Syzygium samarangense

Syzygium samarangense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Plantae
Clade:Angiosperms
Clade:Eudicots
Clade:Rosids
Order:Myrtales
Family:Myrtaceae
Genus:Syzygium
Species: S. samarangense
Binomial name
Syzygium samarangense
Synonyms[1]
  • Myrtus samarangensis Blume
  • Jambosa samarangensis (Blume) DC.
  • Eugenia samarangensis (Blume) O.Berg
  • Myrtus obtusissima Blume
  • Jambosa obtusissima (Blume) DC.
  • Eugenia alba Roxb.
  • Jambosa alba (Roxb.) G.Don
  • Jambosa ambigua Blume
  • Jambosa timorensis Blume
  • Eugenia mindanaensis C.B.Rob.

Syzygium samarangense is a plant species in the family Myrtaceae, native to an area that includes the Greater Sunda Islands, Malay Peninsula and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, but introduced in prehistoric times to a wider area[2] and now widely cultivated in the tropics. In Indonesia it is known as Jambu Air.

Common names in English include Java apple, Semarang rose-apple and wax jambu.[3]

Cultivation and uses

Rose-apples, raw
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy 105 kJ (25 kcal)
5.70 g
0.30 g
0.60 g
Vitamins Quantity %DV†
Thiamine (B1)
2%
0.020 mg
Riboflavin (B2)
3%
0.030 mg
Niacin (B3)
5%
0.800 mg
Vitamin C
27%
22.3 mg
Minerals Quantity %DV†
Calcium
3%
29 mg
Iron
1%
0.07 mg
Magnesium
1%
5 mg
Phosphorus
1%
8 mg
Potassium
3%
123 mg
Sodium
0%
0 mg
Zinc
1%
0.06 mg
Other constituents Quantity
Cholesterol 0 mg
Link to Full Nutrient Report of USDA Database entry
†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.

Syzygium samarangense is a tropical tree growing to 12 m tall, with evergreen leaves 10–25 cm long and 5–10 cm broad. The flowers are white, 2.5 cm diameter, with four petals and numerous stamens. The fruit is a bell-shaped, edible berry, with colors ranging from white, pale green, or green to red, purple, or crimson, to deep purple or even black, 4–6 cm long in wild plants. The flowers and resulting fruit are not limited to the axils of the leaves, and can appear on nearly any point on the surface of the trunk and branches. When mature, the tree is considered a heavy bearer, yielding a crop of up to 700 fruits.[2]

When ripe, the fruit will puff outwards, with a slight concavity in the middle of the underside of the "bell". Healthy wax apples have a light sheen to them. Despite its name, a ripe wax apple only resembles an apple on the outside in color. It does not taste like an apple, and it has neither the fragrance nor the density of an apple. Its flavor is similar to a snow pear, and the liquid-to-flesh ratio of the wax apple is comparable to a watermelon. Unlike either apple or watermelon, the wax apple's flesh has a very loose weave. The very middle holds a seed situated in a sort of cotton-candy-like mesh. This mesh is edible, but flavorless. The color of its juice depends on the cultivar; it may be purple to entirely colorless.

A number of cultivars with larger fruit have been selected. In general, the paler or darker the color, the sweeter it is. In Southeast Asia, the black ones are nicknamed "Black Pearl" or "Black Diamond", while the very pale greenish-white ones, called "Pearl", are among the highest priced ones in fruit markets. The fruit is often served uncut, but with the core removed, to preserve the unique bell-shaped presentation. In Malay peninsula it is also used as bonsai plant as it grows well in pots and has thick trunk.

In the cuisine of Indian Ocean islands, the fruit is frequently used in salads, as well as in lightly sautéed dishes.

In India, water apples are found in East Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh near the dry land areas of Rajanagaram mandal (mainly around G.Donthamuru village surroundings). In Telugu, these are called kammari kayalu (కమ్మరి కాయలు). It is called "Jambu Nerale" in Kannada and is grown in Karnataka as an ornamental plant in private gardens in places close to the western ghats. It is also found throughout Kerala where it is called as Champakka or Chambakka. It is mainly eaten as a fruit and also used to make pickles (Chambakka Achar).

In Taiwan, it is known as Chinese: 蓮霧; pinyin: Lián wù; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lián-bū.

In the Philippines, its local name is macopa.[2] Because of their similarity in appearance, it is often confused with tambis (Syzygium aqueum),[4] although the latter is more commonly cultivated.

Medicinal uses

The flowers are astringent and used in Taiwan to treat fever and halt diarrhea. Investigators have found their principal constituent to be tannin. They also contain desmethoxymatteucinol, 5-O-methyl-4'-desmethoxymatteucinol, oleanic acid and B-sitosterol. They show weak antibiotic action against Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Candida albicans.[5]

References

  1. 1 2 "Syzygium samarangense". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 16 July 2018.
  2. 1 2 3 Julia F. Morton (1987). "Java apple". Fruits of Warm Climates. Miami, FL: Florida Flair Books. pp. 381–382. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2.
  3. ↑ "Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 14 Mar 2016.
  4. ↑ Janick, Jules; Paull, Robert (2008). The Encyclopedia of Fruits and Nuts. CABI. pp. 552, 553.
  5. ↑ Peter, Tina; Padmavathi, D (28 October 2011). "Syzygium Samarangense: A Review On Morphology, Phytochemistry & Pharmacological Aspects" (PDF). Asian Journal of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Research. 1 (4): 155. Retrieved 1 June 2015.
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