The Mayor of Casterbridge

The Mayor of Casterbridge
Henchard on the way to the fair with Susan and Elizabeth-Jane
Author Thomas Hardy
Illustrator Robert Barnes
Country United Kingdom
Language English
Genre Novel
Published London[1]
Publisher Smith Elder & Co[1]
Publication date
 1886[1]
First published in two volumes[1]

The Mayor of Casterbridge: The Life and Death of a Man of Character is an 1886 novel by British author Thomas Hardy. It is set in the fictional town of Casterbridge (based on the town of Dorchester in Dorset). The book is one of Hardy's Wessex novels, all set in a fictional rural England.

Hardy began writing the book in 1884 and wrote the last page on 17 April 1885. Within the book, he writes that the events took place "before the nineteenth century had reached one-third of its span". Literary critic Dale Kramer sees it as being set somewhat later—in the late 1840s, corresponding to Hardy's youth in Dorchester.[2]

Plot summary

At a country fair near Casterbridge in the fictional county of Wessex Michael Henchard, a 21-year-old hay-trusser, argues with his wife Susan. Drunk on rum-laced furmity he auctions her off, along with their baby daughter Elizabeth-Jane, to Richard Newson, a passing sailor, for five guineas. Sober the next day, he is too late to recover his family. When he realises they are gone, he swears never to touch liquor again for as many years as he has lived so far.

Locations in Wessex, from The Wessex of Thomas Hardy by Bertram Windle, 1902, based on correspondence with Hardy.

Eighteen years later, Henchard has become a successful grain merchant and Mayor of Casterbridge, known for his staunch sobriety. Henchard has avoided explaining the circumstances of the loss of his wife, allowing people to assume he is a widower.

On a visit to Jersey on business, Henchard falls in love with Lucetta Le Sueur, who nurses him back to health after an illness. Although Henchard never tells Lucetta exactly how he "lost" his wife, he does tell her he has a wife who is probably dead, but who may return. Besotted, Lucetta develops a relationship with him despite the risk. Henchard returns to Casterbridge, leaving Lucetta to face the social consequences of their fling.

To rejoin polite society Lucetta would have to marry him, although Henchard is already technically married. Yet just as Henchard is about to send for Lucetta, Susan unexpectedly appears in Casterbridge with her daughter, Elizabeth-Jane. Newson appears to have been lost at sea, and without means to earn an income Susan is looking to Henchard again. Susan believed for a long time that her "marriage" to Newson was perfectly legitimate. Only recently, just before Newson's disappearance, had Susan begun to question whether or not she was still legally married to Henchard.

Just as Susan and Elizabeth-Jane arrive in town, a Scotsman, Donald Farfrae, is passing through on his way to America. He has experience as a grain and corn merchant, and is on the cutting edge of agricultural science. He befriends Henchard and helps him out of a bad financial situation by giving him some timely advice. Henchard persuades him to stay and offers him a job as his corn factor, rudely dismissing a man named Jopp to whom he had already offered the job. Hiring Farfrae is a stroke of business genius for Henchard, who, although hardworking, is not well-educated.

To preserve appearances, Henchard sets Susan up in a nearby house, pretends to court her, and remarries her. Both Henchard and Susan keep the truth from Elizabeth-Jane. Henchard also keeps Lucetta a secret. He writes to her, informing her that their marriage is off.

Henchard's relationship with Farfrae deteriorates as Farfrae becomes more popular than Henchard. Eventually they part company and Farfrae sets himself up as an independent merchant. The rivalry and jealousy for the most part is one-sided, and Farfrae conducts himself with scrupulous honesty and fair dealing. Henchard meanwhile makes increasingly aggressive, risky business decisions that put him in financial danger.

Henchard's jealousy leads him to oppose a marriage between Farfrae and Elizabeth-Jane, until after Susan's death, at which point Henchard learns he is not Elizabeth-Jane's father from a letter which Susan, on her deathbed, marked to be opened only after Elizabeth-Jane's marriage. His own daughter had died in infancy; this second Elizabeth-Jane is Newson's daughter. Henchard is no longer concerned about blocking the marriage, but he conceals the secret from Elizabeth-Jane and grows cold and cruel towards her.

In the meantime, Lucetta arrives from Jersey and purchases a house in Casterbridge. She has inherited money from a wealthy relative. Initially she hopes to resume their relationship, but propriety requires that they wait a while. She takes Elizabeth-Jane into her household as a companion, thinking it will give Henchard an excuse to come to visit, not knowing of Henchard's hatred of Elizabeth-Jane.

Farfrae visits Lucetta's house to see Elizabeth-Jane and falls for Lucetta, not knowing she has come to marry Henchard. Lucetta is also attracted to Farfrae. At the same time, she begins to question Henchard's character, when it becomes public knowledge that he sold his first wife. Although initially reluctant, Henchard decides that he wants to marry Lucetta, particularly since he is in financial trouble - he believes that his creditors would extend credit if he was about to be married to a wealthy woman. Frustrated by her stalling, Henchard bullies Lucetta into agreeing to marry him. But by this point she is in love with Farfrae, and they run away one weekend to get married. She does not tell Henchard until well after the fact. Henchard's credit collapses, he goes bankrupt, and has to sell all his personal possessions to pay creditors.

Farfrae buys Henchard's old business and tries to help the man who helped him get started, whom he still regards as a friend and a former mentor, by employing him as a journeyman. He does not realise Henchard is his enemy, even though the town council and Elizabeth-Jane both warn him.

Lucetta keeps her former relationship with Henchard a secret, but all is revealed when Henchard lets his enemy Jopp deliver Lucetta's old love letters. Jopp makes the secret public and the townspeople publicly shame Henchard and Lucetta in a skimmington ride. Lucetta, who by this point is pregnant, dies of an epileptic seizure.

When Newson, Elizabeth-Jane's biological father, returns, Henchard is afraid of losing her companionship and tells Newson she is dead. The twenty-first year of his oath is up, and he starts drinking again. By the time Elizabeth-Jane, who months later is married to Donald Farfrae and reunited with Newson, goes looking for Henchard to forgive him, he has died and left a will requesting no funeral.

Principal characters

  • Michael Henchard: hay trusser who becomes Mayor of Casterbridge
  • Susan Henchard (Newson): wife of Henchard, sold to Newson
  • Richard Newson: sailor; purchases Susan and lives with her for many years as her de-facto husband
  • Elizabeth-Jane: daughter of Susan by Henchard; dies as an infant
  • Elizabeth-Jane: daughter of Susan by Newson; marries Farfrae
  • Donald Farfrae: becomes Mayor of Casterbridge after Henchard; Scotsman
  • Lucetta Templeman (Le Sueur): Native of Jersey who has an affair with Henchard; marries Farfrae.

Adaptations

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 4 "British Library Item details". primocat.bl.uk. Retrieved 14 June 2018.
  2. ↑ Thomas Hardy, Dale Kramer (10 June 2004). The Mayor of Casterbridge. Oxford University Press, UK. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-19-160634-2.
  3. ↑ "IMDb entry for The Mayor of Casterbridge". Retrieved 21 December 2011. |
  4. ↑ "The Mayor of Casterbridge" BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial "listen again" website, bbc.co.uk; accessed 30 April 2015.

Bibliography

  • Menefee, Samuel P., Wives for Sale: An Ethnographic Study of British Popular Divorce (1981) ISBN 0-631-13301-1.

Further reading

  • Avery, Simon (2009). Thomas Hardy: The Mayor of Casterbridge · Jude the Obscure. Basingstoke and New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-00540-2.
  • Lerner, Lawrence (1975). Thomas Hardy's Mayor of Casterbridge: Tragedy or Social History?. Eastbourne: Sussex University Press. ISBN 978-0-856-21042-6.
  • Taft, Michael (1981). "Hardy's manipulation of folk lore and literary imagination: The case of the wife-sale in the Mayor of Casterbridge". Studies in the Novel. 13 (4): 399–407.
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