The Watermelon Woman

The Watermelon Woman
Original movie poster
Directed by Cheryl Dunye
Produced by Alexandra Juhasz
Barry Swimar
Written by Cheryl Dunye
Starring Cheryl Dunye
Guinevere Turner
Music by Paul Shapiro
Cinematography Michelle Crenshaw
Edited by Cheryl Dunye
Distributed by First Run Features
Release date
  • February 1996 (1996-02) (Berlin International Film Festival)
  • March 5, 1997 (1997-03-05) (U.S.)
Running time
 90 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $300,000[1]

The Watermelon Woman is a 1996 romantic comedy-drama film written, directed, and edited by Cheryl Dunye. It stars Dunye as Cheryl, young black lesbian working a day job in a video store while trying to make a film about a black actress from the 1930s known for playing the stereotypical "mammy" roles relegated to black actresses during the period. It was the first feature film directed by a black lesbian.[2][3]

Background

In 1993 Dunye was doing research for a class on black film history, by looking for information on black actresses in early films. Many times the credits for these women were left out of the film. Dunye decided that she was going to use her work to create a story for black women in early films, which became The Watermelon Woman. When confronted about the omissions in film history, Dunye replied, "That it's going to take more than just my film for that picture to be corrected," says Dunye. "There needs to be more work, there needs to be more black protagonists. There are a lot of talented actresses that have nothing to do but "mammy" roles again and again, modem day mammies. There needs to be a focus that gets them working, getting some of those Academy Awards like they should.”[4] The film’s title is a play on the Melvin Van Peebles’s film The Watermelon Man (1970).[5]

The Watermelon Woman was made on a budget of $300,000, financed by a $31,500 grant from the National Endowment for the Arts (NEA), a fundraiser, and donations from friends of Dunye.[1][6][7] The photographic Fae Richards Archive, documenting the fictional actress' life, was created by New York City-based photographer Zoe Leonard.[8] Made up of 78 images, the collection was later exhibited in galleries and as a book.

For the production of the film, Dunye conducted her research at the Lesbian Herstory Archive and the Library of Congress. However, she quickly discovered that neither had the specific resources she was looking for and accessing them was beyond her budget for the film, causing her to stage 78 of the archival photographs featured in the film.[9]

In the film, the protagonist Cheryl, played by the director, is an aspiring black lesbian filmmaker attempting to bring about the history of black lesbians in cinematic history while attempting to produce her own work because “our stories have never been told.”[10] The story explores the difficulty in navigating archival sources that either excludes or ignores black queer women working in Hollywood,[9] particularly that of actress Fae Richards whose character bore the name that provides the title for the film.[5] The film also features a number of appearances by queer art figures such as Cheryl Clarke, Camille Paglia, David Rakoff, Sarah Schulman and others.[10]

Criticism of NEA funding

On March 3, 1996, Jeannine DeLombard reviewed The Watermelon Woman for Philadelphia City Paper, describing the sex scene between Cheryl and Diana as "the hottest dyke sex scene ever recorded on celluloid".[11] On June 14, Julia Duin wrote an article for The Washington Times, quoting DeLombard's review and questioning the $31,500 grant given to Dunye by the NEA.[7][12]

Representative Peter Hoekstra, the chairman of the House Education and Workforce Committee's United States House Education Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations, also read DeLombard's review. Hoekstra wrote a letter to the NEA chairwoman, Jane Alexander, stating that The Watermelon Woman “is one of several gay- and lesbian-themed works cited by the Michigan Republican as evidence of "the serious possibility that taxpayer money is being used to fund the production and distribution of patently offensive and possibly pornographic movies."’ A spokesperson for Hoekstra said that he had no problem with gay content, just those that contained explicit sex.[13] Because of this controversy the NEA restructured itself by awarding grants to specific projects, rather than giving funding straight to arts groups for disbursment.[14]

Plot

Cheryl is a young, African American lesbian who works in a video rental store in Philadelphia with her friend Tamara. They earn extra money by making professional home videos for people. Cheryl becomes interested in films from the 1930s and 40s which feature black actresses. She notices that these actresses are often not credited. She watches a film called Plantation Memories with a black actress who is credited simply as "The Watermelon Woman". Cheryl decides to make a documentary about the Watermelon Woman and find out more about her life.

Tamara tries to set Cheryl up with her friend Yvette, but Cheryl is not interested. Cheryl meets a white woman in the store called Diana who, to Tamara's annoyance, flirts with Cheryl.

Cheryl starts interviewing members of the public, asking them if they have heard of the Watermelon Woman. She interviews her mother who does not remember the name, but recognises a photograph of her. She tells Cheryl that she used to hear the Watermelon Woman singing in clubs in Philadelphia. Tamara's mother tells Cheryl to get in contact with Lee Edwards — a man who has done a lot of research into black films. Cheryl and Tamara go to see Lee, and he tells them about 1920s and 30s black culture in Philadelphia. He explains to them that in those days, black women usually played domestic servants.

Cheryl meets her mother's friend Shirley, who turns out to be a lesbian. Shirley tells her that the Watermelon Woman's name was Fae Richards, that she was a lesbian too, and that she used to sing in clubs "for all us stone butches". She says that Fae was always with Martha Page, the white director of Plantation Memories.

When Cheryl and Tamara get caught ordering video tapes under Diana's name, Diana takes the tapes and tells Cheryl that she will have to come to her home to collect them. Cheryl goes to Diana's house, stays for dinner, and watches some of the tapes with her, telling her about her project. They have sex, and Cheryl decides that although Diana is not her usual type of woman, she likes being with her.

Cheryl meets cultural critic Camille Paglia who tells her about the Mammy archetype, saying that it represented a goddess figure. Cheryl goes to the Center for Lesbian Information and Technology (CLIT), and finds photographs of Fae Richards, including one given by Fae to a June Walker. With Diana's help, Cheryl manages to contact Martha Page's sister who denies that Martha was a lesbian.

As Cheryl and Diana grow closer, Tamara makes it clear that she dislikes Diana and disapproves of their relationship. She accuses Cheryl of wanting to be white, and Diana of having a fetish for black people.

Cheryl telephones June Walker, learning that she was Fae's partner for 20 years. They arrange to meet, but June is taken to hospital and leaves a letter for Cheryl instead. In the letter she says that she is angry with Martha Page, that Martha had nothing to do with what Fae's life. She urges Cheryl to tell their history.

Having separated from Diana, and fallen out with Tamara, Cheryl finishes her project, never managing to make further contact with June.

Cast

Distribution

The Watermelon Woman premiered at the 1996 Berlin International Film Festival and went on to play at several other international film festivals during 1996 and 1997, including the New York Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, L.A. Outfest, the San Francisco International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, the Tokyo International Lesbian & Gay Film Festival, the Créteil International Women's Film Festival, the London Lesbian and Gay Film Festival, and the Toronto International Film Festival.[16][17]

The Watermelon Woman Aired on the Sundance Channel on August 12, 1998. Dunye was the only female director to be showcased during that month. Dunye was selected as one of POWER UP's 2008 Top-10 Powerful Women In Showbiz.[18]

The film was released in the United States on March 5, 1997, distributed by First Run Features.[16] It was released onto Region 1 DVD on September 5, 2000.[19]

Reception

Awards

In 1996, The Watermelon Woman won the Teddy Award for Best feature film at the Berlin International Film Festival,[20] and the Audience Award for Outstanding Narrative Feature at L.A. Outfest.[21]

Critical

Critical reviews of the film were generally positive. Stephen Holden of The New York Times called the film "both stimulating and funny".[22] He praised Dunye for her "talent and open-heartedness" and enjoyed the film's moments of comedy.[22] He said that the film "lets you find your own way to its central message about cultural history and the invisibility of those shunted to the margins."[22] Writing for the San Francisco Chronicle, Ruthie Stein had a similar opinion to Holden, saying that, despite the seriousness of the film's topics, it "never takes itself too seriously."[23] She praised Dunye's "engaging personality" and said that she "has infused [the film] with a lightness that seems to match her spirit."[23] The Advocate's Anne Stockwell said that "this rollicking, sexy movie never gets self-important."[8] She praised the "footage" of Fae Richards and Zoe Leonard's work on the photo archive of the fictional actress as "one of the film's joys".[8]

Emanuel Levy rated the film as a "B", saying that it was "only a matter of time before a woman of color made a lesbian film."[24] He said that while "[p]oking fun at various sacred cows in American culture", it "makes statements about the power of narrative and the ownership of history."[24] In a review for The Austin Chronicle, Marjorie Baumgarten called the film "smart, sexy [...] funny, historically aware, and stunningly contemporary."[25]

To celebrate the 30th anniversary of the Teddy Awards, the film has been selected to be shown at the 66th Berlin International Film Festival in February 2016.[26]

The film was acquired by the Museum of Modern Art in 2016 as part of its film collection.[27]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 Haslett, T.; N. Abiaka (April 12, 1997). "Cheryl Dunye — Interview". Black Cultural Studies Web Site Collective. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  2. ↑ Sullivan, p. 211.
  3. ↑ Keough, Peter (May 8, 1997), "Slice of life — The Watermelon Woman refreshes", The Phoenix, retrieved April 29, 2008
  4. ↑ Trudi, Perkins (June 1997), "Caution: She'll Make You Think!", Lesbian News (22.11)
  5. 1 2 Richardson, Matt (2011). "Our Stories Have Never Been Told: Preliminary Thoughts on Black Lesbian Cultural Production as Historiography in The Watermelon Woman". Black Camera. doi:10.2979/blackcamera.2.2.100. JSTOR 10.2979/blackcamera.2.2.100.
  6. ↑ McHugh, p.275.
  7. 1 2 Warner, David (October 17, 1996), "Dunye, Denzel and more", Philadelphia City Paper, retrieved April 28, 2008
  8. 1 2 3 Stockwell, Anne (March 4, 1997), "Color-corrected film", The Advocate, LPI Media, p. 53, retrieved May 15, 2010
  9. 1 2 Bryan-Wilson, Julia, and Cheryl Dunye. “Imaginary Archives: A Dialogue.” Art Journal, vol. 72, no. 2, 2013, pp. 82–89., JSTOR 43188602.
  10. 1 2 Michel, Frann (Summer 2007). "Eating the (M)Other: Cheryl Dunye's Feature Films and Black Matrilineage". Rhizomes: Cultural Studies in Emerging Knowledge. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  11. ↑ DeLombard, Jeannine (March 3, 1996), "The Watermelon Woman Review", Philadelphia City Paper, retrieved April 28, 2008
  12. ↑ Wallace, p.457.
  13. ↑ Moss, J. Jennings (April 1, 1997), "The NEA gets gay-bashed — National Endowment for the Arts", The Advocate, LPI Media, p. 55, retrieved May 13, 2010
  14. ↑ Moss, J. Jennings (April 1, 1997), "The NEA Gets Gay-bashed.", Advocate (730)
  15. ↑ "The Watermelon Woman — Cast", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, retrieved June 6, 2008
  16. 1 2 "The Watermelon Woman", Variety, archived from the original on May 5, 2008, retrieved April 27, 2008
  17. ↑ "Official Site". 2005. Archived from the original on April 1, 2011. Retrieved April 27, 2008.
  18. ↑ "Cheryl Dunye - California College of the Arts". www.cca.edu. Retrieved 2012-05-02.
  19. ↑ "The Watermelon Woman Movie Reviews". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved April 28, 2008.
  20. ↑ Warbler, Daniel (2 June 2014). "THE OUT TAKE: 10 FANTASTIC TEDDY AWARD-WINNING LGBT FILMS TO WATCH RIGHT NOW". mtv.com. Retrieved 9 September 2018.
  21. ↑ Swartz, Shauna (2006-03-15). "Review of The Watermelon Woman". AfterEllen.com. Retrieved 2008-04-27.
  22. 1 2 3 Holden, Stephen (March 5, 1997), "On Black Films and Breezy Lesbians", The New York Times, The New York Times Company, retrieved May 13, 2010
  23. 1 2 Stein, Ruthie (July 25, 1997), "'Watermelon Woman' Digs Fruitfully Into a Faux Past", San Francisco Chronicle, Hearst Corporation, retrieved May 13, 2010
  24. 1 2 Levy, Emanuel, "The Watermelon Woman", EmanuelLevy.com, retrieved May 13, 2010
  25. ↑ Baumgarten, Marjorie (July 18, 1997), "Film Listings: The Watermelon Woman", The Austin Chronicle, Austin Chronicle Corp., retrieved May 13, 2010
  26. ↑ "Berlinale 2016: Panorama Celebrates Teddy Award's 30th Anniversary and Announces First Titles in Programme". Berlinale. Retrieved 20 December 2015.
  27. ↑ https://www.moma.org/collection/works/215439?locale=en

Bibliography

  • McHugh, Kathleen (2002), "Autobiography", in Lewis, Jon, The End of Cinema as We Know It, Pluto Press, ISBN 0-7453-1879-7
  • Sullivan, Laura L. (2004), "Chasing Fae: The Watermelon Woman and Black Lesbian Possibility", in Bobo, Jacqueline; Hudley, Cynthia; Michel, Claudine, The Black Studies Reader, Routledge, ISBN 0-415-94553-4
  • Wallace, Michele (2004), Dark Designs and Visual Culture, Duke University Press, pp. 457–459, ISBN 0-8223-3413-5
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