Timeline of South Asian and diasporic LGBT history

This is a timeline of notable events in the history of non-heterosexual conforming people of South Asian ancestry, who may identify as LGBTIQGNC (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer, third gender, gender nonconforming), men who have sex with men, or related culturally-specific identities^[1] such as Hijra, Aravani, Thirunangaigal, Khwajasara, Kothi, Thirunambigal, Jogappa, Jogatha, or Shiva Shakti.^[2][3] The recorded history traces back at least two millennia.

This timeline includes events both in South Asia and in the global South Asian diaspora, as the histories are very deeply linked.^[4][5] South Asia includes the modern day nations of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka; in some references, the South Asian subcontinent will also include Afghanistan, Burma (Myanmar), and Tibet. The South Asian diaspora includes, but is not limited to South Asian LGBTQ communities in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Caribbean Islands, Southeast Asia, and elsewhere.

Early history

400 BCE - 200 BCE

• Vatsyayana's The Kama Sutra devotes an entire chapter to homosexuality with explicit detailed instructions on how to perform homosexual acts.^[6]

3rd century BC to c. 4th century AD

• Tamil Sangam literature refers to relationships between two men and explores the lives of trans women in the Aravan cult in Koovagam village in Tamil Nadu.^[7]

1015

• Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, who was the first Muslim ruler of the Indian subcontinent, has a relationship with his slave Malik Ayaz. This relationship has become an Islamic legend and Mahmud later appointed Malik Ayaz as the sultan of Lahore.^[8][9][10]

~1529

• Emperor Babur's memoirs, the Baburnama, include a recollection of his erotic love for a teenage boy.^[6]

1538

• Shah Hussain, a Punjabi Sufi poet regarded as a saint, was in love with a Brahmin boy called "Madho" or "Madho Lal". They are often referred to as a single person with the composite name "Madho Lal Hussain".^[11]

1740s

• Dargah Quli Khan's personal diary Muraqqa-e-Delhi: The Mughal Capital in Muhammad Shah's Time "briefly documents his foray into the pederastic circles of Islamic Delhi."^[6][12]

1750-1830

• Emergence of Rekhti chapti-namahs, or female same-sex narratives, in Urdu poetry.^[13]

1861

• Anti-sodomy section of Offences against the Person Act 1861 imposed on entire British Empire, that says "Whosoever shall be convicted of the abominable Crime of Buggery, committed either with Mankind or with any Animal, shall be liable, at the Discretion of the Court, to be kept in Penal Servitude for Life or for any Term not less than Ten Years." This section is credited with giving birth to the controversial Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code.^[14]

1871

• Hijras labeled a "criminal tribe" under the Criminal Tribes Act, 1871, meaning they could be arrested as criminals anywhere in British India.^[15]

1897

• Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 amended, with the subtitle "An Act for the Registration of Criminal Tribes and Eunuchs," ordering that "criminal" eunuchs “dressed or ornamented like a woman in a public street…be arrested without warrant” and imprisoned.^{[16][17][18][19]}

1918

• Earliest known records of South Asian MSM in North America, as Tara Singh and Jamil Singh are separately arrested for interracial sodomy in Sacramento, CA.^[20]

1922

• Poems Written in Prison by Gopabandhu Das, a freedom fighter and Gandhian, is published. At least two poems address male friends and co-workers, and the author describes these relationships in terms that are intense and erotically charged though not overtly sexual. These poems are sometimes included in Odia language literature textbooks.^[21]

1924

• "Chocolate", a short story in Hindi written by nationalist and social reformer Pandey Bechan Sharma (under the penname Ugra), is published in the nationalist newspaper Matvala. Ugra's crusade against male-to-male sex sparks debate in Hindi newspapers and magazines, resulting in perhaps the first public debate in Hindi on homosexuality.^[21][22]

1929

• Mahatma Gandhi speaks out against same-sex relations in a Young India letter, in response to queries on "unnatural vices" in schools.^[21]

1936

• Urdu poet Firaq Gorakhpuri writes an essay defending the Ghazal form of poetry that includes a defence of homosexuality, citing renowned philosophers, poets and other luminaries across the East and the West who were homosexual or had expressed homosexual desire in well-known works.^[21]

1942

• Ismat Chugtai's short story "Lihaaf" is published.

1944

• Ismat Chughtai faces obscenity trial for Lihaaf.^[23]

1945

• Ismat Chughtai publishes her semi-autobiographical Tehri Lakeer ("The Crooked Line"), an Urdu novel that does not shy away from sexuality and depiction of same-sex attraction.^[21]

1962

• Rajendra Yadav, a leading Hindi novelist, publishes his story "Prateeksha" ("Waiting") that depicts a homosexual relation between two women without censure and in detail.^[21]

1968

• Bhupen Khakhar, a painter and writer of Gujarati fiction, as one of the few openly homosexual luminaries, writes an untitled story depicting bisexuality in a quotidian, lower middle-class context.^[21]

1970s

~1970s

• Gay Scene journal published in Calcutta (only a few issues published)^[21]

1972

• Indian poet Kamala Das first published her semi-fictionalized autobiography My Story in 1972, creating a minor scandal. The autobiography revealed her extramarital heterosexual affairs and her adolescent crush on a female teacher and a brief lesbian encounter with an older student.^[6][24]

1974

• Malayalam novel Randu Penkuttikal ("Two Girls") by V. T. Nandakumar is published in India. The novel gives a positive picture of lesbian relationships in Kerala, and became very popular among young women.^[21]

1976

• Indian poet Kamala Das published My Story in 1976, creating a minor scandal. The autobiography revealed her extramarital heterosexual affairs and her adolescent crush on a female teacher and a brief lesbian encounter with an older student.^[6]

1978

• Noted math prodigy Shakuntala Devi publishes The World of Homosexuals. The book is primarily a collection of interviews with homosexual men and advocates for societal acceptance of homosexuality.^[25][26]

1979

• Begum Barve, a Marathi play written and directed by Satish Alekar, is performed for the first time by Theatre Academy, Pune, at Shriram Centre in New Delhi. Begum Barve, the central character, plays female parts and desires to live a woman’s life.^[21]
• The story "A Double Life" by well known Rajasthani author Vijay Dan Detha is published, depicting a romantic-sexual relationship between two women "married" to each other in rural Rajasthan.^[21]

1980s

Late 1970s / early 1980s

• Partner, a one-act play written by Dr. Anand Nadkarni, explores the relationship between two male hostel inmates in love, and the complications when one of them gets married^[21]
• Two college students in love, Mallika and Lalitatambika, attempt suicide.^[27]
• The Delhi Group formed; Red Rose Rendezvous Group started. Indian women in Delhi active in creating spaces, dialogue, or research: Giti, Kanchana, Gita, Abha, and Paola^[27]

1981

• All-India Hijra Conference in Agra brings together over 50,000 hijras from across South Asia.^[28]
• "Mitrachi Goshta", a lesbian theme play in Marathi written by eminent playwright Vijay Tendulkar opens in Mumbai and Thane. The play portrays the inner conflict of a woman who realizes she is lesbian. It was well received, and ran for 26 shows. (August 15)^[21]

1982/1983/1984

• Uma, a New Zealand lesbian of Indian descent interviewed in Conexions: Global Context issue 10. Uma established first Lesbian Line in Australia in the early 1980s, and later served on ILGA World Board as the Regional Representative of Oceania.^[29][30][31]
• Article in Spare Rib, a grassroots British feminist magazine, "...NO, WE NEVER GO OUT OF FASHION ... FOR EACH OTHER!" Interview with Audre Lorde, Dorothea, Jackie Kay and Uma.^[32]
• Vikram Seth writes in the poem "Dubious," which appears in his first collection Mappings, about bisexuality: "In the strict ranks of Gay and Straight / What is my status? / Stray? or Great?"^[33]

1984

• Zami, first Canadian group formed for Black and West Indian gays and lesbians (Toronto).^[34]

1985

• Anamika, a newsletter for South Asian lesbians and queer women publishes the first of its three issues, mailed free to women in South Asia.^[35]
• Films: My Beautiful Laundrette directed by Stephen Frears, based on a screenplay written by Hanif Kureishi, depicts an interracial relationship between two men.^[36]
• Books: The Conversations of Cow by Suniti Namjoshi (some references to first publication in 1984)

1986

• First case of HIV reported in India, in Chennai.^[37]
• Trikon (later renamed Trikone) is formed by Arvind Kumar and Suvir, and print newsletter established^[38]
• First issue of Trikon newsletter, editors Arvind Kumar and Suvir (January)^[39][40][41]
• Ashok Row Kavi discusses his homosexuality in Savvy magazine (February)^[42]
• Hijra conference in Bhopal, India (April)^[43]
• Trikone marches in San Francisco Pride parade for the first time ever (June).^[44][45]
• Trikone Los Angeles (later Satrang) formed (Nov)
• Trikone Chicago (later Sangat, and then reformed Trikone Chicago) formed by Ifti Nasim (Dec)
• Conditions: Thirteen publishes interview with Khayal and Utsa, "There Are, Always Have Been, Always Will Be Lesbians in India".^[46][47]
• Kanchana researches Hindu text for women loving women references.^[27]
• Books
  • Flesh and Paper by Suniti Namoshi and Gillian Eve Hanscombe^[48]

1987

• Sneha Sangam gay group forms in Bangalore
• Society magazine in India prints a story about Trikone (Jan)
• Khush, an organization that created safe spaces for South Asian gays and lesbians in Toronto was formed (July).^{[49][50][51][52]}
• Trikon becomes incorporated as Trikone (Nov)
• Bhopal policewomen Lila and Urmila marry with religious priest and get fired from police job (Dec)^[53]
• Village teachers Aruna Sombhai Jaisinghbhai Gohil, aged 31, and Sudha Amarsinh Mohansinh Ratanwadia, aged 29, entered maitri karar (friendship agreement) before a notary public in 1987 after nine years together^[27]
• Books
  • Between the Lines: An Anthology by Pacific/Asian lesbians of Santa Cruz, California includes Anu's chapter "Sexuality, Lesbianism, and South Asian Feminism"^[35]

1988

• Shakti formed in London by Shivananda Khan and Poulomi Desai - the first South Asian LGBTTQ organisation in Europe (June)^[54]
• Trikone (San Francisco), Khush (Toronto), Shakti (London) and Urvashi Vaid make the Illustrated Weekly of India.^[55] (September)
• First Shakti Bhangra disco in London organised by Shivananda Khan and Poulomi Desai (Oct)^[56][57]
• Gita Darji and Kishori Shah RIP^[27]

1989

• Khush Kahayal, newsletter of Khush South Asian gay men of Toronto, is established.^[38][52]
• Shakti Khabar published in London.^[54][58]
• Dominic D’Souza arrested placed in solitary confinement in India because he is HIV+ (Feb)^[59][60]
• Khush organizes Salaam Toronto! Festival (May)^[61][62][63]
• Urvashi Vaid becomes Executive Director of the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force (July)^[64]
• South Asian AIDS Coalition (later ASAAP) formed in Toronto (Jul)^[65]
• Sneha Sangam formed (Bangalore)
• Khush and gay Asians organize Unity Among Asians conference in Toronto^[66]
• "Salaam Toronto" conference^[49]
• South Asian Gay Association (SAGA, later renamed SALGA) founded in New York City^[67]
• Sojourner publishes "Breaking Silence: Coming Out in India", Sharmeen Islam^[68]
• South Asian Gay Association formed by 12 South Asians^[69]

1990s

1990

• Red Rose Meetings start in New Delhi for gay men^[70][71]
• Indian lesbians attend Asian Lesbian Network conference in Bangkok^[27]
• Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention founded^[52]
• Lila’s father files case under Section 377 against Lila’s partner Tarulata who underwent FTM sex change to marry Lila Chavda in 1989 (Apr)^[72]
• Shamakami newsletter for South Asian lesbian and bi women comes out (Jun)^[38][73]
• India's first gay magazine, Bombay Dost, founded by Ashok Row Kavi (Jun)^[38]
• Freedom newsletter published in Gulbarga (Sep)^[38]
• Fun Club starts in Calcutta to organize social gatherings (Dec)^[74][75]
• Desh Pardesh (1990 - 2001, multidisciplinary queer South Asian arts festival in Toronto, ON). See citation for oral history project about the festival.^[76][77]
• Vandana Cibbal and Simmi Kapoor RIP^[27]
• Films:
  • Jareena: Portrait of a Hijra by Prem Kalliat^[78]
  • Flesh and Paper by Pratibha Parmar about Suniti Namjoshi^[79]
• Books:
  • Trying to Grow by Firdaus Kanga^[6][80]

1991

• South Asian Gay Association in New York City changes name to South Asian Lesbian Gay Association((SALGA) as more women joinFeb)^[67]
• Sakhi formed in New Delhi (Jul)^[81][82]
• Salaam (Queer Muslims in Canada) founded by El-Farouk Khaki in Toronto^[52]
• Naz Project formed in London by Shivanandan Khan and Poulomi Desai (Oct)^[83]
• ABVA publishes Less than Gay, the first citizen’s report on homosexuality in India (Nov)^[84]
• Pravartak published in Calcutta^[38][70]
• Books:
  • Khush: An Investigation into South Asian Lesbians and Gay Men and Their Lives edited by Shivananda Khan and Pratibha Parmar, and SHAKTI, published in London by the Naz Project^[85][86]
• Films:
  • Bolo! Bolo! By Gita Saxena and Ian Rashid^[87]
  • Eunuchs – India’s Third Gender by Michael Yorke for BBC^[88]
  • Khush – landmark doc by Pratibha Parmar^[89]
  • Khush Refugees by Nidhi Singh^[90]

1992

• Companions on a Journey founded by Sherman de Rose in Sri Lanka^[91][92]
• Activist Siddhartha Gautam, a lawyer who founded the AIDS Bhedbhav Virodhi Andolan (ABVA) in 1989-90 to raise public awareness about HIV/AIDS and protest discriminatory policies, passes away in New Delhi at age 28.^[93][94][95]
• Udaan founded in Mumbai to work with MSM^[96]
• Atish Network formed in Vancouver^[52]
• Dominic D’Souza, AIDS activist dies^[97]
• SALGA marches in New York’s India Day parade^[98][99]
• Books:
  • Invisible Minority – The Unknown World of the Indian Homosexual by Arvind Kala^[100]

1993

• Friends of Siddhartha Gautam organize a film festival in Delhi in his memory.^[101]
• Discovery ’93, the Khush gay men’s conference in Toronto^[49][52]
• Khush Club forms in Mumbai of gay men^[102]
• Sami Yoni, a journal for lesbians of South Asian descent, published in Toronto.^[52]
• Pratibha Parmar receives Frameline Award for contributions to queer cinema^[103][104]
• Khush-list born on harvard.edu listserv by Devesh Khatu and Marty^[105][106]
• Counsel Club formed in Calcutta^[70][107]
• Aarambh newsletter/magazine debuts in New Delhi^[108] (need better reference)
• Trikone Atlanta born^[99]
• Naz and Sakhi Seminar on Alternative Sexualities in New Delhi^[109]
• Samraksha AIDS organization formed in Bangalore (Dec)^[110][111]
• Modern-day traditional wedding Aditya Advani and Michael Tarr performed by Swami Bodhananda^[112]
• Books:
  • Queer Looks edited by Pratibha Parmar, John Greyson, Martha Gever.^[113]
  • Feminist Fables by Suniti Namjoshi^[114]
  • Out on Main Street by Shani Mootoo^[115]
  • Lotus of Another Color, edited by Rakesh Ratti^[116]
  • "Gay angst" (review of Lotus of Another Color), India Today, June 30, 1993.^[117]
  • Shobha De's Strange Obsession (1993), a rambunctious novel about lesbian love published by Penguin Books of India.^[118][119]

1994

• Vaadamalli by novelist Su.Samuthiram is the first Tamil novel about Aravaani community in Tamil Nadu
• G.A.Y (Good as You) group formed in Bangalore^[120]
• TIME names Urvashi Vaid one of the top leaders under 40^[121]
• Humsafar Trust registered in India^[122]
• All India Hijra Kalyan Sabha got voting rights in India^[123]
• SALGA hosts Pride Utsav in New York, during Stonewall 25^[124]
• ABVA challenges Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code in court after condom distribution prohibited in Tihar Jail, Delhi.^{[125][126][127]}
• Khush-DC formed in Washington DC^[128]
• South Asian Lesbian and Gay Association (SALGA) banned from marching in the New York City India Day Parade, but protested along with Sakhi, a women's organization.^{[129][130][131][132]}
• MASALA formed in Boston^[133][134]
• Vimla Farooqui of National Federation of Indian Women asks PM to stop gay meet claiming homosexuality is Western^{[70][135][136]}
• SALGA –Philadelphia formed
• Abraham Verghese’s My Own Country wins Lambda Literary Award^[137][138]
• Naz/Humsafar Gay Men’s Conference in Bombay^[139]
• First gay conference in India reported (incorrectly) by Erie Gay News in Feb 1995. Conference said to have happened Dec (1994). See 1981.^[140]
• Chhota Khayal, monthly calendar of Khush, Toronto^[52]
• Books
  • Funny Boy by Shyam Selvadurai^[141]
  • Funny Boys and Funny Girls: Notes on a Queer South Asian Planet by Gayathri Gopinath^[142]
• Films:
  • Destiny, Desire and Devotion by Zahid Dar^[143]

1995

• SAGrrls list serve launched by Jasbir Puar and others^[105][144]
• Pride Utsav hosted by Trikone in San Francisco (Jun)(parent of DesiQ)^[145][146]
• Trikone’s website debuts – the first ever for a South Asian LGBT group^[105]
• Activist Kalpesh Oza, AIDS researcher and Desh Pradesh artist/organizer, passes away in Toronto (Jun)^{[4][147][148][149]}
• Awaz-e-Atish: Voice of Fire publication by Atish Network Society (1995-1996)^[150]
• Sulaiman Mohammed, founding member of Atish passes away (Aug)^[4]
• South Asia lesbians and bisexual women at Beijing Women's Conference (Sep)^[4]
• Humsafar Center inaugurated in Bombay (Oct)^[151][152]
• Stree Sangam (later renamed LABIA) founded in Bombay^[108]
• Trikone gets San Francisco Gay and Lesbian Historical Society Award (Oct)^[4]
• Anuja Gupta, who worked with ABVA, an Indian AIDS prevention group, testifies at tribunal on human rights violations against sexual minorities in New York (Oct)^[153]
• Khuli Zaban forms in Chicago for lesbian and bisexual partners (Oct)^[154][155]
• Trikone and SALGA get NGLTF Community Service Award (Nov)^[156]
• Queer Issue of Rungh, a South Asian quarterly of culture, comment, and criticism^[157]
• Club Kali opens^[158]
• Book:
  • Virtual Equality by Urvashi Vaid released.^[159]

1996

• Kali becomes first hijra to stand for elections in Bihar (Judicial Reforms Party) (Apr)^[123]
• Stree Sangam organizes First National Gathering of Women who Love Women in Mumbai (Jun)^{[58][71][108][108][160]}
• Trikone-Tejas formed in Texas and hosts first public event (Oct)^{[161][162][163]}
• Outlook magazine says Lucknow leads the pack in India for gay sex (Oct)^[4][164]
• Poet Ifti Nasim inducted into Chicago Lesbian and Gay Hall of Fame (Oct)^{[4][165][166][167]}
• Arvind Kumar and Ashok Jethanandi, founders of Trikone and India Currents, are married in Toronto in traditional religious ceremony conducted by Ma Yogashakti, Arvind's mother.^[112]
• Books
  • Giti Thadani, Sakhiyani: Lesbian Desire in Ancient and Modern India.^[168]
  • Shani Mootoo, Cereus Blooms at Night.^[169][170]
  • The Invisibles: A Tale of Eunuchs of India by Zia Jaffrey^[169][171]
• Films:
  • BomGay, based on R. Raj Rao’s poems, by Riyad Wadia^[172][173]
  • A Mermaid Called Aida by Riyad Wadia^[174]
  • Fire by Deepa Mehta^[175]

1997

• Naz Foundation (India) Trust starts helplines – Sangini for women and Humraz for men^[176]
• Humrahi formally starts in Delhi^[177]
• Darpan newsletter launched in Delhi^[38]
• Mahila Samanwaya Committee for sex workers in Calcutta opens membership to male sex workers^{[178][179][180][181]}
• Faisal Alam, Pakistani descent, starts Al-Fatiha as a listserv (Nov)^[182][183]
• Bandhu Social Welfare Society established in Dhaka to work on HIV/AIDS and the MSM community.^{[184][185][186]}
• Counsel Club organizes Network East conference (Jan)^[70]
• Copies of Trikone seized by Indian customs on grounds of morality (Aug)^[187]
• Javid Syed, AIDS activist included in best and brightest activists under 30 by The Advocate magazine (Aug)^[188]
• Sabrang – a mixed group forms in Bangalore (Sep)^[189]
• Queer Awaaz formed in Los Angeles, later disbanded and merged with Trikone LA (Nov)^[5]
• Trikone LA was formed by approximately 30 people (RBC)^{[4][190][191]}
• Trikone-Northwest formed ^[192][193]
• National Seminar on Gay Rights organized by students of National Law School in Bangalore (Sep)^[194]
• Meeting for Women who love Women is part of VIth National Conference of Women’s Movements, Ranchi (Dec)^[4]
• Books:
  • Sex, Longing and Not Belonging – A Gay Muslim’s Quest for Love and Meaning by Badruddin Khan^[195]
• Films:
  • Tamanna by Paresh Rawal about the life of a hijra^[196]
  • Darmiyaan: In Between by Kalpana Lajmi^[197][198]
  • Sixth Happiness by Waris Hussein^[199]

1998

• Al-Fatiha Foundation, an organization for LGBTQ Muslims worldwide, is founded by Faisal Alam, a Pakistani American.^[200][201]
• Khushnet.com, a Canadian queer South Asian website, launched (featuring personal ads section named "Nobody knows I met my boyfriend through Khushnet’s personals")^[202]
• Sarani experimental group stages Coming Out with Music in Calcutta (Apr)^[58][70]
• Sangha Mitra newsletter in Kannada and English published in Bangalore (Feb)^[203]
• First International Retreat of LGBT Muslims in Boston (Oct)^[204]
• DESIDYKES created^[5][205]
• Gay Bombay (internet group) formed^{[206][207][208]}
• GHAR (Gay Housing Assistance Resource) mailing lists start, eventually covering Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Delhi, Bangalore, Canada, and the United States^[209]
• "Funkasia" South Asian club and cultural night started in Toronto, Canada^{[210][211][212]}
• First public performance of Chetan Datar's Marathi-language play Ek Madhav Baug at the Humsafar Trust in Mumbai^[213]
• Books
  • Cinnamon Gardens – a novel by Shyam Selvadurai^[214]
  • Neither Man nor Woman: The Hijras of India by Serena Nanda^[4]
  • On A Muggy Night in Mumbai – play by Mahesh Dattani explores gay life. On a Muggy Night in Mumbai performed in Mumbai^[215][216]
• Films
  • Fire released in India and theaters are vandalized (Nov-Dec)^[217]

1999

• Aanchal Trust forms in Bombay with helpline for women (Aug)^[218]
• Women's Support Group founded in Sri Lanka^{[219][220][221][222]}
• Campaign for Lesbian Rights launched in India partly as a response to the violent demonstrations against Fire (Jan)^{[223][224][225][226]}
• Fire re-cleared by Central Board of Film Censors (Feb)^[4]
• Fire released in India^[5]
• Yaarian, national gay conference in Hyderabad (Feb)^[4]
• Al-Fatiha hosts first national conference for LGBT Muslims (May)^[227]
• Trikone wins New California Media award (May)^[4]
• Sappho forms in Calcutta for lesbian and bi women (Jun)^[228]
• Sangama started in Bangalore^[229]
• The White Party (a gay party) in Bombay raided by police (Jun)^[230][231]
• Counsel Club and Integration organizes Friendship Walk in Calcutta (Jul)^{[207][232][233]}
• Khamosh!Emergency Jari Hai/ Lesbian Emergence published by Campaign for Lesbian Rights in India (Aug)^{[226][234][235]}
• LGBT India conducts Operation Sparsh to educate political parties on sexual minority rights (Sep)^[4]
• Olava (Organized Lesbian Alliance for Visibility and Acceptance) forms in Pune (Nov)^{[4][236][237]}
• Films:
  • Chutney Popcorn by Nisha Ganatra^[238]
  • Summer in My Veins by Nishit Saran^[239]
• Books:
  • First edition of Humjinsi: Resource book on Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Rights in India published (Feb)^[240]
  • Love in a Different Climate: Men who have Sex with Men in India by Jeremy Seabrook^[241]
  • Facing the Mirror – lesbian writing from India for Penguin India edited by Ashwini Sukhtankar^[242]
  • Yaraana – anthology of gay writing for Penguin India edited by Hoshang Merchant^[243]
  • The Splintered Day – a novel by V.K. Mina^[244]

2000s

2000

• Delhi hosts its first officially "out" lesbian and gay film festival (Jan)^[245][246]
• Gay Bombay has meeting with parents (Feb)^[4][247]
• / SAATHII founded in Chennai and New York as an NGO working on concerted response to HIV/AIDS epidemic in India ^[248][249]
• QueerIISc, the first college/university campus queer group in India, founded at the Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore^[250]
• Shaleen Rakesh starts regular gay column in Around Town magazine in New Delhi (Feb)^[245]
• 172nd Law Commission Report of the Law Commission of India recommends deletion of Section 377 (Mar)^{[251][252][253]}
• Women’s Support Group in Sri Lanka marches on International Women’s Day (Mar)^[4]
• Shabnam Mausi, a hijra, wins election in Madhya Pradesh to state assembly (Mar)^[254]
• Humsafar Trust organizes Looking into the Next Millenium conference in Mumbai (May)^{[58][255][256]}
• Surina Khan appointed Executive Director of the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (May)^[257][258]
• Sri Lankan Press Council supports Island newspaper which said rapists should be unleashed on lesbians (Jun)^[259]
• Trikone organizes DesiQ2000 conference in San Francisco (Jun)^{[260][261][262]}
• Poet Ifti Nasim receives Adeeb International Award (Jul)^[263]
• Ash Kotak’s play Hijra staged in London (Oct)^[264]
• National Human Rights Commission in India recommend reformulating Section 377 to legalize sexual activity between consenting adults (Nov)^[265]
• National Alliance of South Asian Lambda Organization (NASALO) listserv created to support LGBT South Asian organizations and leaders across the U.S.
• Journal of Homosexuality’s issue on queer Asian cinema includes several articles on Indian cinema^[266]
• DesiQ 2000 conference in San Francisco^[267]
• Ruth Vanita and Mona Bachmann marry in a Jewish and Hindu wedding ceremony in New York, the first such documented wedding in the U.S.^[268][269]
• Al-Fatiha Foundation, LGBT Muslim conference (US)^[5]
• LGBT India conducts Operation Sparsh to educate political parties on sexual minority rights^[5]
• "Gay Desi SF Bay" mailing list for San Francisco Bay Area queer desis started by Rakesh Modi^[5]
• Books:
  • Same Sex Love in India – Readings from Literature and History by Ruth Vanita and Saleem Kidwai^[270]
  • Humjinsi, a resource book for LGB rights published (India). Also includes papers presented at a seminar in Mumbai (1997)^[5]
• Films:
  • Bombay Eunuchs, directors Alexandra Shiva, Sean McDonald and Michelle Gucovsky^[4]

2001

• Blue Diamond Society, Nepal’s only organization for sexual minorities founded^[271]
• Lakshyaa – first Gujarati gay magazine comes out^[272][273]
• Dosti group launches in Toronto (Sep)^[52]
• Companions on a Journey and Women's Support Group win Felipa DeSouza award from IGLHRC (May)^[274][275]
• Delhi hosts India’s first public gay wedding for Vijay and Naseem (May)^[4][276]
• Milan Project (Naz India) files case with National Human Rights Commission against psychiatric abuse of a homosexual patient subjected to aversion therapy (May)^[4][187]
• Trikone magazine wins South Asian Journalists Association award for "South Asian Queers Out on the Internet" article(Jun)^[277][278]
• Four activists of Naz Foundation International arrested in Lucknow under Section 377 in "gay area," Naz and Bharosa offices raided (Jul)^[279][280]
• QFilmistan – first Queer South Asian film festival^[281]
• The Advocate magazine names Faisal Alam, founder of Al Fatiha Foundation as a queer trend breaker (Aug)^[4][282]
• Trikone organizes first ever QFilmistan film festival in San Francisco (Aug-Sep)^[283][284]
• Naz Foundation (India) Trust awarded 2001 Commonwealth Award for Action on HIV/AIDS (Oct)^[285][286]
• Naz Foundation files petition in Delhi High Court challenging constitutional validity of Section 377 (Dec)^{[287][288][289][290][291]}
• Poet Agha Shahid Ali dies of brain cancer (Dec)^[292][293]
• Chilling in Your Brown Skin Collective launched (Toronto)^[5][52]
• Gay and Lesbian Vaishnava Association^[294]
• Gay Bombay has meeting with parents (India)^[5]
• Films:
  • Bombay Eunuch^[295]
  • For Straights Only by Vismita Gupta-Smith^[296]
  • Rewriting the Script: A Love Letter to Our Families (Toronto)^[5][297]
• Books:
  • Queering India edited by Ruth Vanita^[298]

2002

• Police harassment of Sangama organization in Bangalore^{[111][299][300]}
• Filmmaker Nishit Saran killed in car accident in New Delhi^{[301][302][303]}
• Ashok Pillai, president of Indian Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS passes away (Apr)^{[4][304][305]}
• Vega and Mala are married by Hindu Shaiva pundit in Seattle, WA (Jun)^{[112][306][307][308]}
• Sholay Productions in New York launches Desilicious parties^{[309][310][311][312][313]}
• Hijra Habba festival organized in Bangalore ^{[58][314][315][316][317][318][319]}
• Lovers Geethalakshmi and Sumathi commit suicide in Tamil Nadu (Sep)^{[112][320][321]}
• First ILGA summit in India organized by Humsafar Trust and Aanchal (Oct)^{[4][322][323]}
• Trikone magazine wins South Asian Journalists Association award for "Queer Muslims: De-closeted"^[324]
• Thrissur, the court gave permission to two lesbian women to cohabit^[325]
• Sahayatrika group set up in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to tackle increasing lesbian suicides (Oct)^{[4][326][327]}
• First legal same-sex union on Indian soil with Indian fashion designer Wendell Rodricks, a Goan Catholic, and Jerome Marrell conducted at French Embassy under French law.^[4][112]
• Delhi hosts first public gay wedding^[5]
• Films
  • Flying With One Wing – a film by Ashok Handagama about a woman who lives as a man released in Sri Lanka^[4][5]
  • Mango Soufflé, film version of Muggy Night directed by Mahesh Dattani^[328]
  • Gulabi Aina, a drag queen movie by Sridhar Rangayan^[4][5]
  • Kaashish by Sangini^[4][5]
  • For Straights Only^[329]
• Books:
  • Ode to Lata, a novel by Ghalib Shiraz Dhalla^[330]
  • The Man who Was a Woman and Other Queer Tales from Hindu Lore by Devdutt Pattanaik^[331]

2003

• Nepal hosts first drag beauty contest (May)^[332]
• Black and White – 1st GLBT AIDS charity event in Colombo (Jun)^[4]
• Rainbow Walk – Gay Pride march in Kolkata (Jun)^[4][5]
• Openly gay painter Bhupen Khakkar passes away (Aug)^[4]
• QFilmistan – the sequel in San Francisco (Aug)^[4]
• Nepal’s Blue Diamond Society hosts Gaijatra Pride festival (Aug)^[4][5]
• Openly lesbian Kaashish Chopra wins Miss Congeniality at Miss India USA (Aug)^[333]
• Sappho for Equality forms in Calcutta by the core founders of Sappho^[228]
• Larzish, 1st International Film Festival of Sexuality and Gender Plurality in Mumbai (Aug)
• Shree Nandu, 24, and Sheela, 22, declared themselves same-sex spouses^[334]
• Filmmaker Riyad Wadia passes away in Mumbai (Dec)^[4]
• Rustam Kothavala (from Bangalore) and Toby Marotta marry under Vermont's civil union law.^[112]
• US Supreme Court decriminalizes sodomy in Lawrence v. Texas^[5]
• Movenpick/Orinam, social support group for LGBT&A started in Chennai, India^[5]
• Books:
  • The Trouble with Islam by Irshad Manji results in death threats^[335]
  • The Boyfriend, a novel by R. Raj Rao^[336]
  • Desilicious by the Masala Trois Collective^[337]

2004

• Humsafar opens 1st Indian gay and lesbian drop-in center opens in Mumbai (Apr)^[4][5]
• Mirchi group begins for queer women, hosted at the Alliance for South Asian AIDS Prevention^[52]
• Rosanna Flamer-Caldera re-elected as Co-Secretary General of the International Lesbian and Gay Association (Apr)^[4]
• Mala (Vaijayanthi Nagarajan) and Vega (Vegavahini Subramaniam) participate as plaintiffs in the marriage equality lawsuit against King County and Washington (March)^[4]
• Gita Deane (Indian-born) and Lisa Polyak become the lead plaintiff couple in the marriage equality lawsuit against Maryland.^[338][339]
• Equal Ground – an LGBTIQ organization forms in Sri Lanka (Jun)^[4][5]
• First Colombo Pride in Sri Lanka^[5]
• Theaters vandalized in India over screening of Girlfriends (Aug)^[4]
• Hijra activist Famila dies in Bangalore (Aug)^[4]
• Pushkin Chandra and Kuldeep, gay men, killed in Delhi. (Aug)^[4]
• 39 gays arrested in Nepal on grounds of "disturbing society" (Aug).^[4][5]
• Delhi High Court dismisses Naz India’s public interest litigation petition seeking repeal of Section 377 (Sep)^[4]
• Khush Texas was founded in Dallas^[5]
• Films:
  • The Journey by Ligy Pullapally^[4]
  • Touch of Pink by Ian Iqbal Rashid^[4]
  • Yours Emotionally by Sridhar Rangayan^[4]
  • The Bath by Sachin Kundalkar^[4]
  • Happy Hookers by Ashish Sawhney^[4]
  • Many People Many Desires by Jayashree T.^[340]
• Books:
  • Madras on Rainy Days by Samina Ali^[341]
  • Red Threads: The South Asian Queer Connection in Photographs by Poulomi Desai and Parminder Sekhon^[342]
  • Babyji by Abha Dawesar^[343]

2005

• Blue Diamond Society in Nepal launches weekly newspaper (Jan)^[4]
• Blue Diamond Society, Nepal wins 2004 Utopia Award (Jan)^[4]
• Onir’s award-winning film My Brother Nikhil about a gay swimmer and AIDS releases in India (Mar)^[4]
• Ismail Merchant passes away (May)^[4]
• South Asian parent marches in Seattle Pride Parade with Trikone-NW
• 1st Sri Lankan Pride Celebration in Colombo (Jul)^[4]
• "Pokkhiraj" (The Pegasus) gay music video by Bangla band Cactus airs on TV (Jul)^[4][344]
• Protesters march in Mumbai against Section 377 (Aug)^[4]
• Purported "first" same-sex marriage in Pakistan between Liaqat Ali and Markeen in Khyber region (Oct)^[4]
• Satrang (Los Angeles) gets its first grant (LAIFC)^[5]
• Trikone Vancouver begins (Jul)^[52][345]
• Vikram Seth comes out^[346][347]
• Books:
  • Because I Have a Voice – Queer Politics in India edited by Arvind Narrain and Gautam Bhan^[348]
  • Love’s Rite – Same-Sex Marriage in India and the West by Ruth Vanita^[349]
  • Impossible Desires – Queer Diasporas and South Asian Public Cultures by Gayatri Gopinath^[350]
  • Swimming in the Monsoon Sea by Shyam Selvadurai^[351]
• Films:
  • My Brother Nikhil by Onir^[4][5]
  • Shabnam Mousi by Yogesh Bhardwaj^[4]
  • Yours Emotionally!^[352]

2006

• Four men arrested in Lucknow for operating an Internet "gay racket" and "unnatural sex" (Jan)^[4][5]
• Rosanna Flamer-Caldera of Sri Lanka wins 2005 Utopia Award (Jan)^[4]
• Men Community Development Society for homosexuals formed in Chennai (Mar)^[4]
• NACO estimates 5.2 million people ages 15–49 living in India with HIV/AIDS (Apr)^{[4][353][354]}
• The Dalai Lama expresses concern at violence against LGBT people and urges human rights for all (Apr)^[4]
• Abha Dawesar's Babyji wins Stonewall Award^[4]
• DesiQ 2006 conference in San Francisco^[5]
• Flora Fountain Mumbai Anti-377 protest^[5]
• Michi group for queer women begins (Toronto)^[5]
• Queer Resource website Orinam.net website launched (need resource)

2007

• Supreme Court of Nepal orders government to support LGBT equality^[5]
• Blue Diamond Society wins Felipa DeSouza award from IGLHRC^[355][356]
• Parents of two Indian gay persons march in SF Gay Parade^[5]
• Khush DC Queer Women’s History Month event launched (happens annually since)^[5]
• SATRANG release their Needs Assessment Report^[5]
• First Coming Out Day Parade in Little India in Artesia, California, USA^[357]
• Book:
  • Stealing Nasreen by Farzana Doctor^[358]
• Film
  • 68 Pages directed by Sridhar Rangayan

2008

• Sunil Pant elected to Nepali Constitutional Assembly (first openly elected queer person) (Apr)^[359]
• Nepali government starts to allocate national budget for LGBTQ^[5]
• First US national study of LGBTQ South Asians in Higher Education conducted by Raja Bhattar and Pamela Roy^[5]
• Trikone launches first political campaign, "No On Prop 8," against California’s same sex marriage ban referendum^[5]
• Sher Vancouver formed^{[52][360][361]}
• South Asian serves as one of 3 co-directors for National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance (NQAPIA)^[362][363]
• Sivagami " Shiva" Subbaraman, first S. Asian to become Director of a LGBTQ Center in US higher education; and Founding Director of the first LGBTQ Center in a Catholic &Jesuit University in the US (Georgetown U).^[364][365]
• Trikone Magazine published in color^[5]
• Trikone Chicago begins^[5]
• Seksualiti Merdeka, an annual sexuality rights festival held in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia founded by arts programmer Pang Khee Teik and singer-songwriter Jerome Kugan.^[5]
• D’Lo leads first queer South Asian writing workshop in Los Angeles^[5]
• Prerna Lal becomes active in Dream Activist movement.^[5][366]

2009

• Keengar Society – Youth Secular Organization for Protection of Religious and Sexual Minorities registered in Pakistan^[5]
• Pakistan’s Supreme Court declares third gender for trans/hijra population; orders all state organizations to protect them equally under the law^[5]
• Chennai’s first Rainbow Pride March (Jun)^[367]
• Section 377 read down by Delhi High Court to exclude all consensual sex among adults^[368]
• Campaign for Open Minds launched.^[5]

2010s

2010

• KASHISH Mumbai International Queer Film Festival founded^[369]
• Yaariyan group for LGBT youth founded in Mumbai by the Humsafar Trust (Dec)^[370]
• Khush Berkeley ("a safe space for queer and questioning Desis") group founded at the University of California, Berkeley by Fayzan, Nevin, and Preyanka^[5][371]
• SALGA is readmitted into NYC India Day Parade after being denied or dismissed for nearly 10 years.^[372]
• Humsafar Trust premieres Hindu translation of Chetan Datar's play Ek Madhav Baug at Mumbai Queer Film Festival, before taking the play on the road across India and the United States^{[213][373][374]}
• Book:
  • God Loves Hair by Vivek Shraya^[375]
• Films:
  • Brown Like Me (Toronto)^[52]
  • Arekti Premer Golpo, a Bengali drama directed by Bengali filmmaker Kaushik Ganguly
  • Memories in March, a Hindi and English language drama directed by Sanjoy Nag

2011

• Srishti Madurai formed on September 2 as India's first student volunteer LGBTQIA educational research foundation^[376]
• Kulture Kulcha: Trikone's 25th Anniversary^[377]
• Gautam Raghavan becomes the first Indian LGBT Liaison in the White House Office of Public Engagement^[378]
• Hijras get right to vote by Supreme Court^[5]
• Saathi (IIT-Bombay): possibly India’s first campus-based LGBT group^[5]
• Naz Male Health Alliance (the first MSM/TG based CBO) established in Pakistan^[5]
• Satrang youth group begins in Los Angeles (Oct)^[379]
• Brown//out, "South Asian" queer/ trans program at Pride Toronto starts (annual)^[5][52]
• Open listserv gay_bombay@yahoogroups.com formed, not affiliated with gaybombay@yahoogroups.com list^[5]
• Films:
  • Project Bolo-Indian LGBT Oral History Project^[5]

2012

• Asia's first Genderqueer pride parade and Alan Turing centenary celebrations commenced at Madurai in July 2012^[380][381]
• KhushATX formed.^[382]
• First LGBT Education Fest for School Students launched by Srishti Madurai at Madurai on 5 June 2012. It was attended by 600 school students.^[383]
• Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai became the youngest panelist to share a chair at the University Grants Commission’s sponsored seminars on gender and sexuality that have been taking place all over Tamil Nadu since 2012-2014.^[376]
• Nepal hosts South Asia's first gay sports tournament^[384]
• Several Pakistani hijra leaders run for national and provincial assembly seats in elections (e.g. Bindiya Rana of Gender Interactive Alliance)^[5]
• Desi Queer Helpline (DeQH) officially launched (national US-based service)^[5]
• NQAPIA hosts conference in DC. Many South Asian LGBTQ organizations represent and visit the White House^[5]
• Seksualiti Merdeka Bammeo in Malaysia^[5]
• Queer Diwali event in Toronto (Nov)^{[385][386][387]}
• Film:
  • Chitrangada: The Crowning Wish by Rituparno Ghosh^[388]

2013

• In January 2013 The American College in Madurai under graduation English department included Funny Boy by Shyam Selvadurai as part of syllabus under gay literature and ‘The Truth about me: A Hijra Life story’ by A. Revathi under Third Gender literature marginalized studies. Due to the efforts of Srishti Madurai.^[389]
• In June 2013 Harish Iyer became the first Indian citizen to be listed in the Guardian's World Pride Powerlist, a list of the 100 most influential LGBTIQ people in the world ^[390]
• DesiQ Conference, fourth International South Asian Queer Conference^[391]
• DOMA declared unconstitutional and Prop 8 goes down^[5]
• Srishti Madurai launched India's first helpline for Genderqueer, LGBTQIA on October 2, 2011, at Madurai. Later in June 2013 the helpline turned to offer service for 24 hours with a tagline "Just having someone understanding to talk to can save a life".^[392]
• Supreme Court of Nepal ruling for the introduction of a transgender category for people obtaining their citizenship certificates. People can register as a third gender when completing the certificates which serve as national identity cards required to open bank accounts, sell and buy property, and get a passport.^[5]
• On December 11, 2013, Supreme Court of India reinstates Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code, overruling the 2009 Delhi High Court Judgement^[5]
• First Khush DC women’s membership meeting^[5]
• First high-school LGBTQIA alliance in India: Breaking Barriers at Tagore International, New Delhi^[5][250]
• "You and I" campaign for trans people and allies starts in Malaysia^[5]
• Trikone Toronto launches^[393][394]
• A state-sponsored anti-LGBT musical tours Malaysian schools and theaters^[5]
• Books
  • Q?Y Art? book/art compilation released, based on multidisciplinary arts program for South Asian LGBTTIQQ2S/WSW/MSM youth (Toronto).^[5][395]

2014

• Launch of Roopbaan, the first LGBT magazine in Bangladesh ^[396]
• In July 2014 first book on genderqueer in Tamil and first Tamil book on LGBTQIA from Srishti Madurai was released by BJP’s state general secretary Vanathi Srinivasan at the Hindu spiritual service foundation’s sixth service fair, Chennai^{[397][398][399]}
• First Indian LGBT Youth Leadership Summit held in Mumbai (Feb)^[400]
• Supreme Court of India rules in the NALSA vs. Union of India case, declaring that transgender people have all rights granted by the Indian constitution, the right to determine their gender (man, woman, third-gender) regardless of surgery, hormones or attire^[401]
• In October 2014, A month long celebrations commenced to celebrate LGBT History Month at The American College with a lecture on Gender and sexual minorities organised by Srishti Madurai.^[389]
• Aaditi Hardikar named first woman of color as White House LGBT Liaison ^[402]
• Books
  • Maraikappata Pakkangal (Hidden Pages) is the first book on LGBTQIA & Gendervariants in Tamil penned by Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai.

2015

• Madhu Kinnar, India's first transgender mayor and a member of the Dalit community, elected as mayor of Raigarh, Chhattisgarh (Jan)^[403]
• India's Rajya Sabha passes the Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, 2014, paving the way for a potential future law (Apr)^[404]
• Manabi Bandyopadhyay celebrated as India's first openly transgender college principal (May)^[405]
• First ad featuring two lesbians in India^[406]
• Dalit queer activists Dhrubo Jyoti, Akhil Khang, and Dhiren Borisa speak out at Delhi Pride Parade (Nov)^{[407][408][409]}
• Nepal issues its first "third-gender" passport^{[410][411][412]}
• Nepal explicitly puts equal rights and freedom from discrimination for LGBT individuals in the constitution^[412][413]
• Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, started offering "Others" option in the gender column of the application form. Due to the efforts of Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai and the student community at JNU.^[376]
• Srishti Madurai urged Lok Sabha MP's to include intersex people in a bill to protect the rights of trans people.^[414][415]
• Books
  • Don't Let Him Know by Sandip Roy^[416]
  • Moving Truth(s): Queer and Transgender Desi Writings on Family, an anthology of writing by queer and transgender Desis about family, edited by Aparajeeta Duttchoudhury and Rukie Hartman^[417]
• Film
  • The film Naanu Avanalla...Avalu, about the life of Living Smile Vidya, won two awards at the 62nd National Film Awards^[418][419]
  • First ever movie on Pakistan’s hidden LGBT community: Poshida: Hidden LGBT Pakistan^[420][421]

2016

• Nergis Mavalvala, a queer Pakistani American MIT astrophysicist, was part of the team of scientists who observed gravitational waves for the first time^{[422][423][424]}
• On March 6, 2016 Srishti Madurai's new website was launched by Dalit activist and Ambedkarite Ma. Venkatesan from BJP in the presence of Central Minister Pon Radhakrishnan, Vanathi Srinivasan, Aravindan Neelakandan, Joe D'Cruz and scores of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh volunteers at Chennai.^[425]
• Gopi Shankar Madurai, a 25 years old gender activist made a bid to contest as one of the youngest candidates in the Tamil Nadu Assembly election and also the first openly Intersex & Genderqueer person to do so. Ze secured 14th place out of 21 candidates by securing 1% vote.^{[426][427][428][429]}
• Xulhaz Mannan and Tanay Fahim murdered in Dhaka, Bangladesh^[430][431]
• On July 15, 2016 For the first time Srishti Madurai along with Tamil Nadu Theological Seminary in Madurai a conglomerate of the Church of South India (CSI), and the Lutheran Church organised an Introductory seminar for church pastors on LGBT issues.^[432]
• Gopi Shankar Madurai of Srishti Madurai shortlisted for The Commonwealth Youth Worker Award as regional finalist for Asia.^[433][434]

2017

• Pakistan issues first passport with transgender category.^[435]
• Indian Supreme Court declares privacy is an intrinsic right, and that sexual orientation is an essential attribute of privacy.^[436]

2018

• Indian Supreme Court declares homosexuality as legal and reads down Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code and also apologized for the years of agony the LGBT community had to go through.

See also

• Timeline of Asian and Pacific Islander Diasporic LGBT History
• Timeline of African and diasporic LGBT history

References