''Strafgesetzbuch'' section 86a

Example of a banned symbol: The logo of the banned Communist Party of Germany

Examples of banned symbols:

1. the white nationalist Celtic cross
2. the Odal rune
3. the Aryan fist
4. the Iron Cross with the Nazi Hakenkreuz
5. the SS Sig runes
6. the SS Totenkopf

The German Strafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code) in section § 86a outlaws "use of symbols of unconstitutional organizations" outside the contexts of "art or science, research or teaching". The law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. However the law has primarily been used to outlaw Nazi and Communist symbols. The law was adopted during the Cold War and notably affected the Communist Party of Germany, which was banned as unconstitutional in 1956, and several tiny far-right parties.

The law prohibits the distribution or public use of symbols of unconstitutional groups—in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting.^[1]

Text

The relevant excerpt of the German criminal code reads:^[1][2][3]

§ 86 StGB Dissemination of Means of Propaganda of Unconstitutional Organizations

1. Whoever domestically disseminates or produces, stocks, imports or exports or makes publicly accessible through data storage media for dissemination domestically or abroad, means of propaganda:
   1. of a party which has been declared to be unconstitutional by the Federal Constitutional Court or a party or organization, as to which it has been determined, no longer subject to appeal, that it is a substitute organization of such a party;
   2. ...
   4. means of propaganda, the contents of which are intended to further the aims of a former National Socialist organization,
   shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
2. ...
3. Subsection (1) shall not be applicable if the means of propaganda or the act serves to further civil enlightenment, to avert unconstitutional aims, to promote art or science, research or teaching, reporting about current historical events or similar purposes.

§ 86a StGB Use of Symbols of Unconstitutional Organizations

1. Whoever:
   1. domestically distributes or publicly uses, in a meeting or in writings (§ 11 subsection (3)) disseminated by him, symbols of one of the parties or organizations indicated in § 86 subsection (1), nos. 1, 2 and 4; or
   2. produces, stocks, imports or exports objects which depict or contain such symbols for distribution or use domestically or abroad, in the manner indicated in number 1,
   shall be punished with imprisonment for not more than three years or a fine.
2. Symbols, within the meaning of subsection (1), shall be, in particular, flags, insignia, uniforms, slogans and forms of greeting. Symbols which are so similar as to be mistaken for those named in sentence 1 shall be deemed to be equivalent thereto.
3. The exceptions from §86 subsection (3) and (4) apply accordingly.

Symbols affected

A restored Me 163B Komet World War II rocket fighter with a historically accurate, low-visibility swastika shown on the fin, as displayed in a German aviation museum in 2005

Participants in a Neo-Nazi march in Munich (2005) resorted to flying the Reichsflagge and Reichsdienstflagge of 1933–1935 (de) (outlawed by the Nazi regime in 1935) due to § 86a

The text of the law does not name the individual symbols to be outlawed, and there is no official exhaustive list. A symbol may be a flag, emblem, uniform, or a motto or greeting formula. The prohibition is not tied to the symbol itself but to its use in a context suggestive of association with outlawed organizations. Thus, the Swastika is outlawed if used in a context of völkisch ideology, while it is legitimate if used as a symbol of religious faith, particularly any South Eastern or East Asian religions. Similarly, the Wolfsangel is outlawed if used in the context of the Junge Front but not in other contexts such as heraldry, or as the emblem of "landscape poet" Hermann Löns.

Due to the law, German Neo-Nazis took to displaying modified symbols similar but not identical with those outlawed. In 1994, such symbols were declared equivalent to the ones they imitate (Verbrechensbekämpfungsgesetz Abs. 2). As a result of the ban on Nazi symbols, German Neo-Nazis have used older symbols such as the black-white-red German Imperial flag (which was also briefly used by the Nazis alongside the party flag as one of two official flags of Nazi Germany from 1933 until 1935) as well as variants of this flag such as the one with the Eisernes Kreuz (Iron Cross) and the Reichsdienstflagge variants, the Imperial-era Reichskriegsflagge, and the flag of the Strasserite Black Front – a splinter Nazi organization – as alternatives.

Affected by the law according to Federal Constitutional Court of Germany rulings are:

• Sozialistische Reichspartei (1952)^[4]
• Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands (1956)^[5]
• Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit (1982)
• Aktionsfront Nationaler Sozialisten/Nationale Aktivisten (1983)
• Deutsche Alternative (1992)
• Nationalistische Front (1992)
• Wiking-Jugend (1994)
• Freiheitliche Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (1995)
• Blood and Honour, Germany chapter (2000)

Symbols known to fall under the law are:

• the Hakenkreuz swastika as a symbol of the Nazi Party, prohibited in all variants, including mirrored, inverted etc.
• a stylized Celtic cross, prohibited as a symbol of the VSBD/PdA and in the variant used by the White Power movement. The legal status of the symbol used in non-political contexts is uncertain, but non-political use is not acted upon in practice.^[6]
• the solar cross as a symbol of the Ku Klux Klan (symbol of cross burning from the "second Klan" era onward), the German Faith Movement, the Thule Society and the 5th and 11th Waffen SS divisions
• the Sig rune as used by the SS
• the Sturmabteilung emblem
• the legal status of the Othala rune is disputed; prohibited as a symbol of the Hitler-Jugend/Wiking-Jugend (also used by the American-based "National Socialist Movement" within the USA since November 2016)^[7]
• the Wolfsangel as used by the 2nd, 4th and 34th Waffen SS divisions, Hitlerjugend and Junge Front
• Gauwinkel badges (2002)^[8]
• Reichskriegsflagge: prohibited in the Third Reich version including a swastika.
• the "Heil Hitler" greeting (1970)^[9]
• the "Sieg Heil" greeting (1990)^[10]
• Unsere/Meine Ehre heißt Treue, along with the Totenkopf symbol, as the motto of the Waffen-SS and Mit deutschem Gruß as the verbal equivalent of the Hitler salute.^[11]
• The Reichsadler with the Nazi swastika.
• the Horst-Wessel-Lied (the anthem of the Nazi Party) and Unsre Fahne flattert uns voran (a song of the Hitler-Jugend) (1991)^[12]
• the hammer and sickle as the logo of the Communist Party of Germany
• the red star as used by the Communist Party of Germany
• the red flag as used by the Communist Party of Germany
• the Daesh/ISIL/ISIS/IS variant of the jihadi Black Standard flag^[13][14]
• the People's Protection Units (YPG) pennant was explicitly banned as symbol related to the PKK on March 2, 2017,^[15][16][17] even though the organisation itself is not currently recognised as terrorist.^[18]

The No symbol applied to the swastika

"Thank you for dumping Nazism" icon

Anti-fascism symbols

In 2005, a controversy was stirred about the question whether the paragraph should be taken to apply to the display of crossed-out swastikas as a symbol of anti-fascism.^[19] In late 2005 police raided the offices of the punk rock label and mail order store "Nix Gut Records" and confiscated merchandise depicting crossed-out swastikas and fists smashing swastikas. In 2006 the Stade police department started an inquiry against anti-fascist youths using a placard depicting a person dumping a swastika into a trashcan. The placard was displayed in opposition to the campaign of right-wing nationalist parties for local elections.^[20]

On Friday 17 March 2006, a member of the Bundestag, Claudia Roth, reported herself to the German police for displaying a crossed-out swastika in multiple demonstrations against Neo-Nazis, and subsequently got the Bundestag to suspend her immunity from prosecution. She intended to show the absurdity of charging anti-fascists with using fascist symbols: "We don't need prosecution of non-violent young people engaging against right-wing extremism." On 15 March 2007, the Federal Court of Justice of Germany (Bundesgerichtshof) reversed the charge, holding that the crossed-out symbols were "clearly directed against a revival of national-socialist endeavors", thereby settling the dispute for the future.^[21][22][23]

Application to forms of media

Section 86a includes a social adequacy clause that allows the use of the symbols that fall within it for the purposes of "art or science, research or teaching". This generally as allows these symbols to be used in literature, television shows, films, and other works of art without censoring or modification and stay within the allowance for the clause. For example, German theaters were allowed to run Raiders of the Lost Ark and Inglourious Basterds, which features frequent displays of Nazi symbols, without censoring.

Up until 2018, video games were not included in the social adequacy clause. A High District Frankfurt Court ruling in 1998 over the video game Wolfenstein 3D determined that because video games do attract young players, "this could lead to them growing up with these symbols and insignias and thereby becoming used to them, which again could make them more vulnerable for ideological manipulation by national socialist ideas".^[24] Since this ruling, the Unterhaltungssoftware Selbstkontrolle (USK), the German content ratings board, would refuse to rate any game that including symbols that fell under Section 86a, effectively banning them from retail sales within Germany. This led to software developers and publishers to either avoid publication in Germany, or create alternate non-offending symbols to replace those, such as with Wolfenstein II: The New Colossus where the developer had to replace the game's representation of Adolf Hilter with a version without the moustache and named "Mr. Heiler".^[24]

In August 2018, the German government reversed this ruling as a result of a ruling from April 2018. The web-based game Bundesfighter II Turbo was released prior to the September 2017 elections, which included parodies of the candidates fighting each other; this included Alexander Gauland, who had a special move that involved Swastika imagery. When this was noticed by public authorities, they began prosecution of the game in December 2017, submitting it to the Public Prosecutor General's office for review based on the Wolfenstein 3D decision. The Attorney General declined to consider the game illegal under Section 86a, stating that the 1998 ruling was outdated; since then, USK had adopted age ratings for video games, and that there was no reason not to consider video games as art within the social adequacy clause.^[25] As a result, the Supreme Youth Protection Authority of the Federal States adapted the Attorney General's ruling to be applicable for all video games within Germany, and subsequently the USK announced in August 2018 this change; USK will still review all games to judge if the use of imagery under Section 86a remains within the social adequacy clause and deny ratings to those that fail to meet this allowance.^[24]

See also

• Bans on Communist symbols
• Censorship
• Freedom of speech
• Horst-Wessel-Lied
• Modern display of the Confederate flag
• Nazi symbolism
• Post–World War II legality of Nazi flags
• Swastika
• Thor Steinar
• Verbotsgesetz 1947 in Austria

References

External links

• Recht gegen Rechts: Symbole - strafbar oder erlaubt? (in German)
• Der Lehrerfreund: Rechtsradikale Symbole auf Jacke, Rucksack ... (in German)
• Hessisches Landeskriminalamt: Rechtsextremistischer Straftaten (in German)
• Collection of forbidden symbols