Timeline of the Principality of Antioch

The timeline of the Principality of Antioch is a chronological list of events of the history of the Principality of Antioch (a crusader state in northern Syria).

Background

867

869

  • Late. Pope Adrian II achieves the denunciation of Photios at a council of the Byzantine prelates.[3]

969

  • October. The Byzantines re-capture Antioch that they lost to the Arabs in 637.[4]

1016

1017

1046

  • Robert Guiscard—a younger son of a petty Normandian baron—settles in southern Italy.[7]

1050s

  • The Normans introduce Latin practices in the Greek churches in southern Italy.[8][9]

1052

1059

1054

1071

1070s

1078

1081

  • Early. Robert Guiscard sends his eldest son, Bohemond, to make preparations for his invasion of the Byzantine Empire.[17]

1082

  • February 21. Robert Guiscard captures Dyrrachium (now Durrës in Albania) in the Byzantine Empire.[18]

1083

  • Summer. The Byzantines and the Venetians chase the Normans from Dyrrachium.[19][20]

c. 1084

1085

1095

1096

  • September. Bohemond assists Roger Borsa in besieging Amalfi, but he abandons the siege as soon as he is informed of the crusade.[28][29]
  • October 26. Bohemond departs from Bari, accompanied by hundreds of Norman warriors, including his nephew, Tancred.[30][31]

1097

  • January–February. Clashes between Bohemond's troops and Byzantine communities during Bohemond's march towards Constantinople on the Via Egnatia.[32]
  • April 22. Bohemond cannot convince Alexios I to appoint him as the supreme commander of the crusader army, but he swears allegiance to the Emperor, also promising to return all former Byzantine territories to him.[30][33]
  • April 26. Bohemond's army crosses the Bosporus into Asia Minor.[30]
  • May 14. The crusaders lay siege to Nicaea (now Iznik in Turkey) only after Bohemond's army reaches the town.[34]
  • June 19. The Seljuk garrison of Nicaea surrenders to Alexios I's representatives. They do not allow the crusaders to enter the town, but distribute money among them.[35]
  • July 1. Battle of Dorylaeum: the crusaders route the army of the Seljuk sultan of Rum, Kilij Arslan I.[27][36]
  • September 14. Tancred and Baldwin of Boulogne leave the main crusader army to launch a military campaign in Cilicia.[37]
  • September 21. Tancred defeats the Seljuk garrison of Tarsus and starts negotiations about their surrender.[38][39]
  • September 22. Baldwin reaches Tarsus and talks the Seljuks into allowing his troops to enter the town. Outnumbered by Baldwin's troops, Tancred leaves Tarsus without resistance.[40]
  • Late September. The Armenian ruler of Adana, Oshin, provides Tancred with 200 Armenian troops. As soon as Tancred reaches Mamistra, the Seljuk garrison fleds the town and the local Armenians acknowledge Tancred as their ruler. Baldwin arrives at Mamistra and the two crusader armies clash near the town. Tancred puts a garrison in Mamistra before leaving Cilicia through the Belen Pass and joins the main crusader army.[41]
  • c. October 15. The crusader leaders decide to lay siege Antioch without waiting for further reinforcements. Taking advantage of the crusaders' presence, the local Armenians expel the Seljuk garrison from Artah. Raymond IV captures fortresses in the plains along the Orontes River. An English fleet in Byzantine service seizes Latakia.[42][43]
  • October 16. The governor of Antioch, Yağısıyan expels the Christians from the town. He sends envoys to the Seljuk rulers of Aleppo, Damascus and Mosul, seeking their assistance.[30][44][45]
  • October 21. The crusaders lay siege to Antioch.[38]
  • November. A Genoese fleet arrives at St Symeon.[46]
  • December 31. Duqaq, the Seljuk ruler of Damascus leads relieving forces to Antioch, but Bohemond and Robert II, Count of Flanders force him to retreat.[47][48]

1098

  • c. January 31. The Byzantine general, Tatikios, leaves the crusader camp at Antioch. The crusaders regard his departure as a betrayal.[49][50]
  • February 9. Battle of the Lake of Antioch: Bohemond, Robert II and Stephen, Count of Blois defeat the relieving army of Ridwan, the Seljuk ruler of Aleppo. The crusaders capture Harim.[51][52][53]
  • March 4. English ships arrive at St Symeon.[46]
  • March 7. Yağısıyan's troops attack the crusaders across the Iron Gate on the Orontes River, but the crusaders annihilate them.[54]
  • April–May. Secret negotiations between Bohemond and a wealthy burgher of Antioch, Firouz, who is willing to give the crusaders access to the town.[55]
  • May 4–25. Kerbogha, the atabeg (or regent) of Mosul, besieges Baldwin of Boulogne at Edessa during his march towards Antioch.[56][57]
  • May 29. The crusader leaders accept Bohemond's claim to rule Antioch if he achieves the surrender of the town.[58]
  • June 3. Bohemond's troops enter Antioch with Firouz's assistance and the crusaders capture the town. Yağısıyan's son, Shams ad-Daulah, resists them in the citadel.[59][60]
  • June 4. Kerbogha's army reaches Antioch and lays siege to the town.[56]
  • June 10. Crusaders start fleeing from Antioch because of starvation and fear.[61]
  • June 14. A Provençal visionary, Peter Bartholomew, claims to have miraculously found the Holy Lance in the Church of Saint Peter. The discovery of the alleged relic raises the crusaders' morale.[62]
  • c. June 15. Alexios I abandons his campaign towards Antioch after Stephen of Blois, who deserted the crusaders' camp, informs him about the crusaders' desperate situation.[63]
  • June 25. The crusaders elect Bohemond as commander-in-chief.[64]
  • June 28. The crusaders break out of Antioch and route Kerbogha's troops, forcing him to abandon the siege. Shams ad-Daulah surrenders the citadel to the crusaders.[65][66]

Crusader state

Establishment

1098

  • Early July. The crusader leaders send Hugh, Count of Vermandois and Baldwin II, Count of Hainaut to Constantinople to inform Alexios I about the conquest of Antioch. Bohemond takes full control of the town, because most crusader leaders cede the districts that they has protected during the siege to him. Raymond IV retains the control of his district and Peter Bartholomew declares him the protector of the Holy Lance.[67][68]
  • July 14. Bohemond grants the Church of Saint John, 30 nearby houses and a warehouse to the Genoese in Antioch.[69]
  • c. July 17. An Aquitanian knight, Raymond Pilet, assemble an army and invades the plateau near Antioch. He forces the Muslim peasants to convert to Christianity.[70]
  • c. August 1. A plague decimates the crusaders. Their leaders retreat to the nearby regions to avoid infection.[71][72]
  • August. Bohemond stays in Cilicia.[53]
  • September 11. The crusader leaders urge the Pope in a letter to take over supreme command of their military expedition. In a separate document, Bohemond asks the Pope to annul the crusader leaders' treaties with Alexios I.[73]
  • c. September 25. Raymond IV captures Albara and order the murder or enslavement of hundreds of Muslims. He establishes the Roman Catholic Diocese of Albara and appoints Peter of Narbonne as its first bishop. The Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Antioch, John the Oxite, consecrates Peter.[71][74]
  • November 18. The crusader leaders acknowledge Bohemond's right to rule Antioch, but he is required to promise to accompany them towards Jerusalem.[56][72]
  • December 12. Raymond IV, Robert II and Bohemond capture Maarrat al-Nu'man. The crusaders massacre the vast majority of the local Muslims.[75]

1099

  • Early January. Raymond IV denies to cede Maarrat al-Nu'man to Bohemond who returns to Antioch.[68]
  • March. Alexios I's envoys demand Antioch from Bohemond, but he refutes.[76]
  • Summer. After Byzantine troops are garrisoned at Latakia, Bohemond besieges the town.[77]
  • Early September. 120 ships arrive at Latakia under the command of Daimbert, Archbishop of Pisa. The Pisans assist Bohemond against the Byzantines.[78][79]
  • September. After returning from Jerusalem, Raymond IV, Robert II and other crusader leaders persuade the Pisans to abandon the siege of Latakia, forcing Bohemond to also lift the siege. Raymond IV tooks possession of Latakia on behalf of Alexios I.[77][80]
  • December. Bohemond and Baldwin of Boulogne, who became the first crusader Count of Edessa, come to Jerusalem.[78][81]
  • December 25. Daimbert is installed as the Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem. Bohemond swears fealty to him for his lands. Daimbert appoints Latin priests to the sees of Edessa, Tarsus, Mamistra and Artah.[78][82]

1100

  • Spring. A Byzantine fleet expels the crusader (or Frank) garrisons from the towns on the Cilician coast.[83][84]
  • June. Bohemond defeats Ridwan at Kella.[85]
  • c. August 15. The Armenian prince, Gabriel of Melitene, seeks Bohemond's assistance against the Danishmend emir Gazi Gümüshtigin. Bohemond hurries to Melitene (now Malatya in Turkey), but Gazi Gümüshtigin captures him. Baldwin of Boulogne relieves Melitene and garrisons his troops in the town.[85][86]
  • Summer. Raymond IV leaves Latakia for Constantinople to meet with Alexios I. After being accused of cooperating with the Byzantines, Patriarch John IV settles in an Orthodox monastery outside Antioch. Bohemond appoints Bernard of Valence as the first Latin Patriarch of Antioch.[81][87]

1101

  • April. Tancred assumes regency for the captive Bohemond. He invades Cilicia and captures Tarsus, Adana and Mamistra.[88]
  • Summer. Tancred lays siege to Latakia. He grants the Genoese a share in the revenues collected at the harbours of St Symeon.[88][69]

References

  1. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 454.
  2. ↑ Harris 2003, p. 48.
  3. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 456.
  4. 1 2 Lock 2006, p. 14.
  5. ↑ Norwich 1992, p. 9.
  6. ↑ Norwich 1992, p. 19.
  7. ↑ Norwich 1992, pp. 39, 68.
  8. 1 2 Norwich 1992, p. 99.
  9. 1 2 Harris 2003, p. 50.
  10. ↑ Norwich 1992, p. 127.
  11. ↑ Norwich 1992, pp. 103-105.
  12. ↑ Lock 2006, p. 15.
  13. ↑ Jotischky 2017, p. 42.
  14. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 610.
  15. 1 2 Lilie 1993, p. 2 (note 3).
  16. ↑ Treadgold 1997, pp. 610, 613.
  17. ↑ Norwich 1992, p. 227.
  18. ↑ Norwich 1992, pp. 228, 233.
  19. ↑ Norwich 1992, pp. 243-244.
  20. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 615.
  21. 1 2 Lock 2006, p. 18.
  22. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 616.
  23. ↑ Norwich 1992, pp. 195-196.
  24. ↑ Norwich 1992, pp. 259-260.
  25. 1 2 3 Lock 2006, p. 20.
  26. ↑ Treadgold 1997, p. 619.
  27. 1 2 Barber 2006, p. 4.
  28. 1 2 Jotischky 2017, p. 50.
  29. ↑ Lock 2006, pp. 20-21.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Lock 2006, p. 21.
  31. ↑ Norwich 1992, p. 277.
  32. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 106.
  33. ↑ Ashbridge 2000, p. 92.
  34. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 119.
  35. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 130.
  36. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 134-137.
  37. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 142.
  38. 1 2 Lock 2006, p. 22.
  39. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 143.
  40. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 143-144.
  41. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 146-147.
  42. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 157-158.
  43. ↑ Ashbridge 2000, pp. 30, 32-33.
  44. ↑ Maalouf 1984, p. 19.
  45. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 156.
  46. 1 2 Ashbridge 2004, p. 188.
  47. ↑ Maalouf 1984, pp. 23-24.
  48. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 171-172.
  49. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 179.
  50. ↑ Lilie 1993, p. 34.
  51. ↑ Maalouf 1984, pp. 25-26.
  52. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 184-185.
  53. 1 2 Ashbridge 2000, p. 29.
  54. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 192-193.
  55. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 200-201.
  56. 1 2 3 Lock 2006, p. 23.
  57. ↑ Maalouf 1984, pp. 29-31.
  58. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 205.
  59. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 207-210.
  60. ↑ Maalouf 1984, pp. 32-33.
  61. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 217.
  62. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 221-225.
  63. ↑ Ashbridge 2000, p. 93.
  64. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 232.
  65. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 234-239.
  66. ↑ Maalouf 1984, pp. 34-35.
  67. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, pp. 245, 255.
  68. 1 2 Ashbridge 2000, p. 37.
  69. 1 2 Barber 2012, p. 81.
  70. ↑ Ashbridge 2004, p. 248.
  71. 1 2 Ashbridge 2004, pp. 249-250.
  72. 1 2 Lilie 1993, p. 41.
  73. ↑ Lilie 1993, p. 40.
  74. ↑ Hamilton 2016, p. 10.
  75. ↑ Ashbridge 2000, pp. 39-41.
  76. ↑ Lilie 1993, pp. 42-43.
  77. 1 2 Ashbridge 2000, p. 43.
  78. 1 2 3 Lock 2006, p. 25.
  79. ↑ Lilie 1993, p. 62.
  80. ↑ Lilie 1993, p. 63.
  81. 1 2 Ashbridge 2000, p. 45.
  82. ↑ Hamilton 2016, p. 15.
  83. ↑ Lilie 1993, p. 64.
  84. ↑ Hamilton 2016, p. 16.
  85. 1 2 Ashbridge 2000, p. 51.
  86. ↑ Barber 2012, p. 74.
  87. ↑ Hamilton 2016, p. 17.
  88. 1 2 Ashbridge 2000, p. 52.

Sources

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  • Asbridge, Thomas (2004). The First Crusade: A New History. Simon&Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-2084-2.
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  • Hamilton, Bernard (2016). The Latin Church in the Crusader States: The Secular Church. Routledge. ISBN 9780860780724.
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  • Lilie, Ralph-Johannes (1993). Byzantium and the Crusader States 1096-1204. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-820407-8.
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