Stay-behind

In a stay-behind operation, a country places secret operatives or organisations in its own territory, for use in the event that an enemy occupies that territory. If this occurs, the operatives would then form the basis of a resistance movement or act as spies from behind enemy lines. Small-scale operations may cover discrete areas, but larger stay-behind operations envisage reacting to the conquest of entire countries.

Stay-behind operations of significant size existed during World War II. The United Kingdom put in place the Auxiliary Units. Partisans in Axis-occupied Soviet territory in the early 1940s operated with a stay-behind element.[1][2]

During the Cold War, the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) sponsored stay-behind networks in many European countries, intending to activate them in the event of that country being taken over by the Warsaw Pact or if a communist party came to power in a democratic election. According to Martin Packard they were "financed, armed, and trained in covert resistance activities, including assassination, political provocation and disinformation."[3]

Many hidden weapons caches were found in Italy, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands and other countries, at the disposition of these "secret armies". The most famous of these NATO operations was Operation Gladio, acknowledged by Italian Prime Minister Giulio Andreotti on October 24, 1990.

The United Kingdom's Territorial Army regiments of SAS and Honourable Artillery Company provided such stay-behind parties in the UK's sector of West Germany.[4]

In the alternate history universe of the computer game The Bureau: XCOM Declassified, a secret "Bureau of Strategic Emergency Command" was fictitiously created by order of John F. Kennedy in 1962. In that universe, the original concept of operations would have placed SECOM in the role of overseeing all domestic American stay-behind operations—in the unlikely event that the USSR somehow succeeded in a mainland invasion of the United States and that normal contingenicies for continuity of government did not work correctly. The events of the game see the SECOM organization taking on a role different from the one expected.

In the franchise of Tom Clancy's The Division, the Strategic Homeland Division acts under Executive Order in hopes of "saving what remains" of the United States from the pandemic Dollar Flu, and from the destructive synergy of attendant problems spiraling out of control. The continuity of government seems to be extremely brittle or to have already failed, and the agents of the Division face intense battles against very powerful anarchist and insurrectionist or seditious elements. If real, the SHD would be a type of stay-behind operation for the United States.

List of known stay-behind plans

See also

References

  1. ↑ Collins, John M. (1998). Military Geography. Potomac Books, Inc. p. 122. ISBN 9781597973595. Retrieved 2013-09-28. The Pripet Swamp, which created a great gap between German Army Group Center and Army Group North soon after ... June 1941, made it impossible for large military formations to conduct mutually supporting operations. Attempts to bypass such extensive wetlands proved perilous, because outflanked Soviet stay-behind forces and partisans pounced on logistical troops as soon as German spearheads disappeared.
  2. ↑ Gill, Henry A. (1998). Soldier Under Three Flags: Exploits of Special Forces' Captain Larry A. Thorne. Pathfinder Publishing, Inc. p. 45. ISBN 9780934793650. Retrieved 2013-09-28. The Finns soon became seriously hindered and harassed by Soviet forces operating in their rear areas. Some of these units were left to operate as stay-behind or partisan units as the Soviets retreated.
  3. 1 2 Packard, Martin (2008). Getting It Wrong: Fragments From a Cyprus Diary 1964. UK: AuthorHouse. p. 364. ISBN 978-1-4343-7065-5.
  4. ↑ Ballinger, Adam (1994). The quiet Soldier. ISBN 978-1-85797-158-3.
  5. ↑ SMT-Verfahren im Zusammenhang mit der Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU), in: Bohse, Daniel/Miehe, Lutz (Hrsg.): Sowjetische Militärjustiz in der SBZ und frühen DDR: Tagungsband, Halle 2007.
  6. ↑ Koestler, Orwell und „Die Wahrheit": die Kampfgruppe gegen Unmenschlichkeit (KgU) und das heimliche Lesen in der SBZ/DDR 1948 bis 1959
  • Ganser, Daniele (2005), Nato's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe, ISBN 978-0-7146-5607-6 .
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