Tareck El Aissami

Tareck El Aissami
Minister of Industries and National Production
Assumed office
14 June 2018
President Nicolás Maduro
28th Vice President of Venezuela
In office
4 January 2017 – 14 June 2018
President Nicolás Maduro
Preceded by Aristóbulo Istúriz
Succeeded by Delcy Rodríguez
Governor of Aragua
In office
27 December 2012 – 4 January 2017
Preceded by Rafael Isea
Succeeded by Caryl Bertho
Minister of Interior and Justice
In office
8 September 2008 – 13 October 2012
Preceded by Ramón Rodríguez Chacín
Succeeded by Néstor Reverol
Personal details
Born Tareck Zaidan El Aissami Maddah
(1974-11-12) 12 November 1974
El Vigía, Mérida, Venezuela[1]
Nationality Venezuelan
Political party United Socialist Party
Alma mater University of the Andes
Profession Politician

Tareck Zaidan El Aissami Maddah (Spanish pronunciation: [taˈɾek ˈsaiðan el aiˈsami ˈmaða]; Arabic: طارق زيدان العيسمي مداح‎,[2] born 12 November 1974)[3] is a Venezuelan politician serving as Minister of Industries and National Production since 14 June 2018. He previously was Minister of the Interior and Justice from 2008 to 2012, Governor of Aragua from 2012 to 2017 and Vice President of Venezuela from 2017 to 2018. While holding that office, El Aissami faced allegations of participating in corruption, money laundering and drug trafficking.[4]

Early life

El Aissami's great-uncle, Shibli al-Aysami, in a suit beside Saddam Hussein in July 1989.

El Aissami was born on 12 November 1974 in El Vigía, Mérida, Venezuela,[3][5] where he spent his childhood.[6] He is one of five children. His mother is Lebanese[7] while his father, Zaidan El Amin El Aissami, also known as Carlos Zaidan, was a Druze immigrant from Jabal al-Druze in Syria.[8] He was the head of a local Iraqi Ba'athist Party in Venezuela and had connections with leftist political movements in the Middle East.[9][10][5] Another family member of El Aissami's involved in Ba'athism was his great-uncle, Shibli El Aissami, who was the Assistant Secretary General of the National Command of the Iraqi-dominated Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party.[9][11][12][13]

El Aissami's father supported Hugo Chávez during the February 1992 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt and was arrested.[9][10][5] Following the news of his father's arrest and the raiding of his childhood home, seventeen-year-old El Aissami became disillusioned with the state of Venezuela.[14][15] A quote from his father stuck with El Aissami for life, "No matter what happens, remember the capable men are the ones who write history, the incapable criticize it", with his father referring to Chávez as being able to rewrite history.[15] Following the arrest of El Aissami's father in 1992, his great-uncle Shibli El Aissami retired from politics in Iraq, remaining in the country until the 2003 invasion of Iraq.[16]

Education

Studying both law and criminology, El Aissami attended the University of the Andes (ULA)[17] in Mérida, Venezuela, a city that "for decades been a haven for guerrilla groups, both domestic and foreign".[13] While there, he was a student of Adán Chávez Frías, the older brother of Hugo Chávez, who was said to have been a mentor to El Aissami.[18][12] In 1997, he joined the National Youth Directorate of the Fifth Republic Movement to support the election of Hugo Chávez.[14] Near the same time, El Aissami was arrested during an anti-government protest after throwing stones at authorities.[15]

Utopia, a leftist student movement with links to the guerrilla group Bolivarian Forces of Liberation, was active on ULA's campus.[9][11] El Aissami joined Utopia and befriended one of its founders, Hugo Cabezas.[8][9] In 2001, El Aissami became president of the student union at ULA, with his tenure reportedly having an increase of radical student and criminal activities according to ULA officials.[9][11] According to the vice rector of academic affairs at ULA, student dormitories which were allegedly occupied by Utopia and its allies, of the 1,122 living there, "only 387 are active students and more than 600 have no university connections", and that there were "always weapons there".[11][13] Unnamed opponents claimed that during student elections El Aissami threatened other candidates with armed gangs, while former governor Florencio Porras (PSUV) accused him of attempting to rig student elections.[5] Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, it was also reported by witnesses that El Aissami had celebrated the attacks on the United States.[5]

On 27 March 2003, days after the 2003 invasion of Iraq, El Aissami and his father attended a press conference with Iraq's ambassador to Venezuela, denouncing the United States invasion of Iraq and showing "solidarity" with "the defenseless Iraqi people."[13] El Aissami then first met Hugo Chávez while attending ULA and followed Chávez as a self-described radical chavista since.[5] He dedicated time during his post graduate studies to supporting Chávez's Fifth Republic Movement (MVR).[12] In July 2003, El Aissami lost his reelection campaign as president of the student union by 70% compared to other candidates, with the newly elected student council finding their office robbed and damaged.[13] After graduating with magna cum laude honors, El Aissami maintained his connections with fellow ULA students as he entered into politics, with members of Utopia later obtaining positions in Venezuela's Bolivarian government.[5][9]

Political career

ONIDEX

In September 2003, Hugo Cabezas, El Aissami's close friend from the ULA and Utopia, was appointed to be the head of the National Office of Identification and Foreigners (ONIDEX), a passport and naturalization agency that was part of Venezuela's interior ministry, by President Hugo Chávez.[9][11] The same year,[19] after El Aissami had lost the student reelection campaign, Cabezas invited him to work as his deputy at ONIDEX.[5][20][21] Cabezas and El Aissami were then assigned to Mission Identidad, a Bolivarian mission tasked with creating national identifications for Venezuelans.[9] Soon after, the program "was criticized for allegedly granting identity documents to unqualified foreign nationals"[9][11]

National Assembly and Interior Ministry

El Aissami, beside Nicolás Maduro, present Vladimir Putin the Key to the City of Caracas in April 2010.

After being established in the capital city of Caracas, El Aissami later campaigned to become a legislator in the National Assembly, winning a seat in the 2005 parliamentary elections.[5][17]

From 2007 to 2008, he served in the Ministry of the Interior as the Vice Minister of Citizen Security.[17] In September 2008, Hugo Chávez appointed El Aissami as Minister of the Interior and Justice[22][23] In 2009, he stated that anti-drug operations in Venezuela had improved following the expulsion of the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) from Venezuela, stating that the Colombian and United States government anti-drug agencies had "turned into important drug-trafficking cartels".[24] On 24 August 2011, El Aissami announced the ban on the public use of firearms in Venezuela.[25] El Aissami headed the Ministry of the Interior and Justice until he was elected governor in 2012.

Governor

He served as the Governor of Aragua from 2012 until 2017. The Iranian military company Qods Aviation, which was sanctioned under the 2007 UN Security Council Resolution 1747, has operated in Aragua since 2008 in collaboration with the Venezuelan Military Industries Company Ltd.[26] The joint project continued throughout El Aissami's tenure.[27]

According to analyst David Smilde of Washington Institute on Latin America (WOLA), while serving as Governor of Aragua, El Aissami "presided over a police force that came to be one of the most violent and abusive in the country".[28] Despite enacting 21 security plans for Aragua, violence continued to increase, with the murder rate at 142 murders per 100,000 citizens in 2016.[12]

Vice Presidency

President Nicolás Maduro appointed El Aissami as Vice-President on 4 January 2017.[8][29] As a result, he was the head official of the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN), Venezuela's intelligence agency that is dependent on the office of the vice presidency.[30]

Due to controversy surrounding El Aissami, the appointment was contentious. If the then-proposed recall election were to occur in 2017, he would have become the President of Venezuela until the end of what would have been Maduro's remaining tenure into 2019.[17]

Decree powers

In terms of budgets, any minister or official is now going to have to ask for Tareck’s permission ... Without a doubt, he’s now the country’s second-most powerful man.

Jose Vicente Haro, constitutional law professor of Central University of Venezuela[31]

On 26 January 2017, President Maduro ruled by decree that El Aissami could use economic decree powers as well, granting El Aissami powers that a Vice-President in Venezuela had not held before and power that rivaled Maduro's own powers. El Aissami was granted the power to decree over "everything from taxes to foreign currency allotments for state-owned companies" as well as "hiring practices to state-owned enterprises". The move made El Aissami one of the most powerful men in Venezuela.[31][32]

Minister of Industry and National Production

In June 2018, El Aissami was named the Minister of Industry and National Production, being tasked with overseeing Venezuela's domestic production.

While serving in the ministry, El Aissami was also named as an External Director of Venezuela's state-run oil company, PDVSA.[33]

Controversy

Drug trafficking and money laundering allegations

Secretary of the United States Department of the Treasury, Steven Mnuchin, making comments regarding the sanctions against Tareck El Aissami.
The United States Department of the Treasury's representation of Tareck El Aissami's alleged network of drug trafficking and money laundering.[34]

Since 2011, the Homeland Security Investigations branch of the United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement and the United States Drug Enforcement Administration have investigated El Aissami for his alleged acts of money laundering in the Middle East, specifically in Lebanon.[5] According to The Wall Street Journal, El Aissami has been under investigation by the United States for his alleged activities in drug trafficking since 2015.[35] Rafael Isea, the preceding governor of Aragua, stated that El Aissami was allegedly paid off by drug kingpin Walid Makled (es) in order to receive drug shipments in Venezuela.[36] Before being extradited to Venezuela Makled allegedly told DEA agents that from 2007 to 2012, he paid El Aissami's brother, Feras El Aissami, and told them to launder the money in the Venezuelan oil industry.[12]

On 13 February 2017 El Aissami was sanctioned by the US Treasury Department under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act. US officials accused him of facilitating drug shipments from Venezuela to Mexico and the US, freezing tens of millions of dollars of assets purportedly under El Aissami's control.[37][38] A day later, Venezuela's opposition-controlled National Assembly voted in favour of opening an investigation into El Aissami's alleged involvement in drug trafficking.[39] El Aissami has denied any criminal wrongdoing while President Maduro defended him saying "Venezuela will respond, step by step, with balance and force ... They will retract and apologize publicly to our vice president", while also stating that El Aissami had arrested more than 100 drug traffickers, with 21 being extradited to the United States.[40][41] In an open letter, published as an advertisement in the New York Times, El Aissami stated: "I have no assets or accounts in the United States or in any country of the world, and it is both absurd and pathetic that an American administrative body —without presenting any evidence— adopts a measure to freeze goods and assets that I do not own at all."[42]

Narcosobrinos incident

Following arrests surrounding the Narcosobrinos incident, an event that resulted in the arrest and conviction of President Maduro's nephews found guilty of attempting to smuggle 800 kilos of cocaine into the United States, links were allegedly found between El Aissami and an accomplice who was arrested in Honduras.[43] According to a source speaking to El Nuevo Herald about the incident, Roberto de Jesús Soto Garcia, a Honduran man who provided logistical information on drug shipments for Maduro's nephews, assisted El Aissami as well.[44] The source stated Soto Garcia worked with a group of Venezuelan officials, called the Cartel of the Suns, and that he worked "particularly with the operation headed by Tarek El Aissami, and his company. He's someone who has been working with them for some time now."[44] According to testimony from the nephews, the cocaine that was to be transported to the United States by the two was allegedly supplied by El Aissami.[44]

Terrorism network allegations

In 2003, the U.S. News & World Report recorded statements by an anonymous US official that "several thousand" people from "terrorism-sponsoring countries" were obtaining Venezuelan identifications from ONIDEX while El Aissami was part of its leadership.[11] The official further stated that, "Colombians were the largest group; there were more than a thousand of them. It also included many from Middle Eastern 'countries of interest' like Syria, Egypt, Pakistan, Lebanon. It was shocking to see how extensive the list was".[11]

According to PanAm Post, US prosecutors have alleged that El Aissami was Venezuela's "liaison" with Hezbollah and has provided passports to "terrorist organizations."[45] A report by the Center for a Secure Free Society released in 2014 alleged that El Aissami has "developed a sophisticated financial network and multi-level networks as a criminal-terrorist pipeline to bring Islamic militants to Venezuela and neighboring countries, and to send illicit funds from Latin America to the Middle East." The alleged "pipeline" consists of 40 shell companies which have bank accounts in Venezuela, Panama, Curacao, St. Lucia, Miami and Lebanon and is also involved in drug smuggling.[46]

Former Vice President José Vicente Rangel, who served under Hugo Chávez, denounced the SFS study, stating that it was a "combined campaign" by SFS and the Canadian government to attack Venezuela, though Ben Rowswell, the Canadian ambassador in Venezuela, denied the accusations by Rangel.[47]

In a 2015 report by the United States Department of State, "There were credible reports that Venezuela maintained a permissive environment that allowed for support of activities that benefited known terrorist groups."[48] New York County District Attorney Robert M. Morgenthau stated that while El Aissami was head of ONIDEX, Venezuela's passport and naturalization agency, he provided passports to Hamas and Hezbollah members. He also stated that it was possible that El Aissami was recruiting Arab Venezuelans to train under Hezbollah in southern Lebanon.[21] Joseph Humire, executive director of SFS, states that "Tareck’s network is less ideological and more of a service provider ... It’s not so much built on an ideological affinity to anybody, but who wants to pay to play."[5]

In February 2017, CNN reported in its article "Venezuelan Passports, in the Wrong Hands?", an investigation performed focusing on the sale of Venezuelan passports to individuals in the Middle East, specifically Syria, Palestine, Iraq and Pakistan. According to Misael López Soto, a former employee at the Venezuelan embassy in Iraq who was also a lawyer and CICPC officer, the Bolivarian government would sell authentic passports to individuals from the Middle East, with the Venezuelan passport able to access 130 countries throughout the world without a visa requirement. López provided CNN documents showing how his superiors attempted to cover up the sale of passports, which were being sold for from $5,000 to $15,000 per passport. A confidential intelligence report obtained by CNN linked El Aissami to 173 passports and ID's given between 2008 and 2015 to individuals from the Middle East, some of whom were purportedly associated with Hezbollah.[45][48][49]

The Bolivarian government did not investigate the allegations made by López and instead initiated an investigation against him for his act of leaking "confidential" documents and stated that he had abandoned his duty.[48] Following the release of the CNN report, President Maduro demanded that CNN leave Venezuela, stating that the network had sought to "manipulate" Venezuelans.[50]

Sanctions

Canada

Canada sanctioned El Aissami on 22 September 2017 due to rupture of Venezuela's constitutional order following the 2017 Venezuelan Constituent Assembly election.[51][52]

European Union

The European Union sanctioned El Aissami on 25 June 2018, with his assets frozen and being banned from travel. The European Union stated that when El Aissami was Vice President of Venezuela, the SEBIN intelligence service, under his command, made him "responsible for the serious human rights violations carried out by the organization, including arbitrary detention, politically motivated investigations, inhumane and degrading treatment, and torture".[53]

Switzerland

Switzerland sanctioned El Aissami on 10 July 2018, freezing his assets and imposing a travel ban while citing the same reasons of the European Union.[54]

United States

El Aissami was sanctioned by the US Treasury Department on 13 February 2017 under the Foreign Narcotics Kingpin Designation Act after being accused of facilitating drug shipments from Venezuela to Mexico and the United States, freezing tens of millions of dollars of assets purportedly under El Aissami's control.[37][38]

Personal life

El Aissami is married and has two children. His sister served as Venezuela's ambassador to the Netherlands until 2016. El Aissami is often seen surrounded by his bodyguards, whom he personally selects.[5]

El Aissami and his father both showed support for the government of Sadaam Hussein following the 2003 invasion of Iraq. His father, Zaidan, wrote the article "Proud to be a Taliban", describing United States President George W. Bush as "genocidal, mentally deranged, a liar and a racist" while also describing the leader of Al-Qaeda as "the great Mujahedeen, Sheik Osama bin Laden". Zaidan El Aissami also alleged that the United States may have been responsible for the September 11 terrorist attacks to create an excuse to invade Afghanistan.[13]

On 4 February 2015, it was revealed that Aragua FC had signed him as a striker.[55] Aragua FC was heavily sponsored from El Aissami's state and there are no records of him receiving playing time on the field as of January 2017.[56]

Prior to his participation in dialogue between the opposition and Venezuelan government as well as his appointment to the vice presidency, members of El Aissami's family, including his father and mother, traveled to stay in the United States for unknown reasons in late October 2016.[57]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "¿Quién es Tareck El Aissami, el nuevo vicepresidente de Venezuela?". Telesur (in Spanish). 4 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  2. ↑ سوري الأصل من السويداء يصبح حاكم ولاية بفنزويلا [Syrian with As-Suwayda origins become a state governor in Venezuela]. Panet (in Arabic). 17 December 2012. Archived from the original on 5 January 2017.
  3. 1 2 "Biografía: Tareck El Aissami" (in Spanish). United Socialist Party of Venezuela (PSUV). Archived from the original on 28 January 2017.
  4. ↑ Press, Associated (2017-02-13). "US accuses Venezuelan vice-president of role in global drug trafficking". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2017-07-20.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Rosati, Andrew; Zero, Fabiola (6 February 2017). "Venezuela's New Iron-Fisted Boss Facing U.S. Trafficking Probe". Bloomberg. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  6. ↑ Ral, Dahir (24 May 2012). "Tareck El Aisamí: Los hombres capaces son los que escriben la historia". Venezolana de Televisión. Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Retrieved 16 October 2012. (Archive)
  7. ↑ "Venezuela president names new potential successor". The Guardian. Manchester, England. Agence France-Presse (AFP). 5 January 2017. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017.
  8. 1 2 3 Mary Anastasia O'Grady, "The Iran-Cuba-Venezuela Nexus: The West underestimates the growing threat from radical Islam in the Americas", The Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2014.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Brownfield, William (26 January 2007). CHAVEZ'S NEW CABINET: A LOOK AT SOME NEW MINISTERS. Embassy of the United States, Caracas. pp. 1–4. |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  10. 1 2 "Tareck El Aissami, el político chavista compañero de Diosdado en el Cartel de los Soles". Diario Las Americas. 29 January 2015. Retrieved 8 January 2017.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Perdue, Jon B. (2012). The War of All the People: The Nexus of Latin American Radicalism and Middle Eastern Terrorism (1st ed.). Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books. pp. 160–162. ISBN 1597977047. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 "Revelan detalles del polémico perfil de Tareck El Aissami". Diario Las Américas (in Spanish). 11 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Gunson, Phil; Adams, David (28 November 2003). "Venezuela Shifts Control of Border". St.Petersburg Times.
  14. 1 2 "Luchas estudiantiles de izquierda marcan trayectoría política de El Aissami". Agencia Venezolana de Noticias (in Spanish). 12 October 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  15. 1 2 3 Ral, Dahir. "Tareck El Aissami, Los hombres capaces son los que escriben la historia…". Venezolana de Televisión. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
  16. ↑ "Lebanon arrests Baath cell involved in kidnapping Syrian opposition members". Ya Libnan. 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 July 2018.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Wyss, Jim (4 January 2017). "Venezuela's Maduro names controversial vice president — and potential successor". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  18. ↑ "Tareck El Aissami, de gobernador a vicepresidente de la República". Efecto Cocuyo (in Spanish). 4 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  19. ↑ "Los nexos de Hezbollah en América Latina Hezbollah, Hezbollah en Latinoamérica, Terrorismo, Irán en América Latina, Irán en Latinoamérica, Venezuela, FARC, Los Zetas, Cártel de Sinaloa - América". Infobae. 22 May 2014. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  20. ↑ Mahjar-Barducci, Anna (11 February 2011). "Venezuelan Minister Hangs Out With Hezbollah". Gatestone Institute. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017.
  21. 1 2 Morgenthau, Robert M. (8 September 2009). "Morgenthau: The Link Between Iran and Venezuela – A Crisis in the Making?". Latin American Herald Tribune. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  22. ↑ Morgan, Jeremy (2008). "Chávez Turns to Venezuela Crime with New Council". Latin American Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on 6 January 2017.
  23. ↑ "Tarek El Aissami se desempeñará como nuevo titular del MIJ". Noticia Venezuela (in Spanish). 9 September 2008. Archived from the original on 15 February 2017.
  24. ↑ "Satellites show Drug Flights Over Venezuela - Colombian Paper". BBC Monitoring Americas. 2 November 2009.
  25. ↑ "Venezuelan NGO estimates record murder rate in 2011". Jane's Intelligence Weekly. 1 (34). 31 August 2011.
  26. ↑ Humire, Joseph M.; Berman, Ilan (2014-10-08). Iran's Strategic Penetration of Latin America. Lexington Books. pp. 65–66. ISBN 9780739182673.
  27. ↑ "Venezuela Tees Up Its Next Dictator". The Wall Street Journal. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2017. (Subscription required (help)).
  28. ↑ Herrero, Ana Vanessa; Casey, Nicholas (13 February 2017). "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on Venezuela's Vice President, Calling Him a Drug 'Kingpin'". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  29. ↑ "Venezuela names economy czar, oil minister in cabinet shuffle", Reuters, 4 January 2017.
  30. ↑ "Con su nuevo cargo, Delcy Rodríguez será la responsable del Sebin". La Patilla] (in Spanish). 14 June 2018. Retrieved 15 June 2018.
  31. 1 2 "Maduro Hands Wide-Ranging Powers to Venezuela's Vice President". Bloomberg. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  32. ↑ "New "Superpowers" Elevate El Aissami to Second in Command". PanAm Post. 30 January 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  33. ↑ "La experiencia brilla por su ausencia en la nueva Junta Directiva de Pdvsa (Gaceta Extraordinaria) - LaPatilla.com". LaPatilla.com (in Spanish). 2018-09-08. Retrieved 2018-09-08.
  34. ↑ "El Aissami Lopez Bello Network" (PDF). United States Department of Treasury. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  35. ↑ Kurmanaev, Anatoly (5 January 2017). "Venezuelan Leader Nicolás Maduro Shakes Up Cabinet". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  36. ↑ DeCórdoba, José; Forero, Juan (18 May 2015). "Venezuelan Officials Suspected of Turning Country into Global Cocaine Hub; U.S. probe targets No. 2 official Diosdado Cabello, several others, on suspicion of drug trafficking and money laundering". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 19 May 2015.
  37. 1 2 "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Sean Spicer, 2/14/2017, #12". White House. 14 February 2017. Retrieved 20 February 2017.
  38. 1 2 Lynch; Sevastopulo; Schipani (14 February 2017). "US labels Venezuelan vice-president a drug kingpin". Financial Times. Retrieved 2017-02-15.
  39. ↑ "El Parlamento venezolano investigará acusaciones de EE.UU. contra El Aissami". Infolatam. Retrieved 2017-02-14.
  40. ↑ Casey, Nicholas (14 February 2017). "Venezuela Closes Ranks Around Sanctioned Vice President, Tareck El Aissami". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  41. ↑ "Bancada oficialista rechaza acusaciones contra Tareck El Aissami". Globovisión (in Spanish). 15 February 2017. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  42. ↑ Woody, Christopher (22 February 2017). "Venezuela's vice president took out a full-page ad in The New York Times to defend himself against sanctions". Business Insider. Retrieved 22 February 2017.
  43. ↑ Clavel, Tristan. "Arrest of Third Suspect May be Game Changer in Venezuela's 'Narco Nephews' Case". InsightCrime. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  44. 1 2 3 Maria Delgado, Antonio (29 June 2016). "Presentan cargos por narcotráfico contra socio hondureño de los sobrinos de Maduro". El Nuevo Herald. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  45. 1 2 "New "Superpowers" Elevate El Aissami to Second in Command". PanAm Post. 2017-01-30. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  46. ↑ Henderson, Victoria L.; Humire, Joseph M.; Menedez, Fernando D. (June 2014). Canada on Guard: Assessing the Immigration Security Threat of Iran, Venezuela and Cuba (PDF). Center for a Secure and Free Society. Retrieved 2017-02-12.
  47. ↑ Siekierski, B. J. (21 October 2014). "In Venezuela, Canadian envoy takes to Twitter to refute conspiracy theories". iPolitics. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
  48. 1 2 3 Zamost, Scott; Griffin, Drew; Guerrero, Kay; Romo, Rafael (8 February 2017). "Venezuela may have given passports to people with ties to terrorism". CNN. Retrieved 14 February 2017.
  49. ↑ Zamost, Scott; Guerrero, Kay; Griffin, Drew; Romo, Rafael; del Rincón, Fernando (7 February 2017). "Pasaportes venezolanos, ¿en manos equivocadas?". CNN Español. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
  50. ↑ "Maduro: ¡Fuera CNN de Venezuela! (Video)". La Patilla (in Spanish) (12 February 2017). Retrieved 12 February 2017.
  51. ↑ "Venezuela sanctions". Government of Canada. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  52. ↑ "Canada sanctions 40 Venezuelans with links to political, economic crisis". The Globe and Mail. 22 September 2017. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
  53. ↑ "European Union hits 11 more Venezuelans with sanctions". The Miami Herald. Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  54. ↑ "Sanctions suisses contre la vice-présidente du Venezuela". Government of Switzerland (in French). Retrieved 2018-07-10.
  55. ↑ "Aragua anunció oficialmente a Tareck El Aissami como nuevo fichaje para el Clausura" (in Spanish). 4 February 2015. Archived from the original on 1 August 2015.
  56. ↑ "Tareck El Aissami, el chavista más rechazado por la oposición". El País (in Spanish). 5 January 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2017.
  57. ↑ "Tension Grows Between Administration and Congress". Stratfor. Retrieved 13 January 2017.
Political offices
Preceded by
Ramón Rodríguez Chacín		 Minister of Interior and Justice
2008-2012		 Succeeded by
Néstor Reverol
Preceded by
Rafael Isea		 Governor of Aragua
2012-2017		 Succeeded by
Caryl Bertho
Preceded by
Aristóbulo Istúriz		 Vice President of Venezuela
2017-2018		 Succeeded by
Delcy Rodríguez
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