W. Eugene Smith

W. Eugene Smith
Smith and wife Aileen M. Smith, 1974
Born	(1918-12-30)December 30, 1918 Wichita, Kansas
Died	October 15, 1978(1978-10-15) (aged 59) Tucson, Arizona, USA
Occupation	Photojournalist

William Eugene Smith (December 30, 1918 – October 15, 1978) was an American photojournalist, who has been described as "perhaps the single most important American photographer in the development of the editorial photo essay."^[1] His major photo essays include World War II photographs, the dedication of an American country doctor and a nurse midwife, the clinic of Dr Schweitzer in French Equatorial Africa, the city of Pittsburgh, and the pollution which damaged the health of the residents of Minamata in Japan.^[2] His 1948 series, Country Doctor, photographed for Life magazine is now recognised as "the first extended editorial photo story".^[1]

Life and early work

William Smith was born in Wichita, Kansas in December 1918. Smith graduated from Wichita North High School in 1936. He began his career by taking pictures for two local newspapers, The Wichita Eagle (morning circulation) and the Beacon (evening circulation). Smith moved to New York City and by 1938 he had begun to work for Newsweek. He became known there for his incessant perfectionism and thorny personality and eventually Smith was fired from Newsweek. He later explained that Newsweek wanted him to work with larger format negatives, but he refused to abandon the 35mm Contax camera he preferred to work with.^[3] Smith began to work for Life magazine in 1939, quickly building a strong relationship with then picture editor Wilson Hicks.^[4]

War work

A Japanese freighter in Truk Atoll is hit by a torpedo dropped by a U.S. aeroplane in 1944. By Smith.

As a correspondent for Ziff-Davis Publishing, and then at Life, Smith took photos on the front lines in the Pacific theater of World War II. He was with the American forces during their island-hopping offensive against Japan, photographing U.S. Marines and Japanese prisoners of war at Saipan, Guam, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa. In 1945, Smith was seriously injured by mortar fire while photographing the Battle of Okinawa.

In 1946, he took his first photograph since being injured: a picture of his two children walking in the garden of his home in Tuckahoe, New York, which he titled The Walk to Pardise Garden. The photograph became enormously famous when Edward Steichen used it as one of the key images in the exhibition The Family of Man, which Steichen curated in 1955.^[5] After spending two years undergoing surgery, Smith continued to work at Life until 1954.^[6]

1950s

In 1950, Smith was sent to the UK to cover the General Election, in which the Labour Party, under Clement Attlee, was elected with a tiny majority. Life had taken an editorial stance against the Labour government. In the end, a limited number of Smith's photographs of British working class people were published, including three shots of the South Wales Valleys. In a documentary made by BBC Wales, Dai Smith traced a miner who described how he and two colleagues had met Smith on their way home from work at the pit and had been instructed on how to pose for one of the photographs published in Life.

Between 1948 and 1954 Smith photographed for Life magazine a series of photo essays with a humanist perspective which laid the basis of modern photojournalism, and which were, in the estimate of Encyclopædia Britannica, "characterized by a strong sense of empathy and social conscience."^[7]

In August 1948 Smith photographed Dr. Ernest Ceriani in the town of Kremmling, Colorado, for several weeks, covering the doctor's arduous work in a thinly populated western environment, grappling with life and death situations. (One of the most vivid images shows Ceriani looking exhausted in a kitchen, having performed a Caesarean section during which both mother and baby died.)^[1] The essay Country Doctor was published by Life on September 20, 1948.^[8] It has been described by Sean O'Hagan as "the first extended editorial photo story".^[1]

Smith spent a month in Spain in 1950, photographing the village of Deleitosa, Extramadura, focusing on themes of rural poverty.^[9] Smith attracted the suspicion of the local Guardia Civil, until he finally made an abrupt exit across the border to France. A Spanish Village was published in Life on April 9, 1951 to great acclaim. Ansel Adams wrote Smith a letter of praise, which Smith carried in his pocket for three years, unable to write a reply.^[9]

In 1951, Smith persuaded Life editor Edward Thompson to let him do a photo-journalistic profile of Maude E. Callen, a black nurse midwife working in rural South Carolina. For weeks Smith accompanied Callen on her exhausting schedule, rising before dawn and working into the evening. The essay Nurse Midwife was published in Life on December 3, 1951.^[10] It was well received and resulted in thousands of dollars in donations to create the Maude Callen Clinic, which opened in Pineville, South Carolina in May 1953, with Smith present at the ceremony.^[10][11]

In 1954, Smith photographed an extensive photo-essay about the work Albert Schweitzer at his clinic at Lambaréné in Gabon, West Africa.^[12] It was later revealed that one of his most famous images had been extensively manipulated.^[13] Smith made many layouts of his Schweitzer pictures which he submitted to Life, but the final layout of the story published on November 15, 1954, entitled A Man of Mercy, enraged Smith because editor Edward Thompson used fewer pictures than Smith wanted, and Smith thought the layout crude.^[14] He immediately resigned from Life in November 1954.^[14]

After leaving Life magazine, Smith joined the Magnum Photos agency in 1955. There he was commissioned by Stefan Lorant to produce a photographic profile of the city of Pittsburgh. The project was supposed to take him a month and to produce 100 images. It ended up occupying more than two years and producing 13,000 photographic negatives. The intended book was never delivered to Lorant, and Smith's obsessive work was bailed out by money from Magnum, causing strain between Smith and the photo-journalist collective.^[15]

Jazz Loft Project

From 1957 to 1965 Smith took photographs and made recordings of jazz musicians playing at a Manhattan loft shared by David X. Young, Dick Cary, and Hall Overton. The Jazz Loft Project, devoted to preserving and cataloging the works of Smith, is directed by Sam Stephenson at the Center for Documentary Studies at Duke University in cooperation with Center for Creative Photography (CCP, part of the University of Arizona) and the Smith estate.^[16][17] From 1957 to 1965, Smith made approximately 4,000 hours of recordings on 1,740 reel to reel tapes^[18] and nearly 40,000 photographs in a loft building in Manhattan's wholesale flower district where major jazz musicians of the day gathered and played their music. The tapes have not been played since they were archived at the CCP,^[19] following Smith's death in 1978.^{[n 1]}

The tapes also contain many Smith interests, such as recorded street noise in the flower district, late-night radio talk shows, telephone calls, television and radio news programs, and many random loft dialogues among musicians, artists, and other Smith friends and associates.

Japan and Minamata

Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath (1971) by Smith.

Smith and his wife of Japanese origin, Aileen M. Smith, lived in Minamata, both a fishing village and a "one company" industrial city in Kumamoto Prefecture, Japan from 1971 to 1973. There they created a long-term photo-essay on Minamata disease, the effects of mercury poisoning caused by a Chisso factory discharging heavy metals into water sources around Minamata.

In January 1972, Smith was attacked by Chisso Company employees near Tokyo, in an attempt to stop him from further publicizing the effects of Minamata disease to the world.^[20] Smith survived the attack, but with limited vision in one eye.^[21] During the time Smith was not able to work due to his injuries, Aileen continued the work.

The essay was published in 1975 as "'Minamata', Words and Photographs by W.E. Smith and A.M. Smith." Its centerpiece photograph and one of his most famous works, Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath, taken in December 1971, and published a few months after the 1972 attack, drew worldwide attention to the effects of Minamata disease.^{[n 2]} The photograph depicts a mother cradling her severely deformed, naked daughter in a traditional Japanese bathing chamber. This has been withdrawn from circulation in accordance with the parents' wishes.^[22] The photograph was the centerpiece of a Minamata disease exhibition held in Tokyo, in 1974.^[23]

Move to Arizona and death

Smith returned from his stay in Minamata, Japan, in November 1974, and, after completing the Minamata book, he moved to a studio in New York City with a new partner, Sherry Suris. Smith's friends were alarmed by his deteriorating health and arranged for him to join the teaching faculty of the Art Department and Department of Journalism at the University of Arizona.^[24] Smith and Suris moved to Tucson, Arizona in November 1977. On 23 December 1977, Smith suffered a massive stroke, but made a partial recovery and continued to teach and organize his archive. Smith suffered a second stroke and died on October 15, 1978. He was cremated and his ashes interred in Crum Elbow Rural Cemetery, Hyde Park, New York.^[25]

Legacy

Summarizing Smith's achievements, Ben Maddow wrote that Smith claimed that his vocation was

"to do nothing less than record, by word and photograph, the human condition. No one could really succeed at such a job: yet Smith almost did. During his relatively brief and often painful life, he created at least fifty images so powerful that they have changed the perception of our history.^[26]

Writing in The Guardian in 2017, Sean O'Hagan described Smith as "perhaps the single most important American photographer in the development of the editorial photo essay."^[1]

According to the International Center of Photography, "Smith is credited with the developing the photo essay to its ultimate form. He was an exacting printer, and the combination of innovation, integrity, and technical mastery in his photography made his work the standard by which photojournalism was measured for many years."^[27]

Notable photographs and photo-essays

One of Smith's photographs of a victim of Minamata disease, 1971.

• 1944 photograph^[31] in which a wounded infant is found by an American soldier on Saipan.
• 1945 photograph in which Marines blow up a Japanese cave on Iwo Jima, published on the cover of Life, April 9, 1945.
• "The Walk to Paradise Garden" (1946) – single photograph of his two children walking hand in hand towards a clearing in woods. It was the closing image in the 1955 Museum of Modern Art exhibition, The Family of Man,^[32] organized by Edward Steichen with 503 photographs, by 273 photographers from 68 countries.
• "Country Doctor"^[33] (1948) – photo essay on Ernest Ceriani in the small Colorado town of Kremmling. It was described by Sean O'Hagan as "the first extended editorial photo story".^[1]
• Spanish Village (1950) – photo essay on the small Spanish town of Deleitosa.
• "Nurse Midwife" (1951) – photo essay on midwife Maude E. Callen in South Carolina.^[10][11]
• A Man of Mercy (1954) – photo essay on Albert Schweitzer and his humanitarian work in French Equatorial Africa.
• "Pittsburgh" (1955–1958) – three-year-long project on the city, hired initially by photo editor Stefan Lorant for a three-week assignment.
• Haiti 1958–1959 – photo essay on a psychiatric institute in Haiti.^[34]
• "Tomoko Uemura in Her Bath" (1971) – the centerpiece photograph in Minamata, a long-term photo essay on Minamata disease. The photograph depicts a mother cradling her severely deformed, naked daughter in a traditional Japanese bathing chamber.^[23]

Publications

Films

• W. Eugene Smith: Photography Made Difficult (Home Vision, 1989) – 87 minutes. Produced by Kirk Morris, directed by Gene Lasko and written by Jan Hartman. ISBN 9780780007680. Originally broadcast as a segment of American Masters.

See also

• List of street photographers

Notes

References

External links

• Magnum Photos: W Eugene Smith
• W. Eugene Smith Fund
• The Jazz Loft Project