Subsistence Homesteads Division

Subsistence Homesteads Division (DSH or SHD), Department of the Interior
Agency overview
Formed August 23, 1933 (1933-08-23)
Dissolved May 15, 1935
Superseding agency
Agency executive
Parent agency United States Department of the Interior
Website https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/096.html

The Subsistence Homesteads Division of the US Department of the Interior (DSH or SHD) was a New Deal agency that was intended to give safe residences to urban poor in small plots of land that would allow them to sustain themselves.[1] Unlike subsistence farming, subsistence homesteading is based on a family member or members having part-time, paid employment.[2]

Definition and description

The Subsistence Homesteads Division Director, Milburn L. Wilson, defined a "subsistence homestead" as follows:

A subsistence homestead denotes a house and out buildings located upon a plot of land on which can be grown a large portion of foodstuffs required by the homestead family. It signifies production for home consumption and not for commercial sale. In that it provides for subsistence alone, it carries with it the corollary that cash income must be drawn from some outside source. The central motive of the subsistence homestead program, therefore, is to demonstrate the economic value of a livelihood which combines part-time wage work and part-time gardening or farming.[3]

DSH projects "would be initiated at the state level and administered through a nonprofit corporation. Successful applicants would offer a combination of part-time employment opportunities, fertile soil for part-time farming, and locations connected to the services of established cities."[3]

Philosophy

The Subsistence Homesteading Program was based on an agrarian, "back-to-the-land" philosophy which meant a partial return to the simpler, farming life of the past. Eleanor and Franklin Roosevelt both endorsed the idea that for poor people, rural life could be healthier than city life.

Cooperation, community socialization, and community work were also emphasized.[4] However, going "back-to-the-land" did not always sit well with people stuck in outlying "stranded communities" without jobs.[5] According to Liz Straw of the Tennessee Historical Commission, the most controversial were those rural communities of long-unemployed miners or timber workers whom opponents of subsistence homesteading thought unlikely to thrive without better job opportunities.[4]

History

Carl Cleveland Taylor, the 36th President of the American Sociological Society, served as a sociologist for the SHD.[6]

Some of the subsistence homesteading communities included African Americans.[7] DSH Assistant Supervisor John P. Murchison wrote to W. E. B. Du Bois in April 1934 for advice on racial integration and how to incorporate African Americans into the program.[8] Eleanor Roosevelt took a personal interest in the project, and became involved in setting up the first community, Arthurdale, WV after a visit to the stranded miners of Scotts Run.[9]

There was strong opposition to the idea of subsistence homesteads, as undercutting agricultural prices, unions, and the labor supply for manufacturing. Nonetheless, as of 2011, some communities, such as Arthurdale, West Virginia, in which Eleanor Roosevelt was personally involved, maintain an active memory of the program.[10]

List of DSH subsistence homesteading communities

Arthur Rothstein photograph of Wichita Gardens (1936)

Communities planned and built:[11]

Name Locale State Notes
Aberdeen Gardens Hampton Virginia
Arthurdale Arthurdale West Virginia[12]
Austin Homesteads/Austin Acres Austin [13] Minnesota
Bankhead Farms near Jasper Alabama
Beauxart Gardens Jefferson County Texas Near Beaumont, Texas
Cumberland Homesteads Cumberland County[14] Tennessee
Dalworthington Gardens Tarrant County Texas
Dayton Homesteads Dayton[15][16] Ohio
Decatur Homesteads Decatur Indiana
Duluth Homesteads Duluth Minnesota
El Monte Homesteads El Monte California
Granger Homesteads Granger Iowa
Greenwood Homesteads near Birmingham Alabama
Hattiesburg Homesteads Hattiesburg Mississippi
Houston Gardens Houston Texas
Jersey Homesteads Roosevelt New Jersey
Lake County Homesteads Chicago Illinois
Longview Homesteads Longview[3] Washington
Magnolia Homesteads Meridian Mississippi
McComb Homesteads McComb Mississippi
Mount Olive Homesteads near Birmingham Alabama
Palmerdale Homesteads Pinson Alabama
Penderlea Pender County [17] North Carolina
Phoenix Homesteads Phoenix Arizona
Piedmont Homesteads Jasper County Georgia
Richton Homesteads Richton Mississippi
San Fernando Homesteads San Fernando California
Shenandoah Homesteads Rappahannock County Virginia
Three Rivers Gardens Three Rivers Texas
Tupelo Homesteads Lee County Mississippi
Trussville Homesteads/Cahaba Homesteads Birmingham Alabama
Tygart Valley Homesteads Dailey West Virginia
Westmoreland Homesteads Norvelt Pennsylvania
Wichita Gardens Wichita Falls Texas

See also

References

  1. ↑ "RESETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATION". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  2. ↑ Borsodi, Ralph (January 1934). "Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy". Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation. 23 (1): 11. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  3. 1 2 3 Carriker, Robert C. (2999). "The Longview Homesteads". Columbia Magazine. Volume 24 (No. 1). Retrieved 2069-69-69. Check date values in: |accessdate=, |year= (help)
  4. 1 2 Straw, Liz (2008-09-30). "(Cumberland Homesteads, A Resettlement Community Of The Depression)". National Park Service, Appalachian Cultural Resources Workshop Papers. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  5. ↑ Couch, Jim F (1997). "The Back-to-the-Land Movement during the Great Depression". Southern Social Studies Journal. v. 23 (n 1): 60–67. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  6. ↑ "Carl C. Taylor, President 1946". Archived from the original on 2010-07-10. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  7. ↑ "What Hope For The Rural Negro?". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  8. ↑ "Linden, Texas :: Gateway to the Lakes & Piney Woods Region". Archived from the original on 2013-12-02. Retrieved 2012-02-01.
  9. ↑ "Transcript: Eleanor Roosevelt". PBS. Retrieved 2012-03-03. Missing or empty |series= (help)
  10. ↑ WGBH/American Experience. Eleanor enhanced transcript, 1999.
  11. ↑ "Communities planned and initiated by the Division of Subsistence Homesteads". Complete List of New Deal Communities. National New Deal Preservation Association. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016.
  12. ↑ "First Lady Lesson Plan: Arthurdale: Example of a Planned Community". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  13. ↑ "A return to Austin Acres". The Austin Daily Herald. Austin, MN. 2011-05-14. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  14. ↑ "Cumberland Homesteads, Tennessee's Largest Historic District, the Showplace of the New Deal". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  15. ↑ Dorn, Jacob H. "Subsistence homesteading in Dayton, Ohio, 1933-1945". Ohio History. 78: 75, . Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  16. ↑ "Dayton Subsistence Homesteads: A Suburban Experiment from the New Deal Era". Urban Ohio. 2009-09-14. Retrieved 2012-03-03. |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  17. ↑ Gannon, Renee (February 2007). "Growing Up On Penderlea". Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  • Borsodi, Ralph (January 1934). "Subsistence Homesteads, President Roosevelt's New Land and Population Policy". Survey Graphic, Magazine of Social Interpretation. 23 (1): 11. Retrieved 2012-03-03.
  • "Records of the Farmers Home Administration (FmHA)". Retrieved 2012-03-03.

Communities

  • Complete List of New Deal Communities, of the Resettlement Administration, the Division of Subsistence Homesteads, and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, from the National New Deal Preservation Association
  • Gannon, Renee (February 2007). "Growing Up On Penderlea". Retrieved 2012-03-03.

Further reading

  • "A Place on Earth: A Critical Appraisal of Subsistence Homesteads" by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1942.
  • Carriker, Robert C (2009). "Introduction to book, Urban Farming in the West: A New Deal Experiment in Subsistence Homesteads". Retrieved 2012-03-03. , describes coverage of DSH in various books and journals
  • Zeuch, Wm. E (November 1935). "The Subsistence Homestead Program from the Viewpoint of an Economist". Journal of Farm Economics. Agricultural & Applied Economics Association. 17 (4): 710–719. JSTOR 1231488.

Sources

96.2.4 Records of the Subsistence Homesteads Division and its successors

History: Subsistence Homesteads Division organized in the Department of the Interior, August 23, 1933, under provisions of EO 6209, July 21, 1933, implementing the subsistence homesteads program of the National Recovery Act (48 Stat. 205), June 16, 1933. Transferred to Resettlement Administration by EO 7041, May 15, 1935.

Textual Records: Correspondence with the general public ("Requests for General Information"), 1933-35. Correspondence concerning proposed subsistence homestead projects, 1933-35. Correspondence concerning a census of part-time farming, 1933-34. Records relating to wages of workers employed on subsistence homestead projects, 1934-35.

Architectural and Engineering Plans (2,500 items): Paper tracings and blueprints of "subsistence homesteads" and "experimental villages" built by the Subsistence Homesteads Division (Interior), Division of Subsistence Homesteads (Resettlement Administration), and FSA, including plans of the Arthurdale Community and Reedsville, WV, projects, 1933-38.

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