The Bluest Eye

The Bluest Eye
First edition
Author Toni Morrison
Country United States
Language English
Genre African-American literature
Publisher Holt, Rinehart and Winston
Publication date
 1970
Media type Print (hardback & paperback)
Pages 224 pp (hardcover edition)
ISBN 978-0-375-41155-7 (hardcover edition)
OCLC 30110136

The Bluest Eye is a novel written by Toni Morrison in 1970. Morrison, a single mother of two sons, wrote the novel while she taught at Howard University.[1]

The novel is set in 1941 and centers around the life of an African-American girl named Pecola who grows up during the years following the Great Depression in Lorain, Ohio. Due to her mannerisms and dark skin, she is consistently regarded as "ugly". As a result, she develops an inferiority complex, which fuels her desire for the blue eyes she equates with "whiteness". The point of view of the novel switches between the perspective of Claudia MacTeer, the daughter of Pecola's foster parents, and a third-person narrator with inset narratives in the first person.

Due to controversial topics in the book including racism, incest, and child molestation, there have been numerous attempts to ban it from schools and libraries.[2]

Plot summary

In Lorain, Ohio, nine-year-old Claudia MacTeer and her 10-year-old sister Frieda live with their parents, a tenant named Mr. Henry, and Pecola Breedlove, a temporary foster child whose house is burned down by her unstable, alcoholic, and sexually abusive father. Pecola is a quiet, passive young girl who grows up with little money and whose parents are constantly fighting, both verbally and physically. Pecola is continually reminded of what an "ugly" girl she is by members of her neighborhood and school community. In an attempt to beautify herself, Pecola wishes for blue eyes – a standard that was perpetuated through the gifting of white, blue-eyed dolls throughout her childhood. Additionally, most chapters' titles are extracts from the Dick and Jane paragraph in the novel's prologue, presenting a white family that may be contrasted with Pecola's. The chapter titles contain sudden repetition of words or phrases, many cut-off words, and no interword separations.

The novel, through flashbacks, explores the younger years of both of Pecola's parents, Cholly and Pauline, and their struggles as African-Americans in a largely White Anglo-Saxon Protestant community. Pauline now works as a servant for a wealthier white family. One day in the novel's present time, while Pecola is doing dishes, drunk Cholly rapes her. His motives are largely confusing, seemingly a combination of both love and hate. After raping her a second time, he flees, leaving her pregnant.

Claudia and Frieda are the only two in the community that hope for Pecola's child to survive in the coming months. Consequently, they give up the money they had been saving to buy a bicycle, instead planting marigold seeds with the superstitious belief that if the flowers bloom, Pecola's baby will survive. The marigolds never bloom, and Pecola's child, who is born prematurely, dies. In the aftermath, a dialogue is presented between two sides of Pecola's own deluded imagination, in which she indicates conflicting feelings about her rape by her father. In this internal conversation, Pecola speaks as though her wish for blue eyes has been granted, and believes that the changed behavior of those around her is due to her new eyes, rather than the news of her rape or her increasingly strange behavior.

Claudia, as narrator a final time, describes the recent phenomenon of Pecola's insanity and suggests that Cholly (who has since died) may have shown Pecola the only love he could by raping her. Claudia laments on her belief that the whole community, herself included, have used Pecola as a scapegoat to make themselves feel prettier and happier.[3]

Characters

  • Pecola Breedlove: One of the main characters of the novel, Pecola is a young black girl who comes from a financially unstable family. Between a combination of facing domestic violence, bullying, sexual assault, and living in a community that associates beauty with whiteness, she suffers from low self-esteem and views herself to be ugly. The title The Bluest Eye refers to Pecola's fervent wishes for beautiful blue eyes. Her insanity at the end of the novel is her only way to escape the world where she cannot be beautiful and to get the blue eyes she desires from the beginning of the novel.
  • Claudia MacTeer: Narrates majority of the novel and is also a young black girl. She is the child of Pecola's foster parents and is Frieda's sister. She is not only Pecola's fostering sister but she is also considered to be her friend. She is an independent, mature and passionate 9-year-old girl in a world were there are many social issues. However, even though she is unaware of all of these major social issues, she is one of few, if any, characters that feel sympathy for Pecola. Claudia is the polar opposite of Pecola. In the first chapter she destroys her white dolls out of internalized hatred of white people. Contrastingly, Pecola consistently acts on her desire to achieve white beauty standards. Claudia is raised in a stable home, always assured of her self-worth and surrounded by a strong network of family.
  • Frieda MacTeer: Is Claudia's 10-year-old sister. Frieda is more enlightened to the world in comparison to her younger sister and Pecola. Frieda is courageous and unwavering. She is seen to defend both Claudia and Pecola within the novel. Frieda can be classified as determined, independent and stubborn at times.
  • Cholly Breedlove: Cholly is Pecola's father. Abusive and an alcoholic, Cholly's violent and aggressive behavior reflects his troublesome upbringing. In addition to being rejected by his father and discarded by his mother as a four-day-old baby, Cholly's first sexual encounter is ruined when it is interrupted by two white men, who force Cholly to continue while they watch and sneer. Traumatic events like these influence Cholly to become a violent husband and father who beats his wife and eventually rapes his daughter. These gesture of madness are said to be mingled with affection, as they are his way of showing love.
  • Pauline "Polly" Breedlove: Pecola's mother. Mrs. Breedlove is married to Cholly and lives the self-righteous life of a martyr, enduring her drunk husband and raising her two awkward children as best as she can. Mrs. Breedlove is a bit of an outcast herself with her shriveled foot and Southern background. Mrs. Breedlove lives the life of a lonely and isolated character who escapes into a world of dreams, hopes and fantasy that turns into the movies she enjoys viewing. After a traumatic event with a foul tooth, however, she relinquishes those dreams and escapes into her life as a housekeeper for a rich white family who give her the beloved nickname "Polly."
  • Sam Breedlove: Pecola's older brother. Sammy, as he is more often referred to in the novel, is Cholly and Mrs. Breedlove's only son. Sam's part in this novel is minimal. Like his sister Pecola, he is affected by the disharmony in their home and deals with his anger by running away.
  • Auntie Jimmy: Cholly's great aunt, who takes him in to raise after his parents abandon him. She is friends with a Miss Alice and is briefly ill, tended to by the medicine woman whom the locals call "M'Dear." Aunt Jimmy dies suddenly when Cholly is still a young boy during a meal of peach cobbler that was made by a friend, Esse Foster.
  • Samson Fuller: Cholly Breedlove's father who abandoned Cholly before he was born. After Aunt Jimmy dies, Cholly runs off in search of Samson in Macon, Georgia where he is left distraught and disappointed with his discovery.
  • The Fishers: The rich, white couple who employ Pauline as their servant and as the caretaker of their young daughter.
  • Geraldine: A social conscious upper class black woman in the community who exaggerates the fact that she is above traditional black stereotypes and is more "civilized" than other black families in Lorain, Ohio. When she feels that her husband isn't fulfilling her need for love, she finds a cat and pours her affections into it. Her lack of attention to anything but the cat causes unintended hatred for the cat from her son, whom she neglects often.
  • Louis Junior: Geraldine's son who bullies Pecola and blames her for accidentally killing his mother's beloved cat.
  • Maginot Line (Marie): A prostitute who lives with two other prostitutes named China and Poland in an apartment above the one that Pecola lives in. These ladies are ostracized by society, but teach Pecola a lot about being a social outcast, and offer her the support that few others do.
  • Rosemary Villanucci: The MacTeers' next-door neighbor who constantly tries to get Claudia and Frieda in trouble.
  • Mr. Yacobowski: The discriminatory white immigrant, owner of the grocery store where Pecola goes to buy Mary Janes.
  • Maureen Peal: A light skinned African-American girl Pecola's age who is described in the book as a "high yellow dream child" with long brown hair and green eyes. Maureen considers herself to be above dark skinned African-American people. Frieda and Claudia mock Maureen, calling her "Meringue Pie".[4]
  • Soaphead Church: Born by the name Elihue Micah Whitcomb who received his nickname, "Soaphead Church" for his hair and profession has proclaimed himself to be "Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams." He is a "light-skinned" West Indian failed preacher that hates all kinds of human touch. He considers himself to be a "misanthrope". He refuses to confront his own homosexuality and therefore, the touch of little girls whom he views as innocent and "seductive" are the cleanest form of human touch that he pursues. He is also a religious hypocrite as a past preacher. Although as someone who hates humans, he as a "Reader, Adviser, and Interpreter of Dreams," takes on the trouble of others and works closely with them to help solve their problems. When Pecola approaches him asking for blue eyes, he tells her to give meat to his landlord's dog, and that her wish will be granted if the dog has a reaction. However, he secretly poisons the meat, and the dog dies, leading Pecola to be insane and immersing in her illusion that she has blue eyes.[5]

Author's intentions

When asked about her motivations for writing The Bluest Eye in an interview, Morrison claimed that she wanted to remind readers "how hurtful racism is" and that people are "apologetic about the fact that their skin [is] so dark."[6] Reminiscing on her own experience, she recalled, "When I was a kid, we called each other names but we didn't think it was serious, that you could take it in."[6] Expanding on this point of self-esteem, Morrison elaborated that she "wanted to speak on behalf of those who didn't catch that [they were beautiful] right away. [She] was deeply concerned about the feelings of ugliness."[6] As seen throughout The Bluest Eye, this idea of "ugliness" is conveyed through a variety of characters. For example, Pecola, the main character of the book, wishes for blue eyes as a way to escape the oppression that results from her having dark skin. Through Pecola's characterization, Morrison seeks to demonstrate the negative impact racism can have on one's self-confidence and worth. As she concluded in her interview, she "wanted people to understand what it was like to be treated that way."[6]

Toni Morrison began writing The Bluest Eye in a writing group she joined while teaching at Howard University. She said it was "fun with colleagues. But then they stopped letting us bring in 'high school essays,' etc.; so I would[7] have to write something new."[8] There, she wrote a passage that was later incorporated into the novel. When Morrison moved to Syracuse, New York, she would work on the novel in the evenings.

Morrison commented on her motivations to write the novel, saying, "I felt compelled to write this mostly because in the 1960s, black male authors published powerful, aggressive, revolutionary fiction or nonfiction, and they had positive racially uplifting rhetoric with them that were stimulating and I thought they would skip over something and thought no one would remember that it wasn't always beautiful."[8]

Reception

The novel only received a modest amount of attention when first published, often reviewed in popular literary magazines.[7] Morrison was praised for her handling of difficult themes. Critic Haskel Frankel said, "Given a scene that demands a writer's best, Morrison responds with control and talent."[7] The first major signal that the book would sell was an extremely positive review in The New York Times in November, 1970.[7] Morrison was also positively reviewed for her break from the status quo of usual novels from the time period, writing to a wider audience and focusing on black subculture in the 1940s, rather than the military culture of the time. African-American critic Ruby Dee wrote, "Toni Morrison has not written a story really, but a series of painfully accurate impressions."[9] Morrison was additionally praised for her wide coverage of emotion in the novel, extending from Pecola Breedlove's quiet descent into madness, to Cholly Breedlove's skewed mindsets.[9]

Critics picked up on Morrison's shortcomings as a first time published author. A common critique of her writing included her language in the novel, as it was often viewed as being made too simple for the reader.[9] Early critics were also ambivalent about Morrison's portrayal of the black woman as an object in society rather than a person, only ever going so far as to bring this fact to light and rarely commenting past it.[9] It was only as feminist critique of the novel began that more in-depth analysis was given on this subject.[7] There was also a difference to be seen in Afro-American critics (who often identified more with the characters of the novel) and Euro-American critics (who often only focused on the actual writing of the novel).[7]

As time passed, more reviews and analyses were written in praise of Morrison's writing of the "colonization of the mind," her critique of white versus black beauty standards, and even began to analyze her use of simplistic language, calling it a stylistic choice rather than a pitfall of the novel.[9]

Controversy

The Bluest Eye landed the fifth spot on the American Library Association's list of most challenged books in 2006. It was the second most challenged book of 2013 and the fourth most challenged book of 2014. According to the ALA, the reasons reported for challenges are "offensive language, sexually explicit, unsuited to age group, violence".[10]

Montgomery County, Maryland

The Bluest Eye was legally challenged on February 10, 1998 by a mother from Montgomery County, Maryland named Christine Schwalm. She brought The Bluest Eye and four other books to the attention of the Montgomery County school board, describing The Bluest Eye and others as "lewd, adult books."[11] Ms. Schwalm argued for the removal of the book from the syllabus due to the fact that she deemed them to be "at odds with the character education programme" promoted within the schools.[12] In court, Ms Schwalm read a passage specifically from The Bluest Eye in order to demonstrate the inappropriate nature of the content within the novel. The passage in question featured Soaphead Church and presented pedophelia and child molesting, leading to Schwalm's objections to its presence in schools. The book, however, was not removed from the curriculum as Schwalm's objections were not upheld in court.[12]

Baker City, Oregon

In March 1999, The Bluest Eye was successfully banned from Baker High School language arts program in Baker City, Oregon after multiple complaints from parents about the content of the book.[13] The original source of contention for this novel was the rape scene between Cholly and Pecola. Later, the book was banned for being "sexually explicit," "unsuited for age group," and containing "controversial issues."[14] The decision was made by Baker City schools superintendent Arnold Coe, and was supported by the school board.[11]

Claremont, New Hampshire

In 1999, parents of students at Stevens High School in Claremont, New Hampshire, objected to the book being assigned to lower grade levels.[15] The case started when parents complained to the school that they thought the book contained inappropriate sexual content. As a result, the school decided to remove the book from freshmen and sophomore reading lists, and deemed that it was only "suitable" for juniors and seniors to read the book.[16] In addition, the school also ruled that teachers must send reading lists to parents early on in the year to get their approval as to which books their children could read and discuss in class.[16] While some parents would have preferred heavier restrictions against the book at Stevens High School, they were glad that action was taken, as they viewed The Bluest Eye to be an "adult book."[17]

Littleton, Colorado

In August 2005 in Littleton, Colorado, the Littleton school board voted to ban The Bluest Eye from reading lists, where it was listed as optional, and remove it from the libraries of the Heritage and Arapahoe high schools, despite the recommendation of a committee that the book be restricted to juniors and seniors. The ban was enacted in response to a complaint received by a parent of a ninth-grader student who was on the board and who took issue with the novel's sexual content, specifically the scene of Pecola's rape. During a meeting to discuss the decision, some parents agreed that the book was not age-appropriate and would be better suited for college students.[18] However, other parents, teachers, and students expressed their opposition to the ban, including English teacher Amanda Hurley who stated that the novel is "painful, difficult to read", but "We have to discuss it, we have to learn from it."[19] Students also protested the ban by reading passages from the book in their school libraries. In response to the ban, Camille Okoren, a student attending the sit-in acknowledged that "students hear about rape and incest in the news media. It's better to learn about those subjects from a Nobel Prize winner...and to discuss it with a teacher in class."[18] Ultimately, the book was reinstated after English teacher Judy Vlasin filed an application to the board explaining why it should not be banned from the reading lists and libraries.[20]

Howell, Michigan

In February 2007, a group called LOVE (the Livingston Organization for Values in Education) challenged four books in the Howell High School curriculum, including The Bluest Eye, Black Boy by Richard Wright, Slaughterhouse Five by Kurt Vonnegut, and The Freedom Writers Diary. Vicki Fyke, the founder of LOVE, challenged the books due to their images of sex, rape, and incest, claiming that inclusion of these books in a high school curriculum did not comply with federal child pornography and obscenity laws, and was against Michigan's sexual education laws.[21][22] In addition to Fyke, a majority of the members of the school board and parents were against the curriculum, one arguing, "At the end of the day, they're my kids. I don't want my kids to read [these books]. I don't let them eat just anything...I want you to respect that."[21] The Vice President of the school board further argued that parents should receive warnings of the different types of material that is discussed in their children's curricula, and that students should be allowed to have the option to avoid a particular book based on content.[21] The National Coalition Against Censorship published a letter in response to the criticism, claiming that the scenes which involve sex "represent small but essential parts of the novels, consistent with the kind of material that high school students frequently read."[23] Their letter also argued that the books in question "are widely recognized as works of significant literary and artistic merit," and "are widely taught in high schools and colleges around the country".[23]

Despite controversy, the curriculum was in fact approved in a 5 to 2 decision by the Howell school board.[21] In response to the legal concerns raised by LOVE, Livingston Prosecutor David Morse, the Michigan Attorney General Mike Cox, and the U.S. Attorney confirmed that no laws, state or federal, had been broken by including the selected books in the curriculum. In a statement, Cox addressed LOVE to say that, in order for the curriculum to change, LOVE "must either take appropriate civil legal action or use the electoral process to change the members of the board."[22] Since the case, the books have been included in 11th grade advanced English curriculum.[22]

Adams County, Colorado

In 2013, a group of parents challenged The Bluest Eye's inclusion in Legacy High School's AP English curriculum due to the book's sexual content and "subject matter" of a girl getting raped by her father.[24] In their petition launched through Change.org, the parents argued that they "did not want developmentally inappropriate and graphic books used for classroom instruction."[24] In a formal petition submitted to the superintendent, parent Janela Karlson claimed that scientific research supported this notion that the introduction of sexually graphic material including rape, incest, and pedophilia could be developmentally harmful to minors. Expanding on this point, she argued that high school English teachers are not professional mental health counselors and would not be able to adequately "...help students psychologically process and debrief sexually explicit content of an abusive and degrading nature."[25] Other reasons cited for the ban included the book's "pornographic content," which could promote sexually explicit behavior, and its lack of "educational value."[26]

In response to the challenge, Legacy High School student Bailey Cross created a petition to maintain the book in the curriculum, which amassed over 1,200 signatures. She expressed the importance of retaining the book, stating, "Banning and censoring this tells students that ... racism, incest, rape, abuse, are taboo subjects that should not be mentioned."[24] Numerous teachers also spoke out against the ban, stating that the book was used to analyze Morrison's writing style and that banning this book could set a precedent for censorship in the district.[27] Ultimately, the Adams County School Board voted to retain the Superintendent's original ruling of the 2010 challenge, which not only restricted the book to AP curriculum but also required teachers to notify parents before their child read the book, explaining that an option for an alternative book would be available.[27] In addition, only one of the three sections of the AP class would teach the novel moving forward.[28]

Ohio

In September, 2013, The Bluest Eye was challenged by the Ohio Board of Education President Debe Terhar. The book was challenged due to it being seen as "pornographic"[29] and thus unsuited for 11th graders to read. This book was listed as recommended reading in the state's Common Core standards, but was challenged at the state's Board of Education, with teachers pushing to ban it from the classroom due to its explicit content. Terhar took particular issue when it came to the scene regarding Pecola being raped by her father. Although not seen commenting on previous challenges to her books, Morrison specifically commented on this particular incident: "I mean if it's Texas or North Carolina as it has been in all sorts of states. But to be a girl from Ohio, writing about Ohio having been born in Lorain, Ohio. And actually relating as an Ohio person, to have the Ohio, what—Board of Education?—is ironic at the least."[29]

The American Civil Liberties Union sent a letter to Debe Terhar, explaining that it was her personal opinion that novel was "pornographic." In the letter it was suggested that Ohio schools "use controversial literature as an opportunity to improve students' critical thinking skills and to create open dialogue between students and the community."[29] This received major push-back, with Mark Smith, Ohio Christian University president, saying, "I see an underlying socialist-communist agenda ... that is anti what this nation is about."[30] Despite the publicity, The Bluest Eye remained on the recommended reading list, with the Board of Education stating that local school districts can in fact make changes if they desire.[29]

North Carolina

In July, 2014, East Wake High School in North Carolina removed The Bluest Eye from their reading lists due its inappropriate content. In particular, the school highlighted the fact that the book contains "a description of a father raping his daughter."[31] Furthermore, East Wake High assigned an alternative book to their reading list, The Color Purple. The Bluest Eye, however, was still left available within their libraries for students to read if they wish at their own discretion as the school wished to make clear that they were not "denying students access to that level of literature."[31]

Northville, Michigan

In 2016, The Bluest Eye was challenged in the Northville, Michigan school district after a parent filed a complaint petitioning for the removal of the book from the AP Literature and Composition curriculum, stating the book's portrayal of sexual assault was not age-appropriate.[32] A committee, consisting of a school administrator and other educators, evaluated the book and recommended that the board vote to maintain the book in the AP curriculum and allow students the option to choose an alternative book.[33] The committee announced their decision explaining that removing the book "would eliminate the opportunity for deep study by our student[s] on critical themes in our society."[32] At a Northville Board of Education meeting, some parents in favor of the ban argued that the book was "pornographic".[34] Others cited the potential for "deviant behavior" after reading the novel and the "negative references within the text against the Christian faith" as reasons for the ban.[33] Despite some support for the ban, many parents and students objected to it, with one student stating, "The purpose of AP literature as a class is to expand our understanding and enlarge our world, not make us more comfortable inside boxes of ignorance."[35] Parents and students opposed to the ban were also supported by national organizations including the National Council of Teachers of English, NCAC, and ALA.[34] After voting, the board ultimately sided with the evaluation of the committee and retained the book in the AP curriculum.[35]

Buncombe County, North Carolina

In September 2017, The Bluest Eye was challenged at North Buncombe High School in Buncombe County, North Carolina, by a parent, Tim Coley.[36] Tim Coley, a self-described "Christian single dad", took notice of the book for its sexual content and formed a committee concerning the removal of the book in the English honors academics.[37] Coley told WLOS-13 that "It's astounding really that somebody thinks it's OK for kids to be reading this in school."[36] Eric Grant, the English coordinator, defended the book by making the committee aware that the school offered an alternative assignment for those who were not comfortable with the book. He also mentioned that the book was in the syllabus that was handed out at the beginning of the year.[37] The committee was given time to read the book and determine if there was academic value offered from the book.[37]

Analysis

Black girlhood

Morrison's writing of the book began because she was "interested in talking about black girlhood."[38] Dr. Jan Furman, professor of English at the University of Michigan, notes that the book allows reader to analyze the "imprinting"[38] factors that shape the identity of the self during the process of maturing in young black girls. She references parts in the book where the main characters are taught to feel less than human, specifically when the shopkeeper avoids touching Peacola's hand when giving her candy.

White lifestyle standards

Debra Werrlein, professor at George Mason University, contends that the excerpts of Dick and Jane throughout the book project an image of an ideal family that contrasts with the family structures of the main characters.[39] She informs that because of its origination in post-World War II social sentiments, these two characters were meant to emphasize an importance on raising children the right way so to mold the future of the United States. However, as Werrlein points out, the whiteness of these characters came to equate the idea of the perfect American. In addition, the string of letters describing Dick and Jane's parents as strong and nice offer contrast to the parents of the main character. Pecola's father is then emasculated, Werrlein argues, because of his behavior and how it deviates from this standard of family.[39] She goes on to say that because these two black parents have experienced oppression throughout their lives, that same oppression has carried into their familial structure, making the issue of racism prevalent in broken homes as well.

Internalized racism

Morrison begins the novel with the line "quiet as its kept" implying that a secret of some sort persists. In the article "Racism and Appearance in The Bluest Eye: A Template for an Ethical Emotive Criticism", Jerome Bump understands this secret to be the fear of ugliness.[40] Bump asks the reader to imagine an ugly Jesus and emphasizes the discomfort of doing so. We assume the outside of a person ultimately reflects the their character and personality. Thus we could never imagine Jesus as ugly. Bump furthers his argument by explaining how physical beauty is a virtue embedded in our societal cloth. Upon creating significance within this particular element of human character, our judgement is compromised and we act on internal bias.[40] These biases are displayed throughout the novel and mistreatment of Pecola by family, friends and community.

Literary critic Lynn Scott contends that the constant images of whiteness in The Bluest Eye serve to represent society's perception of beauty, but the idealization of white beauty standards ultimately proves to have destructive consequences which lead to Pecola's demise. Scott explains that superiority, power, and virtue are associated with beauty, which is inherent in whiteness in the novel. She further asserts that white beauty standards are perpetuated by visual images in the media as well as attitudes of the family. When Pauline first arrives in Lorain, she feels pressure to conform to white beauty standards and begins to develop a construct of femininity based on the actresses she watches in the movies. For example, she begins to model her hairstyle after Jean Harlow. Pecola is also surrounded by constant images of whiteness that perpetuate white beauty standards, including references to Shirley Temple and an image of Mary Jane that appears on her candy wrappers. Scott claims that Pecola, "...is the victim of a power that values and classifies bodies according to norms established and disseminated by visual images."[41] These images become a constant reminder of her inability to attain these white beauty standards.[42] Pecola attempts to seek the power associated with whiteness, and in her attempt to conform to these cultural ideals, she develops a destructive desire for blue eyes.[41] In addition to the white beauty standards promoted by the media, Harihar Kulkarni, an author of a book on African American feminist fiction literature,[43] recognizes that these ideals are often transferred generationally. Kulkarni asserts that Pecola's feelings of inferiority are linked to Pauline's own diminished sense of self-worth which she has acquired due to her obsession with white beauty standards. This acceptance of inferiority and ugliness, which has been passed on generationally, makes Pauline complicit in Pecola's descent into madness and the psychological damage she experiences. In contrast, Claudia has maintained her self-esteem due to Mrs. MacTeer's refusal to surrender her sense of identity to white cultural standards.[43] Ultimately, Pauline and Pecola develop a sense of shame and internalized self-hatred since they cannot achieve the beauty ideals that exist in society.[41] This shame is particularly damaging for Pecola, because as she strives to attain these unobtainable white beauty standards, she is consumed by her own destructive self-hatred,[42] resulting in irreversible psychological damage.[44]

Susmita Roye notes the effects of living in a Euro-centric defined world of beauty. She contends that because Pecola believes in her ugliness as a black girl, she hopes and prays to God for blue eyes so that she can be seen as beautiful to the world as well. She asserts that the longing for whiteness attacks young black girls' confidence of being seen as equal and beautiful in the world around them.[45]

Religion

Critic Allen Alexander argues that religion is an important symbol and theme in The Bluest Eye, especially in how the God of Morrison's works possesses a "fourth face" outside of the Christian Trinity, and this explains and represents "the existence of evil, the suffering of the innocent and just--that seem so inexplicable in the face of a religious tradition that preaches the omnipotence of a benevolent God."[46] Alexander claims that much of the tragedy of Pecola's character stems from her attempts to rationalize her misfortune with the notion of an all-loving, all-powerful God. He further argues that, for Pecola, much of the story is about "discovering the inadequacy of Western theological models for those who have been marginalized by the dominant white culture."[46] While this ideology has negative effects on Pecola's sense of self-worth, it also negatively impacts her mother Pauline, who fully accepts Christianity and in doing so spends most of her time away from her own family and caring for a white household. Alexander suggests that the image of a more human God, rather than a purely morally upstanding one, is a more traditional African view of deities and that this model is better suited to the lives of the African American characters in The Bluest Eye.[46]

Media and culture

In the essays "Disconnections from the Motherline: Gender Hegemonies and the Loss of the Ancient Properties; The Bluest Eye, Sula, Tar Baby" and "Maternal Interventions: Resistance and Power; The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Tar Baby, Beloved, Paradise," Andrea O'Reilly proclaims African American women pass on cultural knowledge to successive generations through the process of culture bearing or motherline: "Mothers pass on what I have called the motherline: the ancestral memory and ancient properties of traditional black culture."[47] The article states that cultural bearing is necessary for the empowerment of black children. O'Reilly claims Morrison displays women in the novel becoming compromised by the desire to subscribe to normative American cultural ideologies, effectively under-minding the process of culture bearing onto children.[47]

Jane Kuenz, Professor of English at the University of Southern Maine, states that The Bluest Eye reveals the role of mass media in shaping society.[48] She argues that evidence of this is seen immediately, as the book opens with a story in the style of Dick and Jane, an example of a white family that is looked up to and aspired to be. Evidence of white-run culture is pervasive, especially "in the seemingly endless reproduction of images of feminine beauty in everyday objects and consumer goods," which Kuenz points out are representative of exclusively white beauty.[49] Kuenz shows that, as the novel progresses, Claudia becomes more and more similar to what white society expects of her, learning to "adore" Shirley Temple and other manifestations of whiteness, proving the power of mass media.[49] Kuenz argues that The Bluest Eye shows the effects of mass-produced images in a white-run society.[49]

Shame

In the article "Treatment of Violence: A Study of Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Beloved", Shubhanku Kochar argues there is a lack of discussion regarding the theme of violence in the Bluest Eye.[50] Kochar states, "psychological violence is directed on the black by the dominant culture in the novel", rendering this form of violence a social issue between competing cultures and races.[50] She continues, "The psychoanalytical studies are devoted to the internal damage done by racial stereotypes".[50] The Marxist frame focuses on class relations while the feminist lens focuses on violence perpetrated on women. Kochar argues that to comprehend the complex instances of violence inflicted upon Pecola you must analyze the novel through the Marxist and Feminist lens in addition to the psychoanalytical lens.[50] "In other words, a single lens cannot not deal with the theme of violence in totality with its various nuances and consequences in depth".[50]

J. Brooks Bouson, English professor at Loyola University Chicago, claims that The Bluest Eye is a "shame drama and trauma narrative," that uses Pecola and its other characters to examine how people respond to shame.[51][52] Bouson argues that some characters, like Claudia, show how people can respond violently to shame: Claudia does this by rejecting the racist system she lives in and destroying the white dolls she is given. However, most characters in the novel pass on their shame to someone below them on the social and racial ladder.[51] For example, Soaphead Church comes from a family obsessed with lightening their skin tone, and passes on the shame of his African American heritage by molesting young girls. Bouson suggests that all of the African American characters in The Bluest Eye exhibit shame, and eventually much of this shame is passed onto Pecola, who is at the bottom of the racial and social ladder.[51]

Breakage and separation

In the article "Probing Racial Dilemmas in the Bluest Eye with the Spyglass of Psychology", Anna Zebialowicz and Marek Palasinski discuss the racial climate of the society set forth in the novel.[53] Zebialowicz and Palasinski explain how Pecola struggles with her identity as a black female: "Ethnic identity and gender dilemmas are still both anecdotally and empirically linked to a decrease in self-esteem, adaptiveness and well-being".[53] Pecola's race and gender both work adversely against her to create a complex form of oppression. Morrison's novel confronts self-hatred and destructive behaviors black women participate in to fit into the hegemonic image of beauty and whiteness.[53]

Author Phillip Page focuses on the importance of duality in The Bluest Eye. He claims that Morrison prevents an "inverted world," entirely opposite from the Dick and Jane story that is at the beginning of the novel.[54] The idea of breaks and splitting is common, as seen in the context of the war occurring in the time period of the story, the split nature of Pecola's family, and the watermelon that Cholly observes break open during a flashback.[54] Page argues that breaks symbolize the challenges of African American life, as seen in the rip in the Breedloves' couch that symbolizes poverty, or the break in Pauline's tooth that ruins her marriage and family. He goes on to identify how each of the characters are broken personally, since Cholly's former and present life is described as chaotic and jumbled, and Pauline both is responsible for her biological family as well as the white family she works for. The epitome of this, Page argues, is seen in Pecola at the end of the novel. The events of her life, having broken parents in a broken family, have resulted in a totally fractured personality which drives Pecola into madness.[54]

Adaptations

An adaptation of The Bluest Eye by Lydia R. Diamond was first performed in Chicago, Illinois in 2005, before seeing further adaptations around the United States.

  • The Steppenwolf Theatre Company in Chicago, Illinois commissioned Lydia R. Diamond to adapt the novel into a full-length stage production.[55] This play was developed through the Steppenwolf for Young Adults and the New Plays Initiative, where it received its world premiere in February 2005.[56] The play was reprised in Chicago at the Steppenwolf Theatre in October 2006. The Bluest Eye received its off-Broadway premiere at the New Victory Theater in New York in November, 2006.[57]
  • In 2010, Phantom Projects Educational Theatre Group presented the Lydia R. Diamond adaptation at the La Mirada Theatre for the Performing Arts in La Mirada, California.[58]
  • Rapper Talib Kweli used the book as an inspiration for his song "Thieves in the Night" with Mos Def on the Blackstar album.[59]
  • In 2017, the Guthrie Theatre presented a production of The Bluest Eye, produced and adapted by Lydia R. Diamond, and directed by Lileana Blain-Cruz.[60] This production is said to give the book "a poetic staging",[61] staging the entire play in one act.[62] The adapted script presents the abuse in a stylized form. The production was critically appraised, with the role of Pecola being particularly celebrated.[63]

Bibliography

  • "Censorship Dateline: Schools." Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom 62.5 (2013): 184-5. Web.
  • "English in the News." The English Journal, vol. 89, no. 4, 2000, pp. 113–117. www.jstor.org/stable/821994.
  • Foerstel, Herbert N. Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport, US: Greenwood Press, 2002. Web.
  • Kochar, Shubhanku. "Treatment Of Violence: A Study Of Morrison's The Bluest Eye And Beloved." Language In India 13.1 (2013): 532-622. Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 5 Dec. 2016.
  • Mcdowell, Margaret B. "Morrison, Toni." Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature, edited by Serafin, Steven and Alfred Bendixen, Continuum, 2005. http://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/amlit/morrison_toni/0 Accessed 02 Dec 2016.
  • Morrison, Toni,. The Bluest Eye. New York: Knopf, 2000. /z-wcorg/. Web.
  • Morrison, Toni. "Toni Morrison Talks About Her Motivation For Writing." YouTube. National Visionary Leadership Project, 2008. Web. 29 Nov. 2016.
  • "Toni Morrison - Biographical". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 16 Nov 2016. <http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1993/morrison-bio.html>
  • "Schools Limit Readership Of Book By Nobel Winner." Orlando Sentinel. 18 June 1999. Web. 15 Nov. 2016. http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/1999-06-18/news/9906180152_1_bluest-eye-toni-morrison-stevens-high
  • Staff, NCAC. "In Broomfield, CO 'Bluest Eye' Is Removed Without Being 'Banned'." National Coalition Against Censorship. N.p., 23 Aug. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2016.
  • Werrlein, Debra T. "Not so Fast, Dick and Jane: Reimagining Childhood and Nation in the Bluest Eye." MELUS 30.4 (2005): 53-72. JSTOR. Web.
  • Bump, Jeromo. "Family Systems Therapy and Narrative" in Womack, Kenneth and Knapp, John Newark (eds.) Reading the Family Dance: Family Systems Therapy and Literature Study. Newark: UP, 2003. pp. 151–70
  • Lucky, Crystal J. "A Journal of Ideas". Proteus 21.2 (2004): pp. 21–26
  • Waxman, Barbara Frey. "Girls Into Women: Culture, Nature, and Self-Loathing" in Fisher, Jerilyn and Silbert, Ellen S. (eds.) Women in Literature: Reading Through the Lens of Gender Wesport: Greenwood, 2003. pp. 47–49

References

  1. ↑ Dreifus, Claudia (September 11, 1994). "Chloe Wofford Talks about Toni Morrison". The New York Times. pp. 72–75. Retrieved 2007-06-11.
  2. ↑ TIME Staff (October 2, 2007). "Top 10 Book Controversies, The Bluest Eye". Time. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  3. ↑ Morrison, Toni (2007). The Bluest Eye. New York: Vintage International. ISBN 978-0-375-41155-7.
  4. ↑ Gordon, Lewis (1997). Existence in Black: An Anthology of Black Existential Philosophy. Routledge. p. 120.
  5. ↑ "SparkNotes: The Bluest Eye: Character List". www.sparknotes.com. Retrieved 2017-01-31.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Morrison, Toni (2008). "Toni Morrison Talks About Her Motivation For Writing". Youtube. National Visionary Leadership Project.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "ANALYSIS: The Bluest Eye" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-11-28.
  8. 1 2 Toni Morrison Talks About Her Motivation For Writing. YouTube.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 Staggers, Leroy, "The critical reception of Toni Morrison: 1970 to 1988" (1989). ETD Collection for AUC Robert W. Woodruff Library. Paper 1944
  10. ↑ "Top Ten Frequently Challenged Books Lists". American Library Association. American Library Association. n.d. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  11. 1 2 Foerstel, Herbert (2002). Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 231 – via ebrary ProQuest.
  12. 1 2 Foerstel, Herbert (2002). Banned in the U.S.A: A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Greenwood Press. p. 231. ISBN 978-0-313-31166-6.
  13. ↑ Dielman, Gary (June 2015). "Baker County Library District" (PDF).
  14. ↑ Foerstel, Herbert N. (August 2002). "Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries".
  15. ↑ "English in the News". The English Journal. 89.4 (4): 114. 2000. JSTOR 821994.
  16. 1 2 Foerstel, Herbert (2002). Banned in the U.S.A. : A Reference Guide to Book Censorship in Schools and Public Libraries. Westport, US: Greenwood Press. p. 231.
  17. ↑ "Schools Limit Readership Of Book By Nobel Winner". Orlando Sentinel. 18 June 1999.
  18. 1 2 "Censorship Dateline: Schools". Newsletter on Intellectual Freedom. 55.1: 13–15. 2006 – via ProQuest.
  19. ↑ "Toni Morrison Ban Booed". American Libraries. 36.10: 29. 2005 – via ProQuest.
  20. ↑ Karolides, Nicholas J.; Bald, Margaret; Sova, Dawn B. (2006). 120 Banned Books: Censorship Histories of World Literature. New York, New York: Facts on File. p. 343.
  21. 1 2 3 4 Casey, Hans (March 16, 2007). "Feds: Books don't violate laws". Ann Arbor News. p. A3. Retrieved November 15, 2007 – via Access World News.
  22. 1 2 3 Casey, Hans (February 16, 2007). "Group wants 3 books banned". Ann Arbor News. p. A1. Retrieved November 15, 2016 – via Access World News.
  23. 1 2 Finan, Chris; Bertin, Joan; Joy Levy, Ricci (February 6, 2007). "Award-Winning Books Challenged in Michigan School". NCAC.org. The National Coalition Against Censorship. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  24. 1 2 3 "In Broomfield, CO 'Bluest Eye' is Removed Without Being 'Banned". NCAC. National Coalition Against Censorship. 13 August 2016. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  25. ↑ Karlson, Janela (24 March 2013). "Bluest Eye Request for Removal 2013". scribd. NCAC Censorship. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  26. ↑ O'Connor, Acacia (2013-07-17). "Read 'Em and Weep: Quotes from a Real, Live Book Censorship Debate over Toni Morrison's "The Bluest Eye"". NCAC. National Coalition Against Censorship. Retrieved 2016-11-21.
  27. 1 2 "Place of "The Bluest Eye" in Legacy High Classrooms Subject of Debate". Broomfield Enterprise (CO). 18 July 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  28. ↑ Reimers, Ashley (27 August 2013). "Board Denies Effort to Change Decision". Northglenn Thornton Sentinel. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  29. 1 2 3 4 Gates, Sarah (September 2013). "Ohio Schools Leader Calls For Ban Of 'The Bluest Eye,' Labels Toni Morrison Book 'Pornographic'".
  30. ↑ Johnson, Alan (12 September 2013). "State school-board president wants Toni Morrison book off reading list".
  31. 1 2 Hankerson, Mechelle (August 2014). "East Wake High School removes 'The Bluest Eye' from curriculum".
  32. 1 2 Hicks, Mark (13 April 2016). "Northville Schools Reconsider 'Bluest Eye' - Many Parents Deemed the Novel's Content Inappropriate for Students". The Detroit News. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  33. 1 2 Alexander, Danielle (9 April 2016). "Northville school board reviews controversial novel". Westminster Window. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  34. 1 2 "Michigan Parents see 'Porn' in The Bluest Eye". NCAC. National Coalition Against Censorship. 23 April 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  35. 1 2 Hoffman, Sarah (13 April 2016). "The Bluest Eye Stays in Michigan". NCAC. National Coalition Against Censorship. Retrieved 10 November 2016.
  36. 1 2 Betsy, Gomez (September 2017). "Two Challenges Kick Off Banned Books Week".
  37. 1 2 3 Tanja, Rehki (September 2017). "Some Buncombe County parents upset about school reading assignment".
  38. 1 2 Jan., Furman, (1996). Toni Morrison's fiction (Revised and expanded ed.). Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press. pp. 12–33. ISBN 9781611173673. OCLC 880959117.
  39. 1 2 Werrlein, Debra T. "Not so Fast, Dick and Jane: Reimagining Childhood and Nation in the Bluest Eye." MELUS 30.4 (2005): 72,194. ProQuest Central, Research Library. Web.
  40. 1 2 Bump, Jerome (Spring 2012). "Racism and Appearance in The Bluest Eye: A Template for an Ethical Emotive Criticism". College Literature. 37 (2): 147–170. JSTOR 20749587.
  41. 1 2 3 Scott, Lynn (1996). "Beauty, Virtue and Disciplinary Power: A Foucauldian Reading of Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye". Midwestern Miscellany. 24: 9–23 – via Literature Resource Center.
  42. 1 2 Furman, Jan (1996). "Black Girlhood and Black Womanhood: The Bluest Eye and Sula". Toni Morrison's Fiction: 12–33 – via Literature Resource Center.
  43. 1 2 Kulkarni, Harihar (1993). "Mirrors, Reflections, and Images: Malady of Generational Relationship and Girlhood in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye". Indian Journal of American Studies. 23.2: 1–6 – via Literature Resource Center.
  44. ↑ de Weever, Jacqueline (1979). "The Inverted World of Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Sula". CLA Journal. 22.4: 402–414 – via Literature Resource Center.
  45. ↑ Roye, Susmita. "TONI MORRISON'S DISRUPTED GIRLS AND THEIR DISTURBED GIRLHOODS: The Bluest Eye and A Mercy." Callaloo 35.1 (2012): 227,309. ProQuest Central, Research Library. Web.
  46. 1 2 3 Alexander, Allen. Burns, Tom, ed. "The Fourth Face: The Image of God in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye". African American Review. 99: 293–302.
  47. 1 2 O'Reilly, Andrea. "Disconnections from the Motherline: Gender Hegemonies and the Loss of the Ancient Properties; The Bluest Eye, Sula, Tar Baby and 'Maternal Interventions: Resistance and Power; The Bluest Eye, Sula, Song of Solomon, Tar Baby, Beloved, Paradise.'"." Contemporary Literary Criticism, edited by Lawrence J. Trudeau, vol. 363, Gale, 2014. Literature Resource Center, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/H1100118097/LitRC?u=wash43584&sid=LitRC&xid=b54c07b7 Accessed 4 May 2018.
  48. ↑ "Jane Kuenz | Department of English | University of Southern Maine". usm.maine.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  49. 1 2 3 Kuenz, Jane. Witalec, Janet, ed. "The Bluest Eye: Notes on History, Community, and Black Female Subjectivity". African American Review. 173.
  50. 1 2 3 4 5 Mohanlal, Sam, B. A. Sharada, A. R. Fatihi, Lakhan Gusain, Jennifer Marie Bayer, S. M. Ravichandran, G. Baskaran, L. Ramamoorthy, and Swarna Thirumalai. "Treatment of Violence: A Study of Morrison's The Bluest Eye and Beloved."
  51. 1 2 3 Bouson, J. Brooks. Adamson, Joseph; Clark, Hilary, eds. "'Quiet as It's Kept': Shame and Trauma in Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye". Contemporary Literary Criticism. 363.
  52. ↑ "Faculty: Loyola University Chicago: English, Department of". www.luc.edu. Retrieved 2016-11-30.
  53. 1 2 3 Zebialowicz, Anna, and Marek Palasinski. "Probing Racial Dilemmas in 'the Bluest Eye' with the Spyglass of Psychology." Journal of African American Studies, vol. 14, no. 2, 2010, pp. 220–233. JSTOR, JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/41819247.
  54. 1 2 3 Page, Phillip (1995). "The Break Was a Bad One: The Split World of The Bluest Eye". Children's Literature Review. 190: 37–59 – via Literature Resource Center.
  55. ↑ Isherwood, Charles (2006-11-07). "Toni Morrison - The Bluest Eye - Theater - Review". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  56. ↑ "Lorraine Hansberry Theatre to stage 'The Bluest Eye'". SFGate. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  57. ↑ Suskin, Steven (2006-11-06). "The Bluest Eye". Variety. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  58. ↑ "Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye". plays411.com. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  59. ↑ Bookish, Sam Adler (March 7, 2014). "Music and Literature: Books that inspired rap and hip-hop". USA TODAY. Retrieved 2016-11-03.
  60. ↑ "The Bluest Eye | Guthrie Theater". www.guthrietheater.org. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  61. ↑ Preston, Rohan (April 2017). "Guthrie brings Toni Morrison's 'Bluest Eye' from page to stage with poetic power".
  62. ↑ "Stagecraft of Guthrie Theater's 'The Bluest Eye' sometimes dilutes storytelling". Twin Cities. 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
  63. ↑ "Review of The Bluest Eye at The Guthrie Theater - Play Off The Page". Play Off The Page. 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2018-01-16.
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