Walter Reuther

Walter P. Reuther
Portrait of Reuther
4th President of the United Automobile Workers
In office
1946–1970
Preceded by R.J. Thomas
Succeeded by Leonard F. Woodcock
3rd President of the Congress of Industrial Organizations
In office
1952–1955
Preceded by Philip Murray
Succeeded by George Meany
Personal details
Born Walter Philip Reuther
September 1, 1907
Wheeling, West Virginia, U.S.
Died May 9, 1970(1970-05-09) (aged 62)
Pellston, Michigan, U.S.
Cause of death Plane crash
Nationality American
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s)
May Wolf (m. 1936)
Children
  • Linda
  • Elisabeth
Parents
  • Valentine Reuther
  • Anna Stocker
Relatives
Education Wayne State University (withdrew)
Occupation Labor leader
Known for labor movement, civil rights movement
Awards
Signature

Walter Philip Reuther (/ˈruːθər/; September 1, 1907 – May 9, 1970) was an American leader of organized labor and civil rights activist who built the United Automobile Workers (UAW) into one of the most progressive labor unions in American history.[1] He saw labor movements not as narrow special interest groups but as instruments to advance social justice and human rights in democratic societies.[1] He leveraged the UAW's resources and influence to advocate for workers' rights, civil rights, women's rights, universal health care, public education, affordable housing, environmental stewardship, nuclear nonproliferation, and democratic trade unionism around the world.[1] He survived two attempted assassinations, including one at home where he was struck by a 12-gauge shotgun blast fired through his kitchen window.[2] He was the fourth president of the UAW, serving from 1946 until his untimely death in 1970.[3] A household name during his life,[4] Reuther's legacy is all but forgotten to history.[5]

A powerful ally of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the civil rights movement,[6] Reuther marched with King in Selma,[7] Birmingham,[8] Montgomery,[9] and Jackson.[10][11] When King and others including children were jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, and King authored his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, Reuther arranged $160,000 for the protestors' release.[12] He also helped organize and finance the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, delivering remarks from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial shortly before King gave his historic "I Have a Dream" speech on the National Mall.[13][14] He served on the board of directors for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)[15] and was one of the founders of Americans for Democratic Action.[16] An early supporter of Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers, he asked Robert F. Kennedy to visit and support Chavez.[17] A lifetime environmentalist, Reuther played a critical role in funding and organizing the first Earth Day on April 22, 1970.[18] According to Denis Hayes, the principal national organizer of the first Earth Day, "Without the UAW, the first Earth Day would have likely flopped!"[18]

As the leader of five million autoworkers including retirees and their families,[19] Reuther was influential inside the Democratic Party.[20] During World War II, President Franklin D. Roosevelt frequently consulted Reuther, referring to him as "my young red-headed engineer."[21] He was considered by John F. Kennedy for Vice President in 1960.[22] He was instrumental in spearheading the creation of the Peace Corps[23][24][25] and in marshaling support for the Civil Rights Act of 1964,[26][27] the Voting Rights Act of 1965,[28] Medicare and Medicaid,[29] and the Fair Housing Act.[27] He met weekly in 1964 and 1965 with President Lyndon B. Johnson at the White House to discuss policies and legislation for the Great Society and War on Poverty.[30] The Republican Party was wary of Reuther, leading presidential candidate Richard Nixon to say about John F. Kennedy during the 1960 election, "I can think of nothing so detrimental to this nation than for any President to owe his election to, and therefore be a captive of, a political boss like Walter Reuther."[31] Conservative politician Barry Goldwater declared that "[Reuther] was more dangerous to our country than Sputnik or anything Soviet Russia might do."[32]

Reuther was posthumously awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom[33] and recognized by Time Magazine as one of the 100 most influential people of the 20th century.[34] Murray Kempton, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist, wrote, "Walter Reuther was one man who could reminisce about the future."[35] A. H. Raskin, labor editor of The New York Times, wrote, "If the speed of a man's mind could be measured in the same way as the speed of his legs, Walter Reuther would be an Olympic champion."[36][37] George Romney, Governor of Michigan, once said, "Walter Reuther is the most dangerous man in Detroit because no one is more skillful in bringing about the revolution without seeming to disrupt the existing forms of society."[38]

Early life and education

Reuther was born on September 1, 1907, in Wheeling, West Virginia, to Anna (née Stocker) and Valentine Reuther.[39] His father Valentine was a horse-drawn beer wagon driver and Socialist union organizer who at age 11 had emigrated from Germany.[40] Walter was one of five children, oldest to youngest: Ted, Walter, Roy, Victor, Christine. Valentine would facilitate debates every Sunday for his sons, training them to think on their feet about social issues of the day such as yellow journalism, child labor, women's suffrage, and civil rights.[41] Reuther later recalled, "At my father's knee we learned the philosophy of trade unionism. We got the struggles, the hopes and the aspirations of working people every day."[42] As a child, he and Victor accompanied their father on a visit to a jail to meet Eugene V. Debs, who was being incarcerated for his pacifism during World War I.[43]

The Reuthers were frugal and learned not to waste. To save money, Walter's mother Anna would make underwear for her sons out of used flour sacks.[44] When Valentine was partially blinded by an exploding bottle, Walter began doing odd jobs to bring in family income at the age of nine. He later dropped out of high school during his junior year and worked in a local factory to help support the family.[44] He learned firsthand about inadequate worker safety when a 400 pound die that he and three other men were lifting fell and severed his big toe.[45]

From an early age, the Reuther boys received lessons on racism. One day they saw local boys throwing rocks at Negros being transported north through their hometown in open railways cars. Their father gave them a stern warning to never treat another human being like that. The Reuther boys never forgot that lesson, spending the rest of their lives fighting for racial and economic equality for all people.[46]

Left home for Detroit

In 1927, at the age of 19, Reuther left Wheeling for Detroit and argued himself into an expert tool and die maker job at Ford Motor Company that required 25 years experience. The foreman was baffled that at his young age he could read blueprints and dies, becoming one of the highest paid mechanics in the factory.[47] He finished high school while working at Ford and enrolled at Detroit City College, which is today known as Wayne State University. In 1932, he was fired for organizing a rally for Norman Thomas who was running for President of the United States as the nominee for the Socialist Party of America. His official Ford employment record states that he quit voluntarily, but Reuther himself maintained that he was fired for his increasingly visible socialist activities.[48] Regardless, Walter and Victor decided it was the perfect time to fulfill their childhood dream and travel the world.[49]

European trip

When Henry Ford retired the Model T in 1931, he sold the production mechanisms to Russia and American workers who knew how to operate the equipment were needed. Walter and Victor were promised work teaching Russian workers how to run the machines and assembly line. With that employment assurance, the brothers embarked on a three-year adventure, first bicycling through Europe, then working in the auto plant in Gorky, Russia where the unheated factories were often 30–40 degrees Fahrenheit below zero. He frequently wrote letters to the Moscow Daily News criticizing the many inefficiencies associated with how the communists operated the plants.[50]

After almost two years in Russia, the brothers travelled through Turkey, Iran, India, and China. After crossing the China Sea, they finished their Far East tour by bicycling throughout Japan. Finally, after being gone from home for almost three years, they found work for passage on the steamship President Harding to San Francisco and hurried back to Detroit where their brother Roy was already deeply involved with organizing autoworkers. Walter later stated the world tour taught him that "all people long for the same basic human goals of a job with some degree of security, greater opportunity for their children, and of course, freedom. We felt we could make a contribution by helping American workers build strong and democratic labor unions. That's why we went into the labor movement."[51]

United Automobile Workers

First victory against automobile companies

Upon returning from Europe to Detroit, Reuther hitchhiked to South Bend, Indiana to attend the second annual convention as a delegate of the fledgling UAW. Upon his return he became president of newly formed Local 174 on Detroit's west side and with brother Victor, led the first successful strike against the automotive giants at Kelsey Hayes, which supplied brake drums and wheels to Ford Motor Company. The main complaint was the speed-up of the assembly line was intolerable. Workers were losing limbs and even their own lives trying in vain to keep up with the ever-increasing speed of the assembly line. It was December 1936 when the workers pulled a surprise strike and sat down in the plant refusing to leave until management negotiated with their representative, Walter Reuther.[52]

When management tried to enter the plant to remove the machinery, thousands of sympathizers swarmed the sidewalks and blocked the doorways. Ford needed those brake drums and wheels badly and after 10 days of striking the sides settled. The first major UAW victory to unionize the auto factories was won. Upon Reuther's insistence, women won equal pay for equal work: 75 cents an hour. The speed-up of the assembly line was slowed down and the company could not fire a worker for joining the union. UAW Local 174's membership expanded from 200 before the strike to 35,000 within the next year.[53]

General Motors

In 1936, General Motors (GM) was the largest corporation in the world and headquartered in Flint, Michigan, about 60 miles north of Detroit. Reuther's brother, Roy, was already in Flint drawing up strategy plans and organizing workers to shut down the automaker until it would recognize the rights of the workers to unionize. The strike began on New Year's Eve, December 31, 1936 when the workers sat down in the plants and refused to leave. General Motors retaliated by turning off the heat in the plant.

In solidarity with the Flint strikers, Reuther led a strike at Detroit's Fleetwood Plant, where bodies were made for GM's luxury vehicle, the Cadillac. Support strikes were also called in Oakland, California, Pontiac, Michigan and St. Louis, Missouri. Autoworkers around the nation engaged in action in support of the Flint sit-down strikers.[54]

Back in Flint, the police tried to force the workers out of the plant in what became known as the "Battle of Bulls Run." Over a hundred policemen attacked the pickets with tear gas and bullets, sending thirteen workers to the hospital with gunshot wounds. Victor manned the sound car and encouraged the workers to fight back, which they did by sling-shotting door hinges from the factory roof and turning fire hoses on the police in the 16-degree Fahrenheit winter night. Victor and Genora Johnson, a leader of the Women's Brigade, took turns in the sound car exhorting the workers to stand their ground.

Michigan Governor, Frank Murphy, called in 2,000 members of the National Guard, not to force the workers out of the plants, but to keep the peace. After a brilliant move, the workers were able to gain control of the only plant in the country that made Chevrolet engines. Finally, 44 days later, General Motors was forced to recognize the worker's right to unionize and signed its first collective bargaining agreement with the fledgling UAW.[55]

The Flint Sit-Down Strike has become known as the Lexington and Valley Forge of American industrial unionism. Roy recalled, "When the boys came out of the plants, I never saw a night like that and perhaps will never see it again. I liken it to a country experiencing independence, families reunited for the first time since the strike began, kids hanging onto daddy with tears of joy and happiness. It was a sea of humanity in which fears were no longer on the minds of the workers."[56]

Chrysler

Chrysler was next on the list of the young UAW. In March 1937, 60,000 Chrysler workers went on strike. When police started roughing up pickets and strikers, over 150,000 citizens gathered at Detroit's downtown Cadillac Square where Reuther and others led them in protest. After a four-week strike, Chrysler followed General Motors lead and negotiated its first collective bargaining agreement with the UAW.[57]

Ford Motor Company

Henry Ford had stated that he would never allow his workers to unionize. His main enforcer was Harry Bennett, who led a 3,000 man Security Department for Ford Motor Company, whose mandate was to intimidate, beat, and fire any worker who showed signs of favoring unionization. In 1932, when workers marched out of the giant Ford River Rouge Complex in protest to the speed-up of the assembly lines, they were attacked by Bennett's armed men and 5 workers were shot dead and hundreds suffered injuries.[58]

Battle of the Overpass, May 26, 1937, Walter Reuther fifth from left, Richard Frankensteen sixth from left

Barely a month after the Chrysler signing, Reuther got permission from the City of Dearborn to pass out handbills titled, "Unionism, not Fordism" on public property at Gate Four of the giant Ford River Rouge Complex. As he and three other UAW leaders climbed the stairs to the bridge, they were attacked by Bennett's "enforcers" who severely beat them.[59]

Reuther was instantly surrounded by at least a dozen men, knocked to the ground, kicked and punched in the head and body, picked up 4 feet parallel to the ground then slammed to the concrete repeatedly, then thrown and kicked down 3 flights of stairs. The pummeling continued as 4 or 5 men beat him in and out of parked cars, until a streetcar arrived with union women to pass out leaflets and the thugs turned their attention to viciously attack them.[60]

Press photographers were attacked as well and their camera's confiscated but one camera was inconspicuously thrown into a convertible and the next day, the "Battle of the Overpass," was national news.

The beatings taken by the union organizers in the long run hurt Henry Ford more, as national sentiment turned against him. Time magazine published the photographs with descriptions of how the union men and women were mercilessly beaten by Henry Ford's paid thugs. Ford retaliated against Time, Life, and Fortune magazines by withdrawing all advertising.[61]

It took four more years, but finally, in 1941, Henry Ford signed his first agreement with the UAW. Shortly after, Henry Ford told Walter Reuther: "It was one of the most sensible things Harry Bennett ever did when he got the UAW into this plant." Reuther inquired, "What do you mean?" Ford replied, "Well, you've been fighting General Motors and the Wall Street crowd. Now you're in here and we've given you a union shop and more than you got out of them. That puts you on our side, doesn't it? We can fight General Motors and Wall Street together, eh?"[62]

In the 1950s, Reuther and Henry Ford II, CEO of Ford, toured a state-of-the-art engine plant in Cleveland. As they walked about the plant, Ford gestured to the cutting-edge, automated machines, saying, "Walter, how are you going to get these robots to pay union dues?" Without missing a beat, Reuther famously replied: "Henry, how are you going to get them to buy your cars?"[63]

"500 Planes a Day"

In 1940, in the midst of World War II, the United States was producing fighter planes to help the allies in their war against Hitler's aggression. The production was slow, inadequate, and threatening the security of the Allies. The US planned to construct new manufacturing plants specifically to produce more planes. That plan, however, would have taken two years to begin producing planes. The Allies did not have that time to spare. In response, Reuther proposed "to transform the entire unused capacity of the auto industry into one huge plane production unit capable of turning out 500 Planes a Day." After getting the support of workers, he publicly announced the "Reuther Plan: 500 Planes a Day," shortly before Christmas, 1940.[64] He said, during a national radio address on December 28, 1940:

In London they are huddled in the subways praying for aid from America. In America we are huddled over blueprints praying that Hitler will be obliging enough to postpone an "all out" attack on England for another two years until new plants finally begin to turn out engines and aircraft. We believe that without disturbing present aircraft plant production schedules we can supplement them by turning out 500 planes a day of a single standard fighting model by the use of idle automative capacity. . . . England's battles, it used to be said, were won on the playing fields of Eton. America's can be won on the assembly lines of Detroit. Give England planes and there will be no need to give her men.[65]

A week after receiving the plan, on December 30, 1940, President Roosevelt wrote William S. Knudsen, chairman of the War Production Board, "It is well worthwhile to give a good deal of attention to this (Reuther) program."[66] Three days later on January 2, 1941, Reuther met with President Roosevelt at the White House to discuss the possibility of implementing his plan for 500 Planes a Day.[67]

General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler all opposed the Reuther Plan because they wanted the government to build new plane and tank factories that could be sold to them at giveaway prices after the war.[68] They also disliked that labor had the audacity to stick their nose into production, which they felt was management's exclusive domain. Alfred P. Sloan, chairman of General Motors, scoffed at the idea, stating, "only about 10 to 15% of the machinery and equipment in an automobile factory can be utilized for the production of special defense material."[69]

After the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, many of Reuther's proposals were implemented. Detroit's automobile plants produced planes and tanks in mass volume and became known as the center of the Arsenal of Democracy, which gave the Allies a decisive advantage to win the war. By 1943, Chrysler President, K. T. Keller, reported that his company had converted 89% of its machine tools to wartime production, leading Washington Post publisher, Phil Graham, to state that meant Reuther was 89% right.[70] At the war's end, Fortune magazine wrote: "Reuther was right on track. Compared with many industrialists that sat back and hugged profits and the aimless agencies of Washington, the red-headed labor leader exhibited atomic spirit of action. He never let up."[71]

Elected UAW president

After the war ended in 1945, Reuther proved he would be a different type of labor leader when he led a strike challenging GM to increase workers wages by 30% without increasing the price of their new cars. Worker pay had been restricted during World War II and Reuther sought to get them a raise but not at the cost of increased inflation. Historically, when workers won a pay increase, the company would pass on the expense to their consumers. GM refused the pay increase and after a 113-day strike, the sides settled on an eighteen and a half cent hourly raise. Reuther's bold collective bargaining leadership in this strike catapulted him into the union's top position.[72]

On March 27, 1946, Reuther won the election and became the president of the UAW in a very close race, defeating incumbent UAW president R. J. Thomas by a mere 124 votes, out of almost 9,000 cast. The new UAW president pledged his vision of "a labor movement whose philosophy is to fight for the welfare of the public at large."[73] One of his first acts as president was to fight to integrate the American Bowling League, which had previously excluded black bowlers. He was a new kind of leader who viewed the labor movement as "an instrument for social change."[74]

Expelling Communism from organized labor

The following 18 months after Reuther's election win, bitter battles erupted inside the UAW as Communist-backers of R. J. Thomas had a two-thirds majority on the UAW's Executive Board. One observer noted, "The Commies threw everything but their hammer and sickle at Walter."[75] In November 1947, at the next UAW national convention, this time Reuther won the election overwhelming, severely weakening the Communist's hold on the union's leadership. Life magazine reported that Reuther's victory was "the biggest setback of all time for the Communists in the American Labor Movement."[76]

As president, Reuther next sought to remove officers from Communist-dominated unions within the CIO, leading Hubert Humphrey to write,"Communist infiltration of the CIO was a direct threat to the survival of all of our country's democratic institutions. The CIO's victory over the Communist party was a significant victory for our nation." In response, Trud, a Soviet newspaper, called Reuther a "traitor and strikebreaker" and a favorite of the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. The Republican Party called Reuther "the most dangerous man in America and a Communist."[77] Despite removing Communists from the labor movement, J. Edgar Hoover, Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, never stopped labeling Reuther a Communist for working in Russia and having early associations with Communists and Socialists. During World War II, J. Edgar Hoover considered subjecting Reuther, and his brother Victor and Roy, to custodial detention.[78]

In 1959, at the request of the United States Department of State, Reuther met with Soviet Premier Nikita Khruschev to discuss, among other things, capitalism versus communism, organized labor, and US-Russia relations. The meeting happened in San Francisco at the Mark Hopkins Hotel and was front-page international news.[79] Later when Khruschev met with President Kennedy at the Vienna Summit in 1961, he told Kennedy, "We hung the likes of Reuther in Russia in 1917."[80]

Collective bargaining

As president of the UAW, Reuther negotiated contracts that included unprecedented standard-of-living increases for automobile workers. Such increases include annual raises based on productivity advances, cost-of-living increases, supplementary unemployment benefits, early-retirement options, and health and welfare benefits.[81]

Walter Reuther (right) conferring with President Truman in the Oval Office, 1952

He employed a strategy called "pattern bargaining" against the Big Three automobile manufacturers, General Motors, Ford Motor Company, and Chrysler.[82] He would first target a company that seemed most likely to accept his bargaining objective. If that target company refused offer concessions, Reuther would threaten a strike to halt production at its plants only while allowing production operations at its competitors' plants to go uninterrupted. As a result, the target company would accept Reuther's demands to prevent its competitors form absorbing its sales and market share. Once he secured the initial agreement, he would use it as a pattern against the other automobile companies, threatening to strike if they too did not match the same terms to which the initial target company agreed. Reuther employed pattern bargaining to leverage competition among automobile manufacturers, maximize the influence of labor, and reduce the frequency of costly strikes.[82]

Reuther tried to negotiate lower automobile prices for consumers with each contract, with limited success.[83]

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Reuther strongly supported the war effort and refused to tolerate wildcat strikes that might disrupt munitions production. He worked for the War Manpower Commission, the Office of Production Management, and the War Production Board.[84] He led a 113-day strike against General Motors in 1945–1946; it only partially succeeded. He never received the power he wanted to inspect company books or have a say in management, but he achieved increasingly lucrative wage and benefits contracts.[85]

He became president of the CIO in 1952, and negotiated a merger with George Meany and the American Federation of Labor immediately after, which took effect in 1955. In 1949 he led the CIO delegation to the London conference that set up the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions in opposition to the communist-dominated World Federation of Trade Unions. He had left the Socialist Party in 1939, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s was a leading spokesman for liberal interests in the CIO and in the Democratic Party.[86]

Civil rights activism

Civil rights leaders with Vice President Johnson and Attorney General Robert Kennedy at the White House on June 22, 1963.

Reuther was a strong supporter of the African-American Civil Rights Movement.[6] He marched with King in Selma,[7] Birmingham,[8] Montgomery,[9] and Jackson[10][11] and when King and others were jailed in Birmingham, Alabama, and King authored his famous Letter from Birmingham Jail, Reuther arranged $160,000 for the protestors' release.[12] He also helped organize and finance the March on Washington on August 28, 1963, delivering remarks from the steps of the Lincoln Memorial shortly before King gave his historic "I Have a Dream" speech.[13][14] He served on the board of directors for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP).[15]

On the 25th anniversary of the UAW, King wrote a letter to Reuther, congratulating him on his successes and observing, "More than anyone else in America, you stand out as the shining symbol of democratic trade unionism."[87] Coretta Scott King later said,

Leaders of the March on Washington

Walter Reuther was to black people, the most widely known and respected white labor leader in the nation. He was there when the storm clouds were thick. We remember him in Montgomery. He was in Birmingham. He marched with us in Selma, and Jackson, Mississippi and in Washington. ... Only yesterday, there he was again in Charleston, South Carolina, the leader of a million and a half workers giving personal support to a strike of only 400 black women. ... He was a big man, so of course he had enemies and detractors. He had the courage to be with the minority when it was right. He was a simple man in his personal life, a rare quality in these flamboyant times ... but if his ways were simple, his ideas were grand. He aroused the imagination of millions.[88]

In the early 1930s, Reuther first challenged racism as a student at what is now Wayne State University. When a local hotel, which had agreed with the college to let students use its swimming pool, refused to let blacks swim, he organized a picket line. The protest surrounded the block. As a result, the hotel closed its pool to all students.[89]

Walk to Freedom, June 23, 1963

The Walk to Freedom was a mass march during the Civil Rights Movement on June 23, 1963 in Detroit, Michigan. The purpose of the demonstration was to protest racism, segregation, and the brutality inflicted upon civil rights activists in the South as well as the discrimination facing African-Americans in the North such as inequality in hiring, wages, education, and housing.[90] In some ways, it was considered a dress rehearsal for the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, which was scheduled for two months later.[91] An estimated 125,000 people attended and it was the largest civil rights demonstration in the nation's history up to that date.[92] Reuther mobilized support for the protest and donated office space at the UAW's headquarters Solidarity House for Martin Luther King, Jr. to organize the event.[93] Along with others, including King, Reuther marched down Woodward Avenue and delivered remarks afterwards at Cobo Hall.[94] It was there that King delivered his first version of his "I Have a Dream," speech, having penned it, at least partially, inside his office at Solidarity House.[95][96]

External audio
Complete radio coverage of the March on Washington, 8/28/1963, Educational Radio Network[97]
Walter Reuther's remarks begin at 40:40, 8/28/1963, Educational Radio Network[98]

March on Washington, August 28, 1963

Official program of March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom was held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963. The protest sought to advocate for the civil and economic rights of African Americans. Along with the Big Six and three white religious leaders, Reuther helped organize the march.[13][14] Originally, the march was planned to take place outside of the Capitol Building. Reuther, however, persuaded the other organizers to move the march to the Lincoln Memorial. He believed the Lincoln Memorial would be less threatening to Congress and the occasion would be more appropriate underneath the gaze of Abraham Lincoln's statute. The committee, notably Rustin, agreed to move the site on the condition that Reuther pay for a $19,000 sound system so that everyone on the National Mall could hear the speakers and musicians.[99]

Reuther and the UAW financed bus transportation for 5,000 of its rank-and-file members, providing the largest single contingent from any organization.[100] The UAW also paid for and brought thousands of signs for marchers to carry. Among other things, the signs read: "There Is No Halfway House on the Road to Freedom,"[101] "Equal Rights and Jobs NOW,"[102] "UAW Supports Freedom March,"[103] "in Freedom we are Born, in Freedom we must Live,"[104] and "Before we'll be a Slave, we'll be Buried in our Grave."[105]

Reuther was the most prominent white organizer scheduled to speak. In his remarks, on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial, he urged Americans to pressure their politicians to act to address racial injustices. He said:

Kennedy and Johnson with organizers of the "March on Washington" at the White House on August 28, 1963

American democracy is on trial in the eyes of the world… We cannot successfully preach democracy in the world unless we first practice democracy at home. American democracy will lack the moral credentials and be both unequal to and unworthy of leading the forces of freedom against the forces of tyranny unless we take bold, affirmative, adequate steps to bridge the moral gap between American democracy's noble promises and its ugly practices in the field of civil rights.[106]

According to Irving Bluestone, who was standing near the platform while Reuther delivered his remarks, he overheard two black women talking. One asked, "Who is that white man?" The other replied, "Don't you know him? That's the white Martin Luther King."[107] After the march, the civil rights leaders met with President Kennedy at the White House to discuss civil rights legislation.[108]

Cesar Chavez and the United Farm Workers

In December 1965, Reuther visited Cesar Chavez and the striking grape growers in Delano, California. Two months earlier, Reuther's brother and colleague, Roy, had visited the striking farmworkers. Upon returning from his visit, Roy urged Walter to support Chavez.[109] At that time, Chavez's struggle for workers' rights was little known to the American public, but Reuther's visit garnered national media attention, making it difficult for the growers to ignore the striking grape pickers. During the trip, Reuther marched with Chavez and his fellow strikers, carrying picket signs reading "Huelga." Reuther also spoke to packed union hall, declaring, "This is not your strike, this is our strike!" He pledged that the UAW would provide $7,500 per month to the United Farm Workers' strike fund for the duration of the strike.[110]

Upon returning to Detroit, Reuther contacted Senator Robert F. Kennedy, who was on the Senate Labor Committee, requesting that Kennedy visit Chavez in Delano to learn about and support the farmworkers. Kennedy obliged, ultimately becoming the most visible supporter of the farmworkers' movement.[111] Reuther visited Chavez many times, including once during Chavez's hunger strike. During that visit, Reuther made a $50,000 donation to Chavez's struggle to which Chavez said, "Walter, you have given me great confidence." Reuther replied, "You will prevail for your cause is just."[112] In honor of the Reuther brothers' early and sustained support, the United Farm Workers named a building at their Delano headquarters the "Roy Reuther Administration Building."[113]

Assassination attempts

In 1938, gunmen barged into Reuther's apartment in an attempt to kidnap and murder the labor leader. The criminals were thwarted by a small group of Reuther friends and relatives. Nobody was injured.[114]

Eleanor Roosevelt, Bessie Hillman, Jacob Potofsky, and Walter Reuther in New York City, January 7, 1957.

On April 20, 1948, Reuther barely survived a double-barrel shotgun blast that ripped through his kitchen window. As the gunshot went off, Reuther happened to turn toward his wife, and was hit in his right arm instead of the chest and heart.[115] Four slugs of the type used to kill large game had shattered his right arm into 150 pieces of bone. Another slug pierced his back and exited out his stomach. As doctors fought to save his life, he became infected with malaria and hepatitis from blood transfusions. Through months of therapy, he regained partial use of his right arm, but for the rest of his life had to train himself to write and shake with his left hand.[116] When Attorney General, Tom Clark, requested J. Edgar Hoover to get the FBI to investigate the shooting, Hoover refused, stating, "I'm not going to send in the FBI every time some nigger woman gets raped."[117][43] The shooting was never solved.

Thirteen months after the attack, Reuther's brother Victor was almost killed by a similar shooting from a double-barrel shotgun. The blast traveled through his living room window and hit him in the face, throat, and chest. Victor's right eye had been shot out and had to be removed.[118] Victor said, "The attack on me was a way of serving notice to Walter. 'We didn't get you yet, but we're still around.'"[119] The shooting of Victor was also never solved.[120][121]

In the wake of both shootings, Eleanor Roosevelt wrote: "It seems unthinkable that the police have never been able to discover who shot Walter Reuther and because of that, in all probability, the same person perhaps has felt he could get away with shooting another brother. . . . [W]e have a right to protect men who are working in the interests of their fellow men."[122]

Death

On May 9, 1970, Walter Reuther, his wife May, architect Oscar Stonorov, Reuther's bodyguard William Wolfman, the pilot and co-pilot were killed when their chartered Gates Learjet 23 crashed in flames at 9:33 p.m. Eastern Time. The plane, arriving from Detroit in rain and fog, was on final approach to Pellston Regional Airport in Pellston, Michigan, near the UAW's recreational and educational facility at Black Lake, Michigan.[123][124] The National Transportation Safety Board discovered that the plane's altimeter was missing parts, some incorrect parts were installed, and one of its parts had been installed upside down,[125] leading some to speculate that Reuther may have been murdered.[126] Reuther had been subjected earlier to two attempted assassinations.

Honors and awards

Walter P. Reuther Library, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan

Monuments

Walter P. Reuther Freeway

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Hall of Honor Inductee: Walter P. Reuther". United States Department of Labor. 2015-12-09. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  2. ↑ "Walter P. Reuther". reuther100.wayne.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-25.
  3. ↑ "Walter Reuther | AFL-CIO". aflcio.org. Retrieved 2018-03-01.
  4. ↑ Steven., Greenhouse, (2009). The big squeeze : tough times for the American worker (1st Anchor books ed.). New York: Anchor Books. p. 243. ISBN 9781400096527. OCLC 232980386.
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  18. 1 2 "Labor and environmentalists have been teaming up since the first Earth Day". Grist. 2010-04-22. Retrieved 2018-02-24.
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  20. ↑ Halberstam, David (1986). The reckoning (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. p. 345. ISBN 9780688048389. OCLC 13861133.
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  22. ↑ Cosgrove, Ben. "Head to Head: JFK and RFK, Los Angeles, July 1960". Time. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  23. ↑ 1943–, Carew, Anthony, (1993). Walter Reuther. Manchester: Manchester University Press. p. 101. ISBN 9780719021886. OCLC 27676666.
  24. ↑ "The Stanford Daily 7 April 1964 — The Stanford Daily". stanforddailyarchive.com. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  25. ↑ 1960–, Boyle, Kevin, (1995). The UAW and the heyday of American liberalism, 1945–1968. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 144. ISBN 9780801485381. OCLC 32626436.
  26. ↑ Boyle, Kevin (2014-05-15). "'An Idea Whose Time Has Come' and 'The Bill of the Century'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  27. 1 2 1948–, Dreier, Peter, (2012). The 100 greatest Americans of the 20th century : a social justice hall of fame. New York: Nation Books. p. 235. ISBN 9781568586816. OCLC 701015405.
  28. ↑ 1948-, Dreier, Peter, (2012). The 100 greatest Americans of the 20th century : a social justice hall of fame. New York: Nation Books. p. 235. ISBN 9781568586816. OCLC 701015405.
  29. ↑ "Social Security History". www.ssa.gov. Retrieved 2018-03-08.
  30. ↑ Reuther., Dickmeyer, Elisabeth (2004). Putting the world together : my father Walter Reuther, the liberal warrior. Lake Orion, Mich.: LivingForce Pub. p. 248. ISBN 9780975379219. OCLC 57172289.
  31. ↑ Frank., Cormier, (1970). Reuther. Eaton, William J.,. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,: Prentice-Hall. p. 376. ISBN 9780137793143. OCLC 91809.
  32. ↑ Krugman, Paul R. (2007). The conscience of a liberal (1st ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Co. p. 111. ISBN 9780393333138. OCLC 154706837.
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  34. ↑ "TIME 100 Persons of The Century". Time. 1999-06-06. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2018-02-22.
  35. ↑ "William J. Clinton: Remarks on Presenting the Presidential Medal of Freedom". www.presidency.ucsb.edu. Retrieved 2018-02-26.
  36. ↑ Reuther., Dickmeyer, Elisabeth (2004). Putting the world together : my father Walter Reuther, the liberal warrior. Lake Orion, Mich.: LivingForce Pub. p. 88. ISBN 9780975379219. OCLC 57172289.
  37. ↑ "Congressional Record, House of Representatives, Statement by Irving Bluestone" (PDF). U.S. Government Publishing Office. June 29, 1970. p. 21886. Retrieved March 4, 2018.
  38. ↑ 1948–, Dreier, Peter, (2012). The 100 greatest Americans of the 20th century : a social justice hall of fame. New York: Nation Books. p. 234. ISBN 9781568586816. OCLC 701015405.
  39. ↑ http://www.biography.com/people/walter-reuther-21402271
  40. ↑ Reuther., Dickmeyer, Elisabeth (2004). Putting the world together : my father Walter Reuther, the liberal warrior. Lake Orion, Mich.: LivingForce Pub. p. 14. ISBN 9780975379219. OCLC 57172289.
  41. ↑ Reuther, Victor G. (1978). The brothers Reuther and the story of the UAW : a memoir (UAW special ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 36–37. ISBN 9780395275153. OCLC 26295254.
  42. ↑ "Walter P. Reuther". reuther100.wayne.edu. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  43. 1 2 Raskin, A. H. (1976-06-13). "The Brothers Reuther". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-03-18.
  44. 1 2 Halberstam, David (1986). The reckoning (1st ed.). New York: Morrow. p. 339. ISBN 9780688048389. OCLC 13861133.
  45. ↑ Reuther., Dickmeyer, Elisabeth (2004). Putting the world together : my father Walter Reuther, the liberal warrior. Lake Orion, Mich.: LivingForce Pub. p. 18. ISBN 9780975379219. OCLC 57172289.
  46. ↑ JAMES., TENEYCK, (2016). LIFE AND TIMES OF WALTER REUTHER. [S.l.]: PAGE PUBLISHING, INC. p. 264. ISBN 9781683482086. OCLC 975986306.
  47. ↑ Reuther, Victor G (1978). The brothers Reuther and the story of the UAW : a memoir (UAW special ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 46–48. ISBN 9780395275153. OCLC 26295254.
  48. ↑ Nelson., Lichtenstein, (1995). The most dangerous man in Detroit : Walter Reuther and the fate of American labor. New York, NY: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465090808. OCLC 32468620.
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  50. ↑ Reuther, Victor G. (1978). The brothers Reuther and the story of the UAW : a memoir (UAW special ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. pp. 88–103. ISBN 9780395275153. OCLC 26295254.
  51. ↑ Reuther., Dickmeyer, Elisabeth (2004). Putting the world together : my father Walter Reuther, the liberal warrior. Lake Orion, Mich.: LivingForce Pub. p. 34. ISBN 9780975379219. OCLC 57172289.
  52. ↑ Frank., Cormier, (1970). Reuther. Eaton, William J.,. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.,: Prentice-Hall. pp. 70–73. ISBN 9780137793143. OCLC 91809.
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  54. ↑ Reuther, Victor G. (1978). The brothers Reuther and the story of the UAW : a memoir (UAW special ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 150. ISBN 9780395275153. OCLC 26295254.
  55. ↑ Reuther, Victor G. (1978). The brothers Reuther and the story of the UAW : a memoir (UAW special ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780395275153. OCLC 26295254.
  56. ↑ Reuther., Dickmeyer, Elisabeth (2004). Putting the world together : my father Walter Reuther, the liberal warrior. Lake Orion, Mich.: LivingForce Pub. p. 51. ISBN 9780975379219. OCLC 57172289.
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  58. ↑ JAMES., TENEYCK, (2016). LIFE AND TIMES OF WALTER REUTHER. [S.l.]: PAGE PUBLISHING, INC. p. 212. ISBN 9781683482086. OCLC 975986306.
  59. ↑ JAMES., TENEYCK, (2016). LIFE AND TIMES OF WALTER REUTHER. [S.l.]: PAGE PUBLISHING, INC. pp. 214–216. ISBN 9781683482086. OCLC 975986306.
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Bibliography

Secondary sources:

  • Barnard, John. American Vanguard: The United Auto Workers during the Reuther Years, 1935–1970. Wayne State U. Press, 2004. 607 pp.
  • Boyle, Kevin. The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968 (1995)
  • Brattain, Michelle. "Reuther, Walter Philip"; American National Biography Online Feb. 2000 Access Mar 21 2015
  • Carew, Anthony. Walter Reuther (1993)
  • Kempton, Murray. "The Reuther Brothers" in Part of Our Time: Some Ruins and Monuments of the Thirties (1955, repr. 1998, repr. 2004)
  • Kornhauser, Arthur et al. When Labor Votes: A Study of Auto Workers (1956)
  • Goode, Bill. Infighting in the UAW: The 1946 Election and the Ascendancy of Walter Reuther (1994)
  • Parenti, Michael and Peggy Norton. The Wonderful Life and Strange Death of Walter Reuther (1996)
  • Zieger, Robert H. The CIO, 1935–1955 (1995)
  • Reuther, Sasha, Brothers on the Line, Documentary (2012)

Primary sources:

  • The Walter P. Reuther Library, Archives of Labor and Urban Affairs on the campus of Wayne State University contains numerous collections related to Walter Reuther, most notably the UAW President's Office: Walter P. Reuther Files, which "reflect all phases of his career as president, UAW West Side Local 174 (1936); UAW Executive Board member (1936); director, UAW General Motors Department (1939–48); UAW vice-president (1942–46); UAW president (1946–70); president, ClO (1952–55); vice-president, AFL-CIO (1955–67); and president, AFL-CIO Industrial Union Department (1955–67)."
  • Christman, Henry M. ed. Walter P. Reuther: Selected Papers (1961)
  • Reuther, Victor "The Brothers Reuther and The Story of the UAW: A Memoir" (1976)
Preceded by
R. J. Thomas		 President, United Auto Workers
1946–1970		 Succeeded by
Leonard Woodcock
Preceded by
Philip Murray		 President, Congress of Industrial Organizations
1952–1955		 Succeeded by
Office abolished
(The merged AFL-CIO was led by George Meany.)
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