Venezuelan diaspora

Venezuelan diaspora
Map showing the countries with the largest Venezuelan population around the world.
Location
Cause Social issues, political repression, crime, economic downturn, corruption, censorship and others.[17][18][19]

The Venezuelan diaspora includes ethnic Venezuelans living outside Venezuela. In times of economic and political crisis, Venezuelans have often fled abroad to establish a more sustainable life.

History

19th century

In 1827, a group of Jews moved from Curaçao and settled in Coro, Venezuela.[20] In 1855, rioting in the area forced the entire Jewish population, 168 individuals, back to Curaçao.[20] Assimilation of Jews in Venezuela was difficult, though small communities could be found in Puerto Cabello, Villa de Cura, Carupano, Rio Chico, Maracaibo, and Barquisimeto.[20]

20th century

During World War II, the Venezuelan government broke relations with the Axis powers in 1942, with many groups consisting of hundreds of German-Venezuelans leaving Venezuela to be repatriated into Nazi Germany.[21]

In the early 1980s, Venezuela had invested much into the country's infrastructure and communications, though by the mid-1980s when Venezuela faced economic difficulties and inequality increased, some Venezuelans emigrated.[22] Again, at the peak of Venezuela's socioeconomic difficulties in the late 1990s, Venezuelans began to emigrate once more, with some attempting to enter the United States legally and illegally.[23]

21st century

Bolivarian diaspora

Venezuelan emigrants often take selfies on the Carlos Cruz-Diez designed tiles of Maiquetia International Airport before leaving their native country.[24]

Following the Bolivarian Revolution, many Venezuelans have sought residence in other countries. According to Newsweek, the "Bolivarian diaspora is a reversal of fortune on a massive scale" where the reversal is a comparison to when in the 20th century, "Venezuela was a haven for immigrants fleeing Old World repression and intolerance".[18] El Universal explains how the "Bolivarian diaspora" in Venezuela has been caused by the "deterioration of both the economy and the social fabric, rampant crime, uncertainty and lack of hope for a change in leadership in the near future".[17]

In 1998, the year Chavez was first elected, only 14 Venezuelans were granted U.S. asylum. In just 12 months in September 1999, 1,086 Venezuelans were granted asylum according to the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.[25] It has been calculated that from 1998 to 2013, over 1.5 million Venezuelans, between 4% and 6% of the Venezuela's total population, left the country following the Bolivarian Revolution.[26] Many of former Venezuelan citizens studied gave reasons for leaving Venezuela that included lacking of freedom, high levels of insecurity and lacking opportunity in the country.[26][27] It has also been stated that some parents in Venezuela encourage their children to leave the country in protection of their children due to the insecurities Venezuelans face.[27][28] This has led to human capital flight occurring in Venezuela.[17][26][29]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Otis, John; Graham-Harrison, Emma; Fishwick, Carmen (9 February 2018). "Colombia and Brazil clamp down on borders as Venezuela crisis spurs exodus". The Guardian. Retrieved 16 February 2018. with illegal migration included, officials believe more than 1 million Venezuelans have moved to Colombia since ... 2015
  2. ↑ Leon, Adriana (19 October 2017). "Driven by unrest and violence, Venezuelans are fleeing their country by the thousands". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  3. ↑ Eluniversal.com
  4. ↑ "Eurodiputados piden ayuda de emergencia por crisis migratoria en Venezuela". La Patilla (in Spanish). 3 July 2018. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  5. ↑ Arostegui, Martin (18 February 2018). "Spain Has Pivotal Role in Pressuring Venezuela's Maduro". Voice of America. Retrieved 19 February 2018.
  6. ↑ "Venezuela Situation Update, November 2017". UN High Commissioner for Refugees. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  7. ↑ News, 26 September (4 September 2009). "Chavez tells Israelis to disobey 'genocidal' govt". 26 September News. Retrieved 15 January 2017.
  8. ↑ "Venezuela Anti-U.S. Revolt Collapses in Poverty, Mass Migration". Bloomberg. 14 April 2018. Retrieved 15 April 2018.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Últimas Noticias (2014), Venezolanos en el exterior
  10. ↑
  11. ↑ "Argentina es la nueva Miami de América Latina para los venezolanos". El Nacional (in Spanish). 5 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 "United Nations Population Division: Department of Economic and Social Affairs". United Nations Population Division. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  13. ↑ "¿ Cuántos venezolanos hay en Canadá y en Québec?". Archived from the original on 2007-11-21. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  14. ↑
  15. ↑ "Más de 3.000 venezolanos obtuvieron su residencia en Uruguay en 2017". El Nacional (in Spanish). 9 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  16. ↑ Approximate of Venezuelans living in Japan
  17. 1 2 3 Olivares, Francisco (13 September 2014). "Best and brightest for export". El Universal. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  18. 1 2 "Hugo Chavez is Scaring Away Talent". Newsweek. 30 June 2009. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
  19. ↑ "Ten percent of Venezuelans are taking steps for emigrating". El Universal. 16 August 2014. Retrieved 26 April 2015.
  20. 1 2 3 Krusch, David. "The Virtual Jewish World: Venezuela". Jewish Virtual Library. American–Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. Retrieved 15 January 2015.
  21. ↑ "More Germans Quit Venezuela: Page 22". The New York Times. 27 December 1942.
  22. ↑ Jones, Richard C, (April 1982). "Regional Income Inequalities and Government Investment in Venezuela". Regional Income Inequalities and the Journal of Developing Areas. 16 (3): 373.
  23. ↑ Paulin, David (6 April 1997). "Venezulans in US fleeing poverty: Rising crime, inflation spur emigration: A, 10:3". The Boston Globe.
  24. ↑ Casey, Nicholas (5 January 2016). "Arriving in Venezuela and Taking a Selfie, as Many of My Peers Depart". The New York Times. Retrieved 14 January 2016.
  25. ↑ Brown, Tom (16 July 2007). "Venezuelans, fleeing Chavez, seek U.S. safety net". Reuters. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  26. 1 2 3 Maria Delgado, Antonio (28 August 2014). "Venezuela agobiada por la fuga masiva de cerebros". El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  27. 1 2 "El 90% de los venezolanos que se van tienen formación universitaria". El Impulso. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 28 August 2014.
  28. ↑ Montilla K., Andrea (4 July 2014). "Liceístas pasan de grado sin cursar varias materias". El Nacional. Archived from the original on 4 July 2014. Retrieved 9 July 2014.
  29. ↑ http://www.analitica.com/opinion/opinion-internacional/venezuela-migraciones-y-desplazamientos-humanos/
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