List of television spin-offs

A spin-off in television is a new series which contains either a different character or theme elements from a previous series. They are particularly common in situation comedy. A related phenomenon, not to be confused with the spin-off, is the crossover.

Some spin-offs are "engineered" to introduce a new character on the original television series, just so that that character can anchor the new spin-off – that episode of the original series is often known as a "backdoor pilot". For example, the character Avery Ryan appeared in two episodes of the Las Vegas-based CSI: Crime Scene Investigation before the premiere of CSI: Cyber.[1]

A revival series, a later remake of a preexisting show, is not a spin-off. An exception can be made to series such as The Transformers where the lines of continuity are blurred. If a television pilot was written but never shot, it is not considered a spin-off. When a show undergoes a name change, it is not necessarily a spin-off.

Neither is a reboot series, a term recently invented for motion pictures, which can also occur in television (e.g. The Battlestar Galactica series of 2003 is a reboot, not a spin-off of the 1978 version[2]). This is distinct from a revival in that there is little or no attempt to retain continuity, or casting, with the original. A recent example is the 1987 series Beauty and the Beast, rebooted as the 2012 CW television series Beauty & the Beast,[3] which keeps only the main premise of a female law enforcement official aided by a man-beast, the New York City locale, and the names of the two main characters.

Alphabetical list by parent series

#

Parent seriesSpin-off series
7 vidas (1999–2006) Aída (2005–2014)
19 Kids and Counting (2008–2015) (17 Kids and Counting in 2008, 18 Kids and Counting in 2008–09)
16 and Pregnant (2009–2014) Teen Mom (2009–2012; 2015)
Teen Mom 2 (2011–)
Teen Mom 3 (2013)
The 20th Century Fox Hour (1955–1957) Broken Arrow (1956–1958)
21 Jump Street (1987–1991) Booker (1989–1990)
60 Minutes (1968–) 60 Minutes II (1999–2005)
No. 73 (1982–1988) 7T3 (1988)
77 Sunset Strip (1958–1964) Bourbon Street Beat (1959–1960)

A

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Abbott and Costello (1940–1956)
Adam-12 (1968–1975) Emergency! (1972–1979)
Absolutely (1989–1993) Mr Don & Mr George (1993)
The Adventures of Jimmy Neutron: Boy Genius (2002–2006) Planet Sheen (2010–2013)
The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet (1952–1966) Ozzie's Girls (1973–1974)
ALF (1986–1990)
All in the Family (1971–1979)
All Over the Place (2011–present) All Over the Workplace (2016–present)
The All Star Comedy Show (2004) Monkey Trousers (2005)
All That (1994–2000; 2002–05)
The Alvin Show (1961–1962) Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983–1986)
Alvin and the Chipmunks (1983–1986)
Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1955–1965)
Alice (1976–1985) Flo (1980–1981)
Ally McBeal (1997–2002) Ally (1999–2000)
The Amanda Show (1999-2002)
Amazing Stories (1985–1987) Family Dog (1993)
American Chopper (2002–2012) American Chopper: Senior vs. Junior (2010)
Orange County Choppers (2013)
America's Funniest Home Videos (1990–) America's Funniest People (1990–1994)
American Idol (2002–2016)
Ándale! (1994–1996)
The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968)
Animaniacs (1993–1998)
Another World (1964–1999)
The Apprentice (2004–2017)
Aqua Teen Hunger Force (2000–2015)
The Archie Show (1968-1969)
Are You Being Served? (1972–1985)
Armchair Theatre (1956–1974)
Arrow (2012–)
Arthur (1996-) Postcards from Buster (2004–2008, 2012)
As the World Turns (1956–2010) Our Private World (1965)
The Atom Ant/Secret Squirrel Show (1965–1967) Super Secret Secret Squirrel (part of 2 Stupid Dogs) (1993–1995)
Avatar: The Last Airbender (2005–2008) The Legend of Korra (2012–2014)
The Avengers (1961–1969) The New Avengers (1976–1977)

B

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Babar (1989–1991) Babar and the Adventures of Badou (2010)
Babylon 5 (1994–1998) Crusade (1999)
Babylon 5: The Legend of the Rangers (2002) (failed pilot)
The Bachelor (2002)
Barney Miller (1975–1982) Fish (1977–1978)
Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995)
Batman Beyond (1999–2001) The Zeta Project (2001–2003)
Battlestar Galactica (1978–1979) Galactica 1980 (1980)
Battlestar Galactica (2004–2009)
Baywatch (1989–2001)
Beast Wars: Transformers (1996–1999) Beast Wars II (1998)
Beavis and Butt-head (1992–1997, 2011) Daria (1997–2002)
Bear in the Big Blue House (1997–2007) Breakfast with Bear (2005–2006)
Behind the Music (1997-) BTM2 (2000) (a.k.a. Behind the Music II: Road to Fame or Behind the Music 2)
The Beiderbecke Affair (1985) The Beiderbecke Tapes (1987)
The Beiderbecke Tapes (1987) The Beiderbecke Connection (1988)
Being Human (2008–2013) Becoming Human (2011)[4]
Ben 10 (2005–2008)
Beverly Hills, 90210 (1990–2000)
Bewitched (1964–1972) Tabitha (1976–1978)
Big Bad Beetleborgs (1996–1997) Beetleborgs Metallix (1997–1998)
Big Brother (1999) (original series and resulting franchise)
Big Brother UK (2000-)
Big Brother Australia (2001–2008) Big Brother Friday Night Live (2005)
Big Brother USA (2000-)
Big Brother Friday Night Live (2005) Friday Night Games (2006)
The Bill (1984–2010)
Birdman and the Galaxy Trio (1967–1968) Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law (2000–2007)
Black-ish (2014–present) Grown-ish (2018–present)
Blue's Clues (1996–2006) Blue's Room (2004–2007)
The Big Bang Theory (2007–) Young Sheldon (2017–)
Bizarre (1980–1985) Super Dave (1987–1991)
B. J. and the Bear (1979–1981) The Misadventures of Sheriff Lobo (1979–1981)
The Black Adder (1983)
Blackpool (2004) Viva Blackpool (2006)
Bonanza (1959–1973) The Ponderosa (2001–2002)
Bo' Selecta! (2002–2009)
Bones (2005–2017) The Finder (2012)
Bourbon Street Beat (1959–1960) Surfside 6 (1960–1962)
Boy Meets World (1993–2000) Girl Meets World (2014–2017)
The Brady Bunch (1969–1974)
Brainiac: Science Abuse (2003–2008)
Breaking Bad (2008–2013) Better Call Saul (2015–)
Broadway Open House (1950–1951) The Tonight Show (1954) various incarnations:
Tonight Starring Steve Allen (1954–1957) The Steve Allen Show (1956–1964) (a.k.a. The Steve Allen Plymouth Show)
Tonight Starring Jack Paar (1957–1962)
The Tonight Show with Jay Leno (1992–2009) The Jay Leno Show (2009–2010)
Brookside (1982–2003)
Bruce Forsyth's Big Night (1978)
  • The Steve Jones Games Show (1979–1980)
  • The Pyramid Game (1981–1984, 1989–1990, 2007)
Budgie (1971–1972) Charles Endell Esq. (1979–1980)
Buford and the Galloping Ghost (1978–1979) The Buford Files (1978–1979)
The Galloping Ghost (1978–1979)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (1997–2003) Angel (1999–2004)[5]
Burke's Law (1963–1965)

C

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Cabaret (1936–46)
Cake Boss (2009–present) The Next Great Baker (2010–present)
Kitchen Boss (2011–2012)
Buddy's Bakery Rescue (2013)
Buddy's Family Vacation (2016)
Cannon (1971–1976) Barnaby Jones (1973–1980)
The Care Bears/The Care Bears Family (1985–1988) The Care Bears Family Storybook (1986–1988)
Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-lot (2007–2009)
The Carol Burnett Show (1967–1978) Mama's Family (1983–1984, 1986–1990)
Carol & Company (1990–1991)
The Cartoonstitute (2010) Regular Show (2010)
Uncle Grandpa (2013)
Casualty (1986-) Holby City (1999-)
Casualty 1906 (2007)
Captain Planet and the Planeteers (1990–1993) The New Adventures of Captain Planet (1993–1996)
Captain Video and His Video Rangers (1949–1955) The Secret Files of Captain Video (1953–1955)
Captain Video and His Cartoon Rangers (1956–1957)
Cartoon Sushi (1997–1998) Untalkative Bunny (2001–2004)
Celebrity Deathmatch (1998–2002, 2006–2007)
Cavalcade of Stars (1949–1957)
Charlie's Angels (1976–1981) Angels '88 (1988)
Charlie's Angels (2011)
Cheers (1982–1993) The Tortellis (1987)
Frasier (1993–2004)
The Chelsea Handler Show (2006) Chelsea Lately (2007–2014)

Are You There, Chelsea? (2011)

Cheyenne (1955–1963) Bronco (1958–1962)
The Dakotas (1963)
Chicago Fire (2012–) Chicago P.D. (2014–)
Chicago Med (2015–)
Chicago Justice (2017)
Childrens Hospital (2008, 2010–) Newsreaders (2013–)
Cinematech (2002–2007) Cinematech: Nocturnal Emissions (2005–2007)
Clarissa Explains It All (1991–1994) Clarissa Now (1995) (failed pilot)
Clifford the Big Red Dog (2000–2003) Clifford's Puppy Days (2003–2004)
The Closer (2005–2012) Major Crimes (2012)
Cold Pizza (2003-2007) ESPN First Take (2007-)
Columbo (1968–2003) Mrs. Columbo (1979) (renamed Kate Columbo, Kate the Detective and Kate Loves a Mystery)
Come Dancing (1949–1995) Strictly Come Dancing (2004–present)
Comedy Playhouse (1961–1975; 2014–)
Conflict (1956–1957) Maverick (1957–1962)
77 Sunset Strip (1958–1964)
Coronation Street (1960–) Pardon the Expression (1965–66)
Turn Out the Lights (1967)
Countdown with Keith Olbermann (2003–2012) The Rachel Maddow Show (2008–)
Count Duckula (1988–1993) Victor and Hugo (1991–1992)
The Cosby Show (1984–1992) A Different World (1987–1993)
Cow and Chicken (1997–1999) I Am Weasel (1997–2000)
Criminal Minds (2005–) Criminal Minds: Suspect Behavior (2011)
Criminal Minds: Beyond Borders (2016-2017)
The Crocodile Hunter (1997–2004)
CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2000–2015)

D

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Da Ali G Show (2000-2004) Ali G in da USAiii (2003–2004)
The Daily Show (1996–)
Dallas (1978–1991) Knots Landing (1979–1993)
Dallas (2012–2014)
Dance Moms (2011–) Dance Moms: Miami (2012)
Abby's Ultimate Dance Competition (2012–2013)
Danger Mouse (1981–1992) Count Duckula (1988–1993)
Dani's House (2008–2012) Dani's Castle (2013–2015)
The Danny Thomas Show (1957–1964) The Andy Griffith Show (1960–1968)
The New Andy Griffith Show (1971)
Dawson's Creek (1996–2003) Young Americans (2000)
The Day Today (1994) Knowing Me, Knowing You... with Alan Partridge (1994–1995)
Brass Eye (1997)
December Bride (1954–1959) Pete and Gladys (1960–1962)
Degrassi Junior High (1987–1989) Degrassi High (1989–1991)
Dennis the Menace (1959–1963) Dennis the Menace (1986–1988)
Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (1996–1998) Dennis the Menace and Gnasher (2009–2013)
Dennis & Gnasher: Unleashed (2017)
Dennou Boukenki Webdiver (2001–2002)
Department S (1969–1970) Jason King (1971–1972)
Designing Women (1986–1993) Women of the House (1995)
Dexter's Laboratory (1996–1998, 2001–2003) Dial M for Monkey (1996–1997)
Dick & Dom in da Bungalow (2002–2006) Harry Batt (2007) (failed pilot)
Da Dick and Dom Dairies (2009)
Diddy Movies (2012–2014)
Diddy TV (2016-present)
Dick Powell's Zane Grey Theatre (1956–1961)
The Dick Powell Show (1961–1963) (a.k.a. The Dick Powell Theater) Burke's Law (1963–1965)
Digimon Adventure (1999–2000)
The Disney Afternoon (1990–1997) Disney Club (1989–2010, various incarnations)
Diff'rent Strokes (1978–1986) The Facts of Life (1979–1988)
Doctor Who (1963–1989, 1996, 2005–)
Dora the Explorer (2000–2014) Go, Diego, Go! (2005–2011)
Dora and Friends: Into the City! (2014–2017)
Double Dare (1986–1993)
Doug (1991–1994) Disney's Doug (1996–1999)
DragonflyTV (2002–2008) SciGirls (2010–2015, 2018)
Dragon Ball (1986–1989) Dragon Ball Z (1989–1996)
Dragon Ball Z (1989–1996)
Drake & Josh (2004–2007) iCarly (2007–2012)
  • Sam & Cat (2013–2014)victorious (2010-2013)
Dramarama (1983–1989) Dodger, Bonzo and the Rest (1985–1986)
Children's Ward (1989–2000)
Droopy (1943–1958) Droopy and Dripple (part of Tom & Jerry Kids) (1990–1993)
Dragnet (1951–1954, 1967–1970, 1989–1991, 2003–2004) Adam-12 (1968–1975)
Drawn Together (2004–2007) Judge Fudge (2007)
DuckTales (1987–1990) Darkwing Duck (1991–1992)
Quack Pack (1996)
DuckTales (2017–)
Duet (1987–1989) Open House (1989–1990)
The Dukes of Hazzard (1979–1985) Enos (1980–1981)
The Dukes (1983–1984)
Dynasty (1981–1989) The Colbys (1985–1987)
Dynasty: The Reunion (1991)

E

Parent seriesSpin-off series
EastEnders (1985–) EastEnders: E20 (2010–11)
Redwater (2017)
The Electric Company (1971–1977) The Electric Company (2009–2011)
The Electric Playground (1997) Judgement Day (2002–2007)
The Ellen DeGeneres Show (2003) Bethenny (2012; test run only)
Emergency Adam-12 (1968–1975)
Emergency Vets (1998–2002) E-Vet Interns (2007)
Empty Nest (1988–1995) Nurses (1991–1994)
Encantadia (2005–2006) Etheria: Ang Ikalimang Kaharian ng Encantadia (2005–2006)
Encantadia: Pag-ibig Hanggang Wakas (2006)
Essence of Emeril (1994–1996, 2000) Emeril Live (1997–2007)
Every Witch Way (2014–2015) W.I.T.s Academy (2015)
Everybody Loves Raymond (1996–2005) The King of Queens (1998–2007)
Extreme Makeover (2002–2007) Extreme Makeover: Home Edition (2003–2012)
Extreme Makeover: Weight Loss Edition (2011)

F

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Fame (1982–1987) Fame L.A. (1997–1998)
Fame (2003)
Family Guy (1999–2003; 2005–) The Cleveland Show (2009–2013)

American Dad! (2005-)

The Fast Show (1994–2001)
Fimbles (2002–2004) The Roly Mo Show (2004–2005)
Fist of Fun (1995–1996) This Morning with Richard Not Judy (1998–1999)
The Flintstones (1960–1966)

The Flintstone Kids (1986–1988)
Cave Kids (1996)

Family Ties (1982–1989) The Art of Being Nick (1987) (failed pilot)
Day by Day (1988–1989)
Felix the Cat (1919–1936)
Fetch! with Ruff Ruffman (2006–2010) The Ruff Ruffman Show (webseries) (2017 –)
Figure It Out (1997–1999; 2012–2013) Figure It Out: Family Style (1998–1999)
Figure It Out: Wild Style (1999–2000)
Flavor of Love (2006–2008)
Fraggle Rock (1983–1987) Fraggle Rock: The Animated Series (1987)
French and Saunders (1987–2007)
Friends (1994–2004) Joey (2004–2006)
Full House (1987–1995) Fuller House (2016-)
Fun House (1988–1991) College Mad House (1989–1991)

G

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Gabriel's Fire (1990–1991) Pros and Cons (1991–1992)
Gadget Boy & Heather (1995–1996)
 Gadget Boy's Adventures in History (1996–1997)
Gargoyles (1994–1996) Gargoyles: The Goliath Chronicles (1996–1997)
General Hospital (1963) Port Charles (1997–2003)
General Hospital: Night Shift (2007–2008)
The Generation Game (1971–2007) The Generation Game various incarnations:
The Gentle Touch (1980–1984) C.A.T.S. Eyes (1985–1987)
George Burns Comedy Week (1985) Leo & Liz in Beverly Hills (1986)
Gerald McBoing-Boing (1951–1956) The Gerald McBoing-Boing Show (1956–1957)
Get Smart (1965–1970) Get Smart (1995)
The Ghost Busters (1975–1976) Filmation's Ghostbusters (1986–1987)
Ghost Train (1989–1991) Gimme 5 (1992–1994)
Gilligan's Island (1964–1967)
Girlfriends (2000–2008) The Game (2006–2009, 2011)
The Girls Next Door (2005) Bridget's Sexiest Beaches (2009)
Kendra (2009–2011)

Holly's World (2009–2011)
The Girls Next Door: The Bunny House (2010) (failed backdoor pilot)

Glee (2009-2013) The Glee Project (2011–2013)
Goin' Bananas (1986–1991) Goin' Bulilit (2005)
Banana Split (2008)
The Golden Girls (1985–1992) Empty Nest (1988–1995)
The Golden Palace (1992–1993)
Gone Country (2008–2009) Outsiders Inn (2008)
Good Morning, Miss Bliss (1988–1989) Saved by the Bell (1989–1993)
The Good Wife (2009–2016) The Good Fight (2017–present)
Gossip Girl (2007–2012) Valley Girls (2009) (failed backdoor pilot)
Grange Hill (1978–2008) Tucker's Luck (1983–1985)
The Great British Bake Off (2010–present) Junior Bake Off (2011–present)
The Great British Sewing Bee (2013–present)
The Great British Bake Off: An Extra Slice (2014–present)
The Great Pottery Throw Down (2015–present)
Bake Off: Crème de la Crème (2016–present)
The Greatest American Hero (1981–1983) The Greatest American Heroine (1986) (failed pilot)
Grey's Anatomy (2005-)
Grim & Evil (2001–2003) The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy (2003–2008)
Evil Con Carne (2003–2004)
Growing Pains (1985–1992) Just the Ten of Us (1988–1990)
Gunsmoke (1955–1975) Dirty Sally (1974)
Guy Code (2011) Girl Code (2013)
The Hook Up (2013)
Grachi (2011–2013) Every Witch Way (2014–2015)

H

Parent seriesSpin-off series
H2O: Just Add Water (2006–2010) Mako Mermaids (2013–2016)
H2O: Mermaid Adventures (2015–)
Hancock's Half Hour (1954–1961) Hancock (1961)
Citizen James (1960–1962)
Happy Days (1974–1984)
Happy Tree Friends (1999) (Internet series), (2006) (TV series) Ka-Pow! (2008)
The Harveytoons Show (1950–1962)

The Baby Huey Show (1994–1995)

He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1983–1985) She-Ra: Princess of Power (1985–1987)
The New Adventures of He-Man (1990)
Head of the Class (1986–1991) Billy (1992)
Hee Haw (1969–1993) Hee Haw Honeys (1979)
Heartbeat (1992–2010) The Royal (2003–2011)
Hercules: The Legendary Journeys (1995–1999) Xena: Warrior Princess (1995–2001)
Young Hercules (1998–1999)
Here's Lucy (1968–1974) The Lucie Arnaz Show (1972) (failed pilot)
Hi-5 (1999–2011; 2017) Hi-5 House (2013–2016)
Highlander: The Series (1992–1998) Highlander: The Animated Series (1994–1996)
Highlander: The Raven (1998–1999)
Hill Street Blues (1981–1987) Beverly Hills Buntz (1987–1988)
The Hills (2006–2010) The City (2008–2010)
Audrina (2011)
Holby City (1999-) Casualty@Holby City (2004–2005)
HolbyBlue (2007–2008)
Hollyoaks (1995-) Hollyoaks: Let Loose (2005)
Hollyoaks Later (2008-2013)
Hollywood Squares (1968, 1971–1981) The Match Game-Hollywood Squares Hour (1983–1984)
Home Improvement (1991–1999) Buddies (1996)
Horrible Histories (2009–present) Horrible Histories: Gory Games (2011–present)
Hot in Cleveland (2010-2015) The Soul Man (2012-2016)
The Huckleberry Hound Show (1958–1962)
The Herculoids (1967–1968) Space Stars (1981) (shared with Space Ghost)

I

Parent seriesSpin-off series
iCarly (2007–2012) Sam & Cat (2013–2014)
I Love Lucy (1951–1957) The Lucy–Desi Comedy Hour (1957–1960)| The Lucy Show (1965-1962)| Here's Lucy (1962-1968)| Life with Lucy (1986)
I Love the '70s (2000) (U.K. TV series)
Inspector Gadget (1983–1986)

Inspector Gadget's Field Trip (1996–1997)
Gadget and the Gadgetinis (2001–2003)
Inspector Gadget (2015-)

Inspector Morse (1987–2000) Lewis (2006–2013)
Endeavour (2012-)
Iris (2009) Athena: Goddess of War (2010–2011)
Iron Chef (1993-2001) Iron Chef USA (2001)
Iron Chef America (2005)
Ironside (1967–1975) Amy Prentiss (1974–1975)

J

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Jackass (2000–2002)
JAG (1995–2005) NCIS (2003-)
The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency (2006–2008) Christmas with the Dickinsons (2006)
Janice & Abbey (2007)
The Jeffersons (1975–1985) Checking In (1981)
Jeopardy! (1964–1975, 1974–1975, 1978–1979, 1984-) Jep! (1998–2000)
Rock & Roll Jeopardy! (1998–2001)
The Jerry Springer Show (1991-) The Steve Wilkos Show (2007-)
Jersey Shore (2009–2012)
Jessie (2011–2015) Bunk'd (2015–)
The Jim Henson Hour (1989) Dog City (1992–1994)
Jon & Kate Plus 8 (2007–2009) Kate Plus 8 (2010–2011)
Jonny Quest (1964–1965) The New Adventures of Jonny Quest (1986–1987)
The Real Adventures of Jonny Quest (1994–1996)
The Venture Bros. (2003–)
Josie and the Pussycats (1970–1972) Josie and the Pussycats in Outer Space (1972–1974)
Judge Judy (1996–) Hot Bench (2014-)

K

Parent seriesSpin-off series
KaBlam! (1996–00) Action League Now! (2001–02)
Angela Anaconda (1999–02)
Keeping Up with the Kardashians (2007-)
Kendra (2009–2011) Kendra on Top (2012)
Kinnikuman (1983–1986)
The Kids of Degrassi Street (1979–1986) Degrassi Junior High (1987–1989)
Degrassi Talks (1992)
Knight Rider (1982–1986)
Knowing Me, Knowing You... with Alan Partridge (1994–1995) I'm Alan Partridge (1997–2002)
Anglian Lives: Alan Partridge (2003)
Kratts' Creatures (1996)
Inspector Rex (1994) Stockinger (1996–1997)
Kung Fu (1972–1975) Kung Fu: The Legend Continues (1993–1997)

L

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Lab Rats (2012–2016) Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016)
Laurel and Hardy (1927–1951) Laurel and Hardy (animated series) (1966)
Laverne & Shirley (1976–1983) Laverne & Shirley in the Army (animated, 1981–1982)
Last of the Summer Wine (1973–2010) First of the Summer Wine (1988–1989)
Laguna Beach: The Real Orange County (2004–2006) The Hills (2006–2010)
Newport Harbor: The Real Orange County (2007–2008)
Late Night with David Letterman (1982–1993) Late Night (TV series)
Late Show with David Letterman (1993–2015) Late Show with Stephen Colbert (2015–)

The Late Late Show (CBS TV series) – Various incarnations:

Law & Order (1990–2010)
Life on Mars (2006–2007) Ashes to Ashes (2008–2010)
The Likely Lads (1964–1966) Whatever Happened to the Likely Lads? (1973–1974)
Liquid Television (1991–1994)
Little Britain (2003–2006) Little Britain USA (2008)
Looney Tunes (1930–1969, 1980)
The Love Boat (1976, 1977–1986) Love Boat: The Next Wave (1998–1999)
Love, American Style (1969–1974)
Loving (1983–1995) The City (1995–1997)
The Lick with Trevor Nelson (1998) Trevor Meets... (1999)
Lunch Date (1986–1993) Salo-Salo Together (SST) (1993–1995)

M

Parent seriesSpin-off series
MacGyver (1985–1992) The Coltons (1991) (failed pilot)'

MacGyver (2016-)

MADtv (1995–2009) MAD (2010–2013)
Key & Peele (2012–15)
The Magnificent Six and 1/2 (1968–1970) Here Come the Double Deckers (1970–1971)
Make Room for Daddy (1953–1955)
Man About the House (1973–1976) George and Mildred (1976–1979)
Robin's Nest (1977–1981)
The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (1964–1968) The Girl from U.N.C.L.E. (1966–1967)
Married... with Children (1987–1997) Top of the Heap (1991)
Vinnie & Bobby (1992)
Marsupilami (1993–1995) The Shnookums and Meat Funny Cartoon Show (1993–1995)
Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (2013-) Marvel's Agent Carter (2015–2016)
The Mary Tyler Moore Show (1970–1977)
Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman (1976–1977) Forever Fernwood (1977–1978)
The Mary Whitehouse Experience (1990–1992) The Imaginatively Titled Punt & Dennis Show (1994–1995)
Newman and Baddiel in Pieces (1993)
M*A*S*H (1972–1983)
Masked Rider (1995–1996) Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight (2009)
Match Game (1973–1982) Family Feud (1976–1985, 1988–1995, 1999)
The Match Game/Hollywood Squares Hour (1983–1984)
Matlock (1986–1995) Jake and the Fatman (1987–1992)
Diagnosis: Murder (1993–2001)
Maude (1972–1978) Good Times (1974–1979)
The Maury Povich Show (1990–1998) Maury (1998)
Maverick (1957–1962) Young Maverick (1979)
Maya & Miguel (2004–2007) WordGirl (2007–2015)
McHale's Navy (1962–1966) Broadside (1964–1965)
Melrose Place (1992–1999) Melrose Place (2009–2010)
Miami 7 (1999)
Miami Ink (2005–2008)
Mighty Med (2013–2015) Lab Rats: Elite Force (2016–)
The Mickey Mouse Club (1955–1959) The New Mickey Mouse Club (1977–1978)
The All-New Mickey Mouse Club (1989–1995)
Mickey Mouse Works (1999–2000) Disney's House of Mouse (2001–2003)
Mighty Morphin Power Rangers (1993–1995) (part of the Power Rangers franchise)
Mister Rogers' Neighborhood (1968–2001) Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood (2012–)
Moesha (1996–2001) The Parkers (1999–2004)
Mork & Mindy (1978–1982) Mork & Mindy/Laverne & Shirley/Fonz Hour (1982–1983)
Mr. Bean (1990–1995) Mr. Bean: The Animated Series (2002–2004; 2015–present)
Shining Time Station (1989–1993) Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (1996)
Storytime with Thomas (1999–2000)
Mr. Magoo (1960–61) The Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo (1964–65)
The Mrs Merton Show (1994–1998) Mrs Merton and Malcolm (1999)
Mulawin (2004–2005) Encantadia (2005–2006)
The Munsters (1964–1966) The Munsters Today (1988–1991)
Muppet Babies (1984–1991) Little Muppet Monsters (1985)
The Muppet Show (1976–1981)
Murder, She Wrote (1984–1996) The Law & Harry McGraw (1987–1988)
My Little Pony (1984–1987)

N

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Naked Video (1986–91) Rab C. Nesbitt (1988–99, 2008-2014)
The Baldy Man (1995–98)
Naruto (2002–07) Naruto: Shippuden (2007)
Rock Lee & His Ninja Pals (2012)
The Nearsighted Mr. Magoo (1950–59) Mr. Magoo (1960–61)
The New Adventures of Charlie Chan (1956–57) The Amazing Chan and the Chan Clan (1972)
The New Fred and Barney Show (1979–1980)
NCIS (2003–) NCIS: Los Angeles (2009–)
NCIS: New Orleans (2014–)
The Next Step (2013–) Lost & Found Music Studios (2016–)
Nick Rocks (1982–1989) Nick Jr. Rocks (1988–1993)
Nickelodeon Guts (1993–1996) Global GUTS (1995–96)
My Family's Got Guts (2008–09)
NOVA (1974) Nova ScienceNow (2005)

O

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Once Upon a Time (2011–) Once Upon a Time in Wonderland (2013)[8]
Once Upon a Time... Man (1978)
One on One (2001–2006) Cuts (2005–2006)
The Oprah Winfrey Show (1986–2011)
Oh Yeah! Cartoons (1998–2001)
Open All Hours (1973–1985) Still Open All Hours (2013–present)
Only Fools and Horses (1981–2003) The Green Green Grass (2005–2009)
Rock & Chips (2010–2011)
On the Buses (1969–1973) Don't Drink the Water (1974–1975)
Our Gang (1922–1944) The Little Rascals (1982–1984)
Ozark Jubilee (1955–1960) Five Star Jubilee (1961)
Talent Varieties (1955)

P

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Party of Five (1994–2000) Time of Your Life (1999–2000)
Pardon the Interruption (2001) Around the Horn (2002)
Cold Pizza (2003)
The Partridge Family (1970–1974) Getting Together (1971–1972)
Partridge Family 2200 A.D. (1974)
Password (1961–1967, 1971–1975)
Pawn Stars (2009)
Pebble Mill at One (1973–1986)
The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show (1971–1972) The Flintstone Comedy Hour (1972–1973)
Perfect Strangers (1986–1993) Family Matters (1989–1998)
Perry Mason (1957–1966) The New Perry Mason (1973–1974)
Petticoat Junction (1963–1970) Green Acres (1965–1971)
That Peter Kay Thing (2000) Phoenix Nights (2001–2002)
Phineas and Ferb (2007) Oscar and Michael's Phineas and Ferb Fan Club Show (2008)
Take Two with Phineas and Ferb (2010–2011)
Milo Murphy's Law (2016-)
The Pink Panther (1964–1977, 1977–1980, 1995)
Play for Today (1970–1984) Rumpole of the Bailey (1975–1992)
Boys from the Blackstuff (1980–1982)
Please Sir! (1968–1972) The Fenn Street Gang (1971–1973)
Pokémon (1997–2002)
Police Story (1973–1978)
Popeye the Sailor (1933–1957)
Popstars (1999) (Original series and resulting franchise)
Porridge (1974–1977) Going Straight (1978)
The Powerpuff Girls (1998–2005) Powerpuff Girls Z (2005–2006)
The Powerpuff Girls (2016–)
The Practice (1997–2004) Boston Legal (2004–2008)
Pretty Little Liars (2010–2017) Ravenswood (2013–2014)
Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists (2019)
The Price Is Right (1956–1963) The Price Is Right (1972) (known as The New Price Is Right until 1973)
Primeval (2007–2011) Primeval: New World (2012–2013)
The Professionals (1977–1983) CI5: The New Professionals (1999)
Project Greenlight (2001–2005)
Punky Brewster (1984–1988) It's Punky Brewster (1985–1986)

Q

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Queer Eye for the Straight Guy (2003–2007) Queer Eye for the Straight Girl (2005)

R

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Random! Cartoons (2008–2009)
Raw Toonage (1992–1993) Bonkers (1993–1994)
Marsupilami (1993)
The Real Ghostbusters (1986–1991) Extreme Ghostbusters (1997–1999)
The Real Housewives of Orange County (2006)
The Real McCoys (1957–1963) The Tycoon (1964–1965)
The Ren & Stimpy Show (1991–1995) Ren and Stimpy Adult Party Cartoon (2003–2004)
Rhoda (1974–1978) Carlton Your Doorman (1980) (failed pilot)
Richie Rich (1980–1984) Richie Rich (1996)
Ricki Lake (1993–2004) The Ricki Lake Show (2012-2013)
Ride with Funkmaster Flex(2003–2004)
  • All Muscle with Funkmaster Flex (2007)
  • Car Wars with Funkmaster Flex (2007)
  • Fast Machines with Funkmaster Flex (2009)
  • Funk Flex Full Throttle (2010–2011)
The Rifleman (1958–1963) Law of the Plainsman (1959–1960)
Riverdale (2017–present) Chilling Adventures of Sabrina (2018)
Rob & Big (2006–2008)
Robot Wars (1998–2004) Robot Wars Extreme (2001–2003)
Robotech (1985) Robotech II: The Sentinels (1986)
The Rockford Files (1974–1980) Richie Brockelman, Private Eye (1978)
The Rookies (1972–1976) S.W.A.T. (1976)
Rosie and Jim (1990–2000) Tots TV (1993–1998)
Route 66 (1960–1964) Route 66 (1993)
Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In (1968–1973)
The Royal (2003–2011) The Royal Today (2008)
Roy (2009–2015) The Roy Files (2015–16)
Little Roy (2016–present)
Rugrats (1991–1994; 1997-2003, TBA) All Grown Up! (2003–2007)
Angelica and Susie's Pre-School Daze (2008)
RuPaul's Drag Race (2009) RuPaul's Drag Race: Untucked! (2010)
RuPaul's Drag U (2010)

S

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Sabrina the Teenage Witch (1971–1974)
The Saint (1962–1969) Return of the Saint (1978–1979)
Sailor Moon (1992–1997) Sailor Moon Crystal (2014-ongoing)
Sam and Friends (1955–1961)
Sanford and Son (1972–1977)
The Sarah Jane Adventures (2007–2011) Sarah Jane's Alien Files (2010)[9]
The Saturday Night Armistice (1995) The Friday Night Armistice (1996–1998)
The Saturday Night Armistice Party Bucket (1995)
Saturday Night Live (1975)
Saved by the Bell (1989–1993) Saved by the Bell: The College Years (1993–1994)
Saved by the Bell: The New Class (1993–2000)
Sesame Street (1969–)
Scooby-Doo, Where Are You! (1969–1970) The New Scooby-Doo Movies (1972–1974)
The Scooby-Doo/Dynomutt Hour (1976–1977)
Sealab 2020 (1972) Sealab 2021 (2000–2005)
Second City Television (1976–1984) The Completely Mental Misadventures of Ed Grimley (1988)
Second Thoughts (1991–1994) Faith in the Future (1995–1998)
Secret Army (1977–1979) Kessler (1981)
Seven of One (1973) Porridge (1974–1977)
Open All Hours (1976–1985)
Secret Mountain Fort Awesome (2011–2013) Uncle Grandpa (2013–2017)
The Shari Lewis Show (1960–1963) Lamb Chop's Play-Along (1992–1997)
Shaun the Sheep (2007–2010) Timmy Time (2009–2011)
Shear Genius (2007) Tabatha's Salon Takeover (2008)
Shining Time Station (1989–1993) Mr. Conductor's Thomas Tales (1996)
A Shot at Love with Tila Tequila (2007)
Sightings (1992–1997) Unexplained Mysteries (2003–2004)
The Six Million Dollar Man (1973–1978) The Bionic Woman (1976–1978)
Slime Time Live (2000–2003) Friday Night Slimetime (2005–2006)
Smallville (2001–2011) Aquaman (2006) (failed pilot to TV series of the same name)
Smith & Smith (1979–1985) Me & Max (1986)
The Comedy Mill (1996–1991)
Soap (1977–1981) Benson (1979–1986)
Sofia the First (2012-) Elena of Avalor (2016-)
Softly, Softly (1966–1969) Softly, Softly: Taskforce (1969–1976)
The Sooty Show (1955–1992) Sooty & Co. (1993–1998)
Sooty's Amazing Adventures (1996–1997)
Sooty Heights (1999–2000)
Sooty (2001–2004)
Sooty (2011–present)
Sonny with a Chance (2009–2011) So Random! (2011–2012)
Soul Train (1971–2006) Soul Train Music Awards (1987)
Space Ghost (1966–1968) Space Stars (1981) (shared with The Herculoids)
Space Ghost Coast to Coast (1994–2004, 2006–2008)
Space Ghost Coast to Coast (1994–2004, 2006–2008)
Spider-Man (1994–1998) Spider-Man Unlimited (1999–2001)
Spooks (2002–2011) Spooks: Code 9 (2008)
Spenser: For Hire (1985–1988) A Man Called Hawk (1989)
Star Trek: The Original Series (1966–1969)
Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003–2005) Star Wars: The Clone Wars (2008–2014)
Star Wars: Rebels (2014-2018)
Star Wars Resistance (2018-)
Stargate SG-1 (1997–2007)
Steptoe and Son (1962–1974) When Steptoe Met Son (2002)
The Curse of Steptoe (2008)
Story Parade (1964–1965) Out of the Unknown (1965–1971)
The Story of Tracy Beaker (2002–2006) Tracy Beaker Returns (2010–2012)
Tracy Beaker Survival Files (2011–2012)
The Dumping Ground (2013–present)
The Dumping Ground Survival Files (2014)
Liam's Story (2014)
The Dumping Ground Dish Up (2015)
The Dumping Ground: I'm... (2016-present)
Strange Love (2005) Flavor of Love (2005–2006, 2008)
Student Canteen (1958–1990) Lunch Date (1986–1993)
The Suite Life of Zack & Cody (2005–2008) The Suite Life on Deck (2008–2011)
Summer Heights High (2007) Angry Boys (2011)
The Sunny Side Up Show (2007) The Chica Show (2012)
Super Friends (1973–1974)
The Super Mario Bros. Super Show! (1989–1990) The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3 (1990)
Super Mario World (1991)
The Surreal Life (2003–2006) Strange Love (2005)
The Surreal Life: Fame Games (2007)

T

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Take Hart (1977–1983) Hartbeat (1984–1993)
Teen Titans (2003–2006) Teen Titans Go! (2013–)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987–1996) Ninja Turtles: The Next Mutation (1997–98) (also a spin-off of Mighty Morphin Power Rangers)
Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series) (2003–2009)

Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012–2017)

Temperatures Rising (1972–1973) The New Temperatures Rising Show (1973–1974)
Tenspeed and Brown Shoe (1980) J.J. Starbuck (1987–1988)
Tenchi Muyo! Ryo-Ohki (1992–1995, 2003–2005)
That Peter Kay Thing (2000) Phoenix Nights (2001–2002)
That's So Raven (2003–2007) Cory in the House (2007–2008)
Hannah Montana (2006–2011)
Raven's Home (2017-)
That's Incredible! (1980–1984) Those Amazing Animals (1980–1981)
Incredible Sunday (1988–1989)
This Life (1996–1997) This Life + 10 (2007)
The Three Stooges (1934–1970)
Three's Company (1977–1984) The Ropers (1979–1980)
Three's a Crowd (1984–1985)
Thomas & Friends (1984-) Shining Time Station (1991–1993)
Jack and the Sodor Construction Company (2006)
Till Death Us Do Part (1966–1975) Till Death... (1981)
Tiny Toon Adventures (1990–1995) The Plucky Duck Show (1992)
Pinky, Elmyra & the Brain (1998–1999) (also a spin-off of Pinky and the Brain and Animaniacs)
Tiswas (1974–1982) O.T.T. (1982)
Toddlers & Tiaras (2009) Here Comes Honey Boo Boo (2012)[10]
Cheer Perfection (2012–2013)
Tom and Jerry (1940–1967)

The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980–1982)
Tom & Jerry Kids (1990–1993)

Tom and Jerry Tales (2006–2008)
The Tom and Jerry Show (2014 TV series) (2014-)

Tom Goes to the Mayor (2004–2006) Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job! (2007–2010)
Top Chef (2006) Top Chef Masters (2009)
Top Chef: Just Desserts (2010)
Top Gear (1977 TV series) (1977–2002) Top Gear (2002 TV series) (2002–2015)
Top Gear Australia (2008–2012)
"Top Gear"(2016)
"Top Gear (U.S. TV series)" (2010–2016)
"Top Gear France" (2015-)
"Top Gear Korea" (2011-)
"Top Gear Russia" (2009)
" Top Gear (Dragon TV series)" (2014–2015)
Total Drama (2007–2014) Total Drama Presents: The Ridonculous Race (2015)
Total DramaRama (2018-)
Touched by an Angel (1994–2003) Promised Land (1996–1999)
The Tracey Ullman Show (1987–1990) The Simpsons (1989–)
Tracy Beaker Returns (2010–2012) The Dumping Ground (2013–)
Trackdown (1957–1959) Wanted: Dead or Alive (1958–1961)
The Transformers (1984–1987)

Transformers: Animated (2007–2009)
Transformers: Prime (2010)

Trauma: Life in the E.R. (1997–2002) Paramedics (1999–2001)
TripTank (2014–2016) Jeff & Some Aliens (2017)
TV Nation (1994–1995) The Awful Truth (1999–2000)
The Twilight Zone (1959–1964) The Twilight Zone (1985–1989)
The Twilight Zone (2002–2003)
Tyler Perry's House of Payne (2007–2012) Tyler Perry's Meet the Browns (2009–2011)
Tyler Perry's Love Thy Neighbor (2013–2017)
Tyler Perry's The Paynes (2018–present)

U

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Ugly Betty (2006–2010) Vidas de Fuego (2006, online series)
Unique Whips (2005–2008) Unique Autosports: Miami (2010)
Unique Rides (2016-present)
The Untouchables (1959–1963) The Untouchables (1993–1994)
U-Pick Live (2002–2005) Pick Boy's Awesome Summer Job (2004–2005)

V

Parent seriesSpin-off series
The Vampire Diaries (2009–2017) The Originals (2013–2018)
Legacies (2018-present)
VeggieTales (1993) Larryboy: The Cartoon Adventures (2002–2003)
VeggieTales in the House (2014)
Vic Reeves Big Night Out (1990–1991) Les Lives (1993)
Victorious (2010–2013) Sam & Cat (2013–2014)
The Virginian (1962–1971) The Men from Shiloh (1970–1971)
Laredo (1965–1967)
Vision On (1974–1976) Take Hart (1977–1983)
Viva La Bam (2003–2005) Bam's Unholy Union (2007)
Voltron (1984–1985) Voltron: The Third Dimension (1998–2000)
Voltron Force (2011–2012)

W

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Wacky Races (1968–1970)
Walker, Texas Ranger (1993–2001) Sons of Thunder (1999)
The Walking Dead (2010)
Warner Bros. Presents (1955–1956) Cheyenne (1955–1963)
We Can Be Heroes: Finding The Australian of the Year (2005) Summer Heights High (2007)
The Wedge (2006–2007) Mark Loves Sharon (2008)
Wedgies (2007–2010) The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack (2008–2010)
Welcome Back, Kotter (1975–1979) Mr. T and Tina (1976)
Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse (1958–1962) The Twilight Zone (1959–1964)
The Untouchables (1959–1963)
The What a Cartoon! Show (1995–2002)
What's Happening!! (1976–1979) What's Happening Now!! (1985–1988)
What's Up, Doc? (1992–1995) Wolf It! (1993–1996)
Wheel of Fortune (1975) Wheel 2000 (1997–1998)
Where in the World Is Carmen Sandiego? (1991–1996) Where on Earth Is Carmen Sandiego? (1994–1998)
Where in Time Is Carmen Sandiego? (1996–1998)
Whoops I Missed the Bus (2013-present) Whoops I Missed Newsround (2016-present)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire (1999–2002, 2002) Who Wants to Be a Super Millionaire (2004)
Who Wants to Be a Millionaire: 10th Anniversary Celebration (2009)
Who's the Boss? (1984–1992) Living Dolls (1989)
The Upper Hand (1990–1996)
Wife Swap (2003–2009) Boss Swap (2005–2006)
Wild & Crazy Kids (1990–1992, 2002) NickAmerica (1993–1999)
Wild On! (1997–2003) Taradise (2005–2006) (a.k.a. Wild On Tara!)
Winnie the Pooh (1966–1983)
Winx Club (2004–) PopPixie (2010–2011)
Winx Club WOW: World of Winx (2016)
The Women of Brewster Place (1989) Brewster Place (1990)
The Worst Witch (1998–2001) Weirdsister College (2001)
The New Worst Witch (2005–2007)
WKRP in Cincinnati (1978–1982) The New WKRP in Cincinnati (1991–1993)
WWE Raw (1993) WWE Heat (1998–2008)
WWE SmackDown (1999)

ECW (2006–2010)

WWE Saturday Night's Main Event (1985–1991, 2006–2008) WWF The Main Event (1988–1991)

X

Parent seriesSpin-off series
The X Factor (2004–present)
The X-Files (1993–2002) Millennium (1996–1999)
The Lone Gunmen (2001)
The XYY Man (1976–1977) Strangers (1978–1982)
Bulman (1985–1987)
Xiaolin Showdown (2003–2006) Xiaolin Chronicles (2013–2015)

Y

Parent seriesSpin-off series
The Yogi Bear Show (1961–1962)
Yogi's Space Race (1978–1979)
You Can't Do That on Television (1979–1990) Whatever Turns You On (1979)
Turkey Television (1985–1986)
Young Maverick (1979) Bret Maverick (1981–1982)
Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998)

Z

Parent seriesSpin-off series
Z-Cars (1962–1978) Softly, Softly (1966–1969)
Zoom (1972–1978) Zoom (1999–2005)

See also

References

  1. ↑ Natalie Abrams (August 14, 2014). "Patricia Arquette returning to 'CSI' before 'CSI: Cyber' kicks off". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 16, 2017. Arquette previously appeared on CSI in a backdoor pilot episode for Cyber last spring.
  2. ↑ Jeff Jensen (September 22, 2006). ""Battlestar Galactica": Inside TV's next great cult hit". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 16, 2017. ...Sci Fi Channel's critically exalted reboot of the 1978–79 TV series about space-faring humans fleeing genocidal robots known as Cylons...
  3. ↑ Nellie Andreeva (September 15, 2011). "CW To Reboot 1980s 'Beauty And The Beast'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved June 16, 2017.
  4. ↑ Alex Farber (March 9, 2011). "BBC3 to air Being Human spin-off". Broadcast. Retrieved June 16, 2017. Becoming Human, the online extension to BBC3 drama Being Human, is to reach its finale via a simulcast aired online and on the digital channel.
  5. ↑ C. Molly Smith (March 10, 2017). "David Boreanaz reflects on Buffy: 'I was in the right spot at the right time'". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 16, 2017. Buffy the Vampire Slayer and Angel, the spin-off.
  6. ↑ Mark Jefferies, Nicola Methven (February 23, 2014). "Doctor Who spin-off Class to be axed by the BBC after just one series". Daily Mirror. Retrieved June 16, 2017. Class is the fourth TV spin-off from Doctor Who, following K9 and Company in 1981, and more recently Torchwood and The Sarah Jane Adventures.
  7. ↑ Michael Ray Johnson (February 12, 2017). "Doctor Who Deep Cuts: The History of the K-9 Spin-off". Nerds One Earth. Retrieved June 16, 2017. Doctor Who Deep Cuts: The History of the K-9 Spin-off.
  8. ↑ James Hibberd (July 15, 2014). "ABC: Here's why 'Once Upon a Time in Wonderland' didn't work out". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved June 16, 2017. ABC Entertainment Group president Paul Lee has a theory about why Once Upon a Time in Wonderland didn’t work out. The network executive suggests the Once Upon a Time spin-off was undermined by its time slot.
  9. ↑ Mathew Wace Peck (October 18, 2011). "BBC brings The Sarah Jane Adventures to a close". Digital Journal. Retrieved June 16, 2017. The Sarah Jane Adventures – which was created by Russell T Davies (Torchwood) specifically for her – and its spin-off, Sarah Jane’s Alien Files.
  10. ↑ "Here Comes Honey Boo Boo! Premieres August 8 @ 10|9c". TLC. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved August 5, 2012.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.