Sumatran dhole

Sumatran dhole
Exhibit of Sumatran dhole
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Carnivora
Family:Canidae
Genus:Cuon
Species: C. alpinus
Subspecies: C. a. sumatrensis
Trinomial name
Cuon alpinus sumatrensis
(Hardwicke, 1821)
Synonyms

Cuon alpinus javanicus
(Desmarest, 1820)

The Sumatran dhole (Cuon alpinus sumatrensis syn. Cuon alpinus javanicus), also known as Javan dhole or Sumatran wild dog[2] is a possible subspecies of dhole native to the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and Java. As it is also distributed in the Malayan peninsula, it is also known as Malayan wild dog.[3]

Evolutionary history

Illustration by John Gerrard Keulemans (1890).

As of 2005, the origin of Sumatran dholes is unclear, as they show greater relatedness to Ussuri dholes rather than with those in nearby Malaysia. In the absence of further data, it is speculated that the dholes in Indonesia could have been introduced to the Sunda Islands by humans.[4]

Physical descriptions

The Sumatran dhole is the smallest subspecies. It has a bright red fur. The Sumatran dholes lacks woolly underfur. Instead, it has a darker coarse and leaner fur similar to the southernmost populations of Ussuri dholes in India and Indochina, however it is much black on the back.[5]

Range and habitat

The Sumatran dholes are native to Sumatra, Java, and peninsular Malaysia. Though their range are highly fragmented, the Indonesian dholes are confirmed to live in multiple protected areas of Sumatra and Java.[1] In 2014, camera trap videos in the tropical forests of the Kerinci Seblat National Park in Sumatra revealed the continued presence of dholes in the area.[6] The dholes have been extirpated from most of its range in Malaysia, although they probably still persist in Taman Negara and Belum-Temengor. The dholes are completely extinct from Singapore.[1] Sumatran dholes live in scrublands, grasslands, plains, tropical forests and rainforests.

Threats

Habitat loss and fragmentation is a major threat to Sumatran dholes living in protected areas in Indonesia, particularly those on Sumatra. Habitat loss is driven by several different factors, including logging, palm and rubber plantations, agriculture expansion, rural biomass extraction, livestock grazing and major infrastructure expansion.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Kamler, J.F., Songsasen, N., Jenks, K., Srivathsa, A., Sheng, L. & Kunkel, K. (2015). "Cuon alpinus". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2015: e.T5953A72477893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T5953A72477893.en. Retrieved 15 January 2018.
  2. ↑ Charles Knight & Company (1845). The History of the Dog: Its Origin, Physical and Moral Characteristics, and Its Principal Varieties.
  3. ↑ Lydekker, R. (1907). The game animals of India, Burma, Malaya, and Tibet. London: R. Ward Limited.
  4. ↑ Iyengar, A.; Babu, V. N.; Hedges, S.; Venkataraman, A. B.; Maclean, N. & P. A. Morin (2005). "Phylogeography, genetic structure, and diversity in the dhole (Cuon alpinus)". Molecular Ecology. 14 (8): 2281–2297. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02582.x. PMID 15969714.
  5. ↑ Mivart, G. (1890), Dogs, Jackals, Wolves and Foxes: A Monograph of the Canidæ, London : R.H. Porter : Dulau, pp. 177–88
  6. ↑ "Sumatran secrets start to be revealed by high altitude camera trapping - Fauna & Flora International". www.fauna-flora.org.
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