Thomas Hardy's Wessex
The English author Thomas Hardy set all of his major novels in the south and southwest of England. He named the area "Wessex" after the medieval Anglo-Saxon kingdom that existed in this part of that country prior to the unification of England by Æthelstan. Although the places that appear in his novels actually exist, in many cases he gave the place a fictional name.[1] For example, Hardy's home town of Dorchester is called Casterbridge in his books, notably in The Mayor of Casterbridge.[2][3] In an 1895 preface to the novel Far From the Madding Crowd he described Wessex as "a merely realistic dream country".[4]
The actual definition of "Hardy's Wessex" varied widely throughout Hardy's career, and was not definitively settled until after he retired from writing novels. When he created the concept of a fictional Wessex, it consisted merely of the small area of Dorset in which Hardy grew up; by the time he wrote Jude the Obscure, the boundaries had extended to include all of Dorset, Wiltshire, Somerset, Devon, Hampshire, much of Berkshire, and some of Oxfordshire, with its most north-easterly point being Oxford (renamed "Christminster" in the novel). Cornwall was also referred to but named "Off Wessex". Similarly, the nature and significance of ideas of "Wessex" were developed over a long series of novels through a lengthy period of time. The idea of Wessex plays an important artistic role in Hardy's works (particularly his later novels), assisting the presentation of themes of progress, primitivism, sexuality, religion, nature and naturalism; however, this is complicated by the economic role Wessex played in Hardy's career. Considering himself primarily to be a poet, Hardy wrote novels mostly to earn money. Books that could be marketed under the Hardy brand of "Wessex novels" were particularly lucrative, which gave rise to a tendency to sentimentalised, picturesque, populist descriptions of Wessex – which, as a glance through most tourist giftshops in the south-west will reveal, remain popular with consumers today.
Hardy's resurrection of the name "Wessex" is largely responsible for the popular modern use of the term to describe the south-west region of England (with the exception of Cornwall and arguably Devon); today, a panoply of organisations take their name from Hardy to describe their relationship to the area.[5] Hardy's conception of Wessex as a separate, cohesive geographical and political identity has proved powerful, despite the fact it was originally created purely as an artistic conceit, and has spawned a lucrative tourist trade, and even a devolutionist Wessex Regionalist Party.
Thomas Hardy's Wessex names
Wessex regions and actual English counties
| Region of Wessex | Actual English County[6] | Position on Map |
|---|---|---|
| Lower Wessex | Devon | 9 |
| Mid Wessex | Wiltshire | 37 |
| North Wessex | Berkshire | 2 |
| Outer Wessex | Somerset | 30 |
| South Wessex | Dorset | 10 |
| Upper Wessex | Hampshire | 14 |
(Note: The Isle of Wight, although today a separate administrative county, was considered to be a part of the county of Hampshire – and thus Upper Wessex – during Thomas Hardy's lifetime. Likewise, Alfredston (Wantage) and the surrounding area in North Wessex was part of Berkshire prior to the 1974 boundary changes but now lies in Oxfordshire).
Outer Wessex is sometimes referred to as Nether Wessex.
Specific places in Thomas Hardy's Wessex
Key to references for the place name table
The abbreviations for Thomas Hardy's novels that are used in the table are as follows:
- UtGT – Under the Greenwood Tree (1872)
- PoBE – A Pair of Blue Eyes (1873)
- FftMC – Far from the Madding Crowd (1874)
- RotN – The Return of the Native (1878)
- TM – The Trumpet-Major (1880)
- ToaT – Two on a Tower (1882)
- MoC – The Mayor of Casterbridge (1886)
- W – The Woodlanders (1887)
- WT – Wessex Tales (1888)
- TotD – Tess of the D'Urbervilles (1891)
- JtO – Jude the Obscure (1895)
- WP – Wessex Poems and Other Verses (1898)
Table of Wessex place-names, their actual places, and their appearance in Hardy's novels
| Wessex Name | Region of Wessex | Actual Name | Appearance in Hardy's Novels[6][7] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Abbot's-Cernel | South Wessex | Cerne Abbas | |
| Abbotsea | South Wessex | Abbotsbury | |
| Aldbrickham | North Wessex | Reading | |
| Alfredston | North Wessex | Wantage | Jude Fawley becomes a mason's apprentice there. It is also where he works following his marriage to Arabella Donn. (JtO) |
| Anglebury | South Wessex | Wareham | Where Thomasin and Wildeve's marriage did not take place due to an invalid licence (RotN) |
| Bramhurst | Upper Wessex | Lyndhurst | |
| Budmouth | South Wessex | Weymouth//Melcombe Regis | Where Frank Troy goes to gamble on horse races. (FftMC) Eustacia Vye's hometown (RotN) - more correctly Melcombe Regis where George the Third popularised the Watering Place - Weymouth is the other side of the river |
| Casterbridge | South Wessex | Dorchester | Where Rhoda and Farmer Lodge's son is hanged. The Withered Arm. Also the principal location of The Mayor of Casterbridge (WT)[8] |
| Chalk Newton | South Wessex | Maiden Newton | |
| Chaseborough | South Wessex | Cranborne | |
| Christminster | North Wessex – although Christminster is technically not within the borders of Hardy's Wessex, as it is located to the north of the River Thames, he describes it in Jude the Obscure as being "within hail of the Wessex border, and almost with the tip of one small toe within it" | Oxford | This is where Jude Fawley goes to become a scholar, and is advised to give up his career choice. Sue Bridehead works in a shop which produces religious artefacts there, meets her cousin, and is thrown from her lodgings. (JtO) |
| Cliff Martin | Outer Wessex | Combe Martin | Combe Martin is actually in Devon, indicating that Hardy's boundaries are not necessarily linked to current county boundaries |
| Cresscombe | North Wessex | Letcombe Bassett | |
| Deansleigh | South Wessex | Romsey | |
| Downstaple | Lower Wessex | Barnstaple | |
| Durnover | South Wessex | Fordington | |
| Emminster | South Wessex | Beaminster[8] | The home of Angel Clare, and the site of Clare's father's vicarage. (TotD) |
| Evershead | South Wessex | Evershot | |
| Exonbury | Lower Wessex | Exeter | |
| Falls Park | Outer Wessex | Mells Park | |
| Fountall | Outer Wessex | Wells | |
| Gaymead | North Wessex | Theale | (JtO and WT) |
| Havenpool | South Wessex | Poole | Newson landed here on his return from Newfoundland. (MoC) |
| Isle of Slingers | South Wessex | Isle of Portland | |
| Ivell | Outer Wessex | Yeovil | |
| Kennetbridge | North Wessex | Newbury | "A thriving town not more than a dozen miles south of Marygreen" (JtO)[9] between Melchester and Christminster.[10] The main road (A338) from Oxford to Salisbury runs past Fawley and through Hungerford, which may be Kennetbridge instead of Newbury, which is to the south-east of Fawley. |
| Kingsbere | South Wessex | Bere Regis | Here is situated the Church of the d'Urbervilles. After Tess' Father's death, the Durbeyfield family take refuge outside the chapel. |
| Knollsea | South Wessex | Swanage | |
| Lulwind Cove | South Wessex | Lulworth Cove | |
| Lumsdon | North Wessex | Cumnor | It is there that Jude Fawley meets up with his old teacher Mr. Phillotson again. It is where Sue Bridehead starts to work as a teacher and promises herself in marriage to Mr. Phillotson. (JtO) |
| Marlott | South Wessex | Marnhull | Tess Durbeyfield is born and brought up there. After becoming pregnant by Alec D'Urberville she returns to the village and gives birth to a baby boy, who dies in infancy. (TotD) |
| Marygreen | North Wessex | Fawley | Drusilla Fawley runs a bakery there. It is the place where Sue Bridehead spent her childhood. Jude Fawley is brought there following the death of his father, and it is where he matures into a man. (JtO) |
| Melchester | Mid Wessex | Salisbury | This is the place where Jude goes to prepare himself for the ministry, and where Sue Bridehead is studying to become a teacher. The latter runs away from her school there, and later marries Mr. Phillotson in the town. (JtO) |
| Mellstock | South Wessex | Stinsford and Higher & Lower Bockhampton | Thomas Hardy's birthplace. Hardy's heart is also buried here, next to his first wife, Emma. Jude Fawley's father died there. (JtO) Nearly all of Under the Greenwood Tree is set in Mellstock. |
| Middleton | South Wessex | Milton Abbas | |
| Middleton Abbey | South Wessex | Milton Abbey | The Woodlanders |
| Overcombe | South Wessex | Sutton Poyntz | The Trumpet-Major |
| Port Bredy | South Wessex | Bridport[8] | |
| Po'sham | South Wessex | Portesham | The home of Captain Thomas Hardy, one of Lord Nelson's commanders at the Battle of Trafalgar, who lived at Portesham House. (TM) |
| Quartershot | Upper Wessex | Aldershot | |
| Sandbourne | Upper Wessex | Bournemouth[8] | This is the place where Tess Durbeyfield lives with Alec D'Urberville as his mistress, and where she murders him upon the return of her husband, Angel Clare. (TotD). It is also the place where Sue Bridehead's freethinking friend was buried, and where she was the only mourner at his funeral. (JtO) |
| Shaston | South Wessex | Shaftesbury | Jack Durbeyfield visits the doctor in Shaston and learns that he has a bad heart. (TotD). Mr. Phillotson moves there to run a school. Jude Fawley travels there to see Sue Bridehead, who, married to Mr. Phillotson, is working in the town, and they flee the place together. (JtO) |
| Sherton Abbas | South Wessex | Sherborne[8] | |
| Slingers | South Wessex | Isle of Portland | |
| Solentsea | Upper Wessex | Southsea | The setting of the short story "An Imaginative Woman." |
| Stancy Castle | Outer Wessex | Dunster Castle | |
| Stoke Barehills | Upper Wessex | Basingstoke | |
| Street of Wells | South Wessex | Fortuneswell | |
| Toneborough | Outer Wessex | Taunton | |
| Trantridge | South Wessex | Pentridge | Site of the D'Urberville estate. |
| Weatherbury | South Wessex | Puddletown[8] | Farms of Bathsheba and Boldwood, main setting for Far From the Madding Crowd |
| Weatherbury Farm | South Wessex | Waterston Manor | Bathsheba's farms, in Far From the Madding Crowd |
| Wellbridge | South Wessex | Wool | (TotD) |
| Weydon-Priors | Upper Wessex | Weyhill | It is there that Michael Henchard sells his wife while he is drunk. (MoC) |
| Wintoncester | South Wessex | Winchester | Tess Durbeyfield is imprisoned and executed in this former capital of Wessex. (TotD) |
In art and books
Artists such as Walter Tyndale, Edmund Hort New, Charles George Harper and others, have painted or drawn the landscapes, places and buildings described in Hardy's novels. Their work was used to illustrate books exploring the real-life countryside on which the fictional county of Wessex was based:
- B. C. A. Windle & E. H. New (ill.). The Wessex of Thomas Hardy (London, New York, J. Lane, 1902).
- Charles G. Harper. The Hardy country; literary landmarks of the Wessex novels (London, A. & C. Black, 1904).
- Clive Holland. Wessex (A & C Black, 1906).
- Sidney Heath.The Heart of Wessex (Blackie & Son, 1910?).
- Charles G. Harper. Wessex ("Beautiful Britain", London: A. & C. Black, 1911).
- R. Thurston Hopkins & E. Harries (ill.). Thomas Hardy's Dorset (New York: D. Appleton and co. 1922).
- Hermann Lea. Thomas Hardy's Wessex (London, Macmillan and co. 1911).
- Ralph Pite, Hardy's geography: Wessex and the regional novel. Palgrave, 2002.
- Andrew D. Radford, Mapping the Wessex novel: landscape, history and the parochial in British literature, 1870–1940. (London; New York: Continuum International Pub., 2010.
- Walter Tyndale. Hardy country water-colours (A & C Black, 19??).
- Barry J Cade. Thomas Hardy's Locations (Casterbridge Publishing Limited 2015) A full colour tourist guide to the places Hardy had in mind when he wrote "The Mayor of Casterbridge" and "Far from the Madding Crowd."
References
- ↑ "Map of Thomas Hardy's Wessex". British Library. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ Birchall, Eugene. "Wessex Place Names". Wessex Photos. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ "An Introduction To Hardy's Wessex". South Coast Central. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ "Exploring Thomas Hardy's West Dorset" (PDF). Visit Dorset. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ "Thomas Hardy's Wessex?". University of St Andrews. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- 1 2 "Wessex Novel Placenames". Dorsetshire.com. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ "Wessex place-names". Thomas Hardy's Wessex. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Thomas Hardy's Dorset inspirations". BBC. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
- ↑ Paragraph 4, Chapter VII, Part Fifth, Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/153/153-h/153-h.htm#5-7
- ↑ Paragraph 6, Chapter X, Part Third, Thomas Hardy, Jude the Obscure at https://www.gutenberg.org/files/153/153-h/153-h.htm#5-7
External links
- Thomas Hardy's Wessex Research site, including maps, by Dr Birgit Plietzsch