and founder of Merton College, Oxford.

Life

Walter was probably born at Merton in Surrey or educated there. He came of a land-owning family at Basingstoke; beyond that there is no definite information about the date or place of birth. His mother was Christina Fitz-Oliver and his father William. By 1237 both his parents were dead, and Walter was a clerk in holy orders. In 1241 Walter already held a number of livings in various parts of the country; in 1256 he was an agent for Walter of Kirkham Bishop of Durham in a lawsuit. Walter was also prothonotary of the chancery in 1258.

Walter rose to prominence as a skilled lawyer and negotiator. When Henry III went to France to negotiate the Treaty of Paris, Walter was left behind as a trusted royal servant. On 29 March, the Justiciar ordered 100 barons to muster in London for a secret meeting that would take them overseas. Only a few days later Walter could be seen at Maldon, Surrey assisting in the registration of the Justiciar's army. The writs were pre-dated, then considered a new procedure at some risk to the messengers' delivery of the writs to Sheriffs in the locality. Walter also helped in the complex financial dealing with King Louis IX of France, when he reached London on 30 April. In return for a promise of peace, Henry received 12,500 Livres, the equivalent of 500 Knights Fees. By 1264, this would be a total of 134,000 Livres of subsidy from the King of France. Walter played an invaluable part in the administration of Henry's revenues.^[1] By 1259, Walter had suitably impressed the king that he was granted a prebendary of St. Paul's, London.

On 12 July 1261 Henry III made him chancellor, in place of Nicholas of Ely.^[2] A month earlier the Papal Bulls in support of Henry's coup d'etat had ensured it was safe for the King to return to the Tower of London. With a mercenary at his back, he had marched from Dover over Whitsun. In London, Walter was reinstalled as Chancellor in a 'resumption of royal power', having been briefly challenged by the baronial movement. Walter provided legal arguments for the collection of Tallage, rejection of the baronial constitution, appointment of royal Sheriffs, and a renewed attempt to justify the collection of Customs. Now only a cussed Philip Basset, among the barons, remained aloof from the fray, when the King's new ministrations emerged against the Provisions of Oxford. As one of the arbitrators, Walter met the barons with Walerand and Basset. He was probably not the king's first choice among the nobility, but the sticking-point remained the method by which to appoint sheriffs, from 'faithful men and people' in the shires. Later that month of May, he had helped define Jus regalitatis, a law that prohibited criticism of the King; a flagrant breach of the commitment at Oxford. A year later Henry would describe the sheriffs as bachelarii regis qui tenent comitatus or his bachelors. For the regents were men of the second rank, not nobles, yet they owed their elevated status entirely to royal service.^[3] Walter quickly acquired lucrative sinecures in 1262, like the new prebendary of Exeter and, instituted a canon of Wells Cathedral. The following year when de Montfort was at the height of his powers, Walter was urged by the bishop of Worcester to accept a form of peace satis competens et honesta.^[4] Walter could have been a member of Richard of Cornwall's deputation sent from Windsor to greet Montfort's army coming east from London and Kent. But on 16 July, when the King surrendered peace terms, and three days later de Montfort assumed power, Walter also left office.^[5]

In 1261, two manors in Surrey were set aside for the support of "scholars residing at the schools" at Merton Priory; it was the beginning of Merton College. In 1264 Walter drew up statutes for a "house of the scholars of Merton", at Malden in Surrey; ten years later these scholars were transferred to Oxford, and a permanent house established. Merton College, thus founded and endowed, was one of the earliest examples of collegiate life at Oxford. De Merton's statutes provided for a common corporate life under the rule of a warden, but as vows were to be taken and scholars entering a monastic order forfeited their scholarship, the college was really a place of training for the secular clergy. Freed of the responsibilities of government, Walter turned his attention to his college again. The statutes were redrafted and scholars moved permanently to Oxford. They were established on the site of the parish church of St John whose advowson he had obtained in the early 1260s and where he had been buying adjoining houses and halls since 1264. In 1270 he bought Kibworth Harcourt, Leicestershire as part of the confiscated estate of Saer de Harcourt, an erstwhile supporter of Simon de Montfort. While labouring for the establishment of Merton College, the barons emerged triumphant. Walter, a partisan friend of Henry III, was removed from the chancellorship in 1263. He was not immediately restored after the king's victory, but he did renew his acquaintance with the royal circle, by now at Windsor.

Edward and Chancellor Merton

Walter is mentioned as a Justiciar in 1271. He was re-appointed as Lord Chancellor, four days after Henry III's death.^[2] For the first two years of Edward I he was in all but name regent of England during the King's absence abroad. He was tasked with investigation into the 20,000 Marks collected (1266) from Tallage, about which many complaints had sparked the ire of the Citizens of London. Violent clashes on the streets worried the King Edward in his first year on the throne. The vulgus (common people) clamoured for heads at the Guildhall, and the election of the baronial party. Merton argued that the communa election was a matter for Parliament, whereas the Aldermanic vote clashed with the other jurisdiction. Merton's joint tribunal appointed before Henry III's death, was redundant, until Edward I could appoint a royal warden. On 11 November, Edward wisely moved, prompted by his Chancellor, to enable counsellors to control the 'men of Belial'. The violence subsided: Merton successfully negotiated the elected Walter Hervey as Mayor, and so he "announced before all the people at the cross of St Paul's that the aldermen had agreed to have Walter as mayor for that year." The contemporary historian, Matthew Paris, who died in 1275, left voluminous histories about these events.^[6]

In the king's absence he stood in his place, effective Regent of England. Edward commanded the respect of his household and wardrobe anticipating a welcome return. This is signified in a letter of 9 August sent from Melun, France in which Walter was promised full support.^[7] On Edward's return Walter was dismissed as Lord Chancellor on 21 September 1274, in favour of Robert Burnell, who became a strong ally of the Edwardian regime.^[2] Walter's compensation was the Bishopric of Rochester, where he was elected in late July and consecrated on 21 October 1274;^[8][9]

He eagerly awaited in anticipation the appointment of a Warden of the new Merton College. For the last three years of his life Walter divided his time between his duties in Rochester and the supervision of his fledging academic house. On a journey back from Oxford in 1277, while fording the Medway, he fell from his horse; and died two days later on 27 October 1277 from his injuries. He was buried in Rochester Cathedral, and is described in the Annales monastici as a man of liberality and great worldly learning, ever ready in his assistance to the religious orders.^[8]

Citations

References

• British History Online Bishops of Rochester accessed on 30 October 2007
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology (Third revised ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.

Further reading

• Martin, G.H. & Highfield, J.R.L. (1997). A History of Merton College. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920183-8.

External links

• Merton Chapel
• Tomb of Walter de Merton

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Walter de Merton". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.