St Andrews Trophy

The St Andrews Trophy is a biennial men's team golf tournament contested between teams of amateur golfers representing Great Britain & Ireland and the Continent of Europe. It takes its name from St Andrews in Scotland.

It was first played in 1956 and takes place in even-numbered years; Great Britain & Ireland plays in the United States in the Walker Cup in odd-numbered years. It is staged alternately in Great Britain & Ireland and on the Continent, and is organised by The R&A (an offshoot of The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews) and the European Golf Association. The St Andrews Trophy itself was presented by the Royal and Ancient Club in 1963.

The event is played on two consecutive days. On both days there are four morning foursomes followed by afternoon singles, eight on the first day and nine on the second.

History

The first event was held at Wentworth on 20 and 21 October 1956 and followed a similar format to that used for the Joy Cup which featured professional golfers. The teams were called the British Isles and the Rest of Europe. There were five foursomes on the first day and ten singles on the second. All matches were over 36 holes. The British Isles used the same ten players on both days, while the Rest of Europe used a total of twelve players. The British Isles won all five matches on the first day and finished 12½–2½ winners.[1][2]

The second event was held at Golf de Saint-Cloud in France on 2 and 3 October 1958, retaining the same format as in 1956. Britain used 11 players while the Rest of Europe used 12 as they had in 1956. The British Isles won four of the five foursomes on the first day and, although the Rest of Europe won four singles, Britain won comfortably, 10–5.[3][4][5] In 1960 it was held at the Berkshire Golf Club on 3 and 4 September. With 12 players from the Rest of Europe attending, it was decided to extend the format to include six foursomes and twelve singles, all 12 in each team playing both days. Britain won the foursomes 5–1 and the singles 8–4 to win convincingly.[6][7]

The 1962 event was held at Halmstad GK in Tylösand, Sweden on 11 and 12 August. Matches were reduced to 18 holes with five foursomes and ten singles on each day. Teams were standardised to 11 players. Great Britain and Ireland won the foursomes sessions 4½–½ and 4–1 and, although the Continent of Europe tied the first-day singles and won the second set of singles 5½–4½, Great Britain and Ireland won 18–12 thanks to their domination of the foursomes.[8][9] The next tournament was held on 31 July and 1 August 1964 at Muirfield and was the first time the St Andrews trophy was contested. Great Britain and Ireland led 12–3 and won by a large margin, 23–7.[10][11][12] The 1966 event was held at Real Sociedad de Golf de Neguri near Bilbao, Spain on 29 and 30 July. Although Great Britain and Ireland won the first-day foursomes 4–1, the singles and the second-day foursomes were both tied. The Continent of Europe could have won the match with a good final session but they lost the first seven singles matches and the final result was 19½–10½.[13][14][15]

Portmarnock Golf Club in Ireland was the host for the 1968 match, held on 2 and 3 August. The match was very one-sided with Great Britain and Ireland leading 12½–2½ after the first day and winning 20–10, despite losing the final singles 6–4.[16][17] The 1970 event was held at Royal Zoute Golf Club, Belgium on 1 and 2 August. Great Britain and Ireland won all five foursomes on the first morning but after the Continent had won the singles and the second-day foursomes, Britain only led 10½–9½. The Continent were however only able to win three second-day singles and Britain won 17½–12½.[18][19] The Berkshire was the venue for the 1972 match, played on 4 and 5 August. The Continent won the first set of foursomes 3–2 but Britain won the singles 8½–1½ and the second-day foursomes 4–1 to take a convincing lead. The second set of singles was tied to give Great Britain and Ireland a 19½–10½ win, their ninth successive victory.[20][21]

The Continent of Europe had their first success on 2 and 3 August 1974 at Golf Club Punta Ala on the Tuscan coast in Italy. On the first day the foursomes were tied but the Continent won the singles and led 8–7, the first time they had been ahead after the first day.[22] On the second day the Continent won the foursomes 3–2 and with 5 wins in the singles they took the trophy by a 16–14 margin.[23] The Old Course at St Andrews hosted the 1976 match, played on 30 and 31 July. Although the Continent lost 18½–11½, it was their best performance on British soil.[24][25] The 1978 event was held on 4 and 5 August at Club zur Vahr in Bremen, Germany. Britain won comfortably by a margin of 20½–9½.[26][27] Royal St George's Golf Club hosted the 1980 match, played on 27 and 28 June. Great Britain and Ireland led 12–3 after the first day and had ensured success after leading 16–4 after the second-day foursomes. The Continent won the second-day singles session, Britain winning by a score of 19½–10½.[28][29]

The format was revised in 1982 with only four foursomes and eight singles on each day. Teams were reduced from 11 to 9. The Continent of Europe gained their second success. The match was played at Rosendaelsche Golfclub, Arnhem in the Netherlands on 25 and 26 June. The Continent led 8–4 after the first day.[30] On the second day they halved both the sessions and won 14–10.[31] The 1984 match, played on 30 and 31 May at Saunton Golf Club, was the first time the Continent came close to winning in Britain. Great Britain and Ireland led 6½–5½ after the first day and 8½–7½ after the second-day foursomes. In the afternoon five of the eight singles went to the final green with Britain winning two of these and halving the other three, giving Britain a close 13–11 win.[32][33] Halmstad hosted the event for the second time on 27 and 28 June 1986. The Continent had an immediate disadvantage when Anders Haglund, who had the inaugural European Amateur earlier in the year, had to withdraw because of illness. This meant that the same eight players had to play in each session. Britain won the first-day singles 7–1 to lead 9–3.[34] The Continent won the second-day foursomes but Britain again won the singles for a 14½–9½ win.[35]

The 1988 match was held at St Andrews on 29 and 30 June. Great Britain and Ireland led 7½–4½ after the first day and won easily, 15½–8½.[36][37]

Results

YearVenueWinning team
Captain
ScoreLosing team
Captain
2018Linna Golf, FinlandEurope Continent of Europe
Yves Hofstetter
15½Great Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Craig Watson
2016Prince's Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Craig Watson
12½12½Europe Continent of Europe
Yves Hofstetter
2014Barsebäck Golf & Country Club, SwedenGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Nigel Edwards
1410Europe Continent of Europe
Alexis Godillot
2012Portmarnock Golf Club, IrelandEurope Continent of Europe
Alexis Godillot
12½11½Great Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Nigel Edwards
2010Golf Club Castelconturbia, ItalyEurope Continent of Europe
Alexis Godillot
1410Great Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Nigel Edwards
2008Kingsbarns Golf Links, ScotlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Colin Dalgleish
13½10½Europe Continent of Europe
Alexis Godillot
2006Royal Golf Club Mariánské Lázne, Czech RepublicGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Colin Dalgleish
159Europe Continent of Europe
Wolfgang Wiegand
2004Nairn Golf Club, ScotlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Garth McGimpsey
177Europe Continent of Europe
Wolfgang Wiegand
2002Golf Club de Lausanne, SwitzerlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Garth McGimpsey
1410Europe Continent of Europe
Wolfgang Wiegand
2000Ailsa Course, Turnberry, ScotlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Peter McEvoy
1311Europe Continent of Europe
Gonzaga Escauriaza
1998Golf Villa D'Este, ItalyEurope Continent of Europe
Gonzaga Escauriaza
1410Great Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Peter McEvoy
1996Woodhall Spa Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Clive Brown
168Europe Continent of Europe
Piero Cora
1994Golf de Chantilly, FranceGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
George Macgregor
1410Europe Continent of Europe
Santiago Fisas
1992Royal Cinque Ports Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
George Macgregor
1410Europe Continent of Europe
Santiago Fisas
1990Campo de Golf Parador El Saler, SpainGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
1311Europe Continent of Europe
1988Old Course at St Andrews, ScotlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
15½Europe Continent of Europe
1986Halmstad Golfklubb, SwedenGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
14½Europe Continent of Europe
1984Saunton Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
1311Europe Continent of Europe
1982Rosendaelsche Golfclub, NetherlandsEurope Continent of Europe
1410Great Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
1980Royal St George's Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
19½10½Europe Continent of Europe
1978Club zur Vahr, West GermanyGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
20½Europe Continent of Europe
1976Old Course at St Andrews, ScotlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
18½11½Europe Continent of Europe
1974Golf Club Punta Ala, ItalyEurope Continent of Europe
1614Great Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
1972The Berkshire Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
19½10½Europe Continent of Europe
1970Royal Zoute Golf Club, BelgiumGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
17½12½Europe Continent of Europe
1968Portmarnock Golf Club, IrelandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
2010Europe Continent of Europe
1966Real Sociedad de Golf de Neguri, SpainGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
19½10½Europe Continent of Europe
1964Muirfield, ScotlandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
237Europe Continent of Europe
1962Halmstad Golfklubb, SwedenGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
1812Europe Continent of Europe
1960The Berkshire Golf Club, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
135Europe Continent of Europe
1958Golf de Saint-Cloud, FranceGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
105Europe Continent of Europe
1956Wentworth, EnglandGreat Britain United Kingdom & Ireland Republic of Ireland
Gerald Micklem
12½Europe Continent of Europe
Jacques Léglise

Future sites

Appearances

The following are those who have played in at least one of the matches.

Great Britain and Ireland

Continent of Europe

  • Spain José Luis Adarraga 2006
  • Finland Antti Ahokas 2006
  • Sweden Björn Åkesson 2008
  • Sweden Fredrik Andersson Hed 1992
  • Sweden J Andersson 1960
  • Spain Alvaro Arana 1966
  • Norway Christian Aronsen 1998
  • Denmark Morten Backhausen 1994
  • France Marius Bardana 1956, 1958, 1960
  • Switzerland Olivier Barras 1956, 1958, 1960
  • France Léonard Bem 2014
  • Spain Daniel Berna 2014
  • Italy Nadi Berruti 1958, 1960
  • Italy Nino Bertasio 2010
  • France Thomas Besancenez 2000
  • Netherlands Wil Besseling 2006
  • Italy Stefano Betti 1976
  • Italy Franco Bevione 1958
  • Sweden Gustaf Adolf Bielke 1956, 1962
  • Italy Alberto Binaghi 1984
  • Denmark Thomas Bjørn 1990
  • Iceland Heidar Bragason 2004
  • Sweden Kalle Brink 1994
  • Italy Andrea Brotto 1996
  • Germany Walter Brühne 1966, 1968
  • Spain Jorge Campillo 2008
  • Italy Andrea Canessa 1980, 1982, 1984
  • Spain Ivan Cantero Gutierrez 2016
  • Sweden Gunnar Carlander 1962
  • Portugal Joao Carlota 2014
  • France Edgar Catherine 2018
  • France Didier Charmat 1970
  • Italy Luca Cianchetti 2016
  • Switzerland Julien Clément 2002
  • France Patrick Cotton 1974
  • Italy Alberto Croce 1964, 1966
  • France Patrick Cros 1962, 1964, 1966
  • Italy Alberto Croze 1974, 1976
  • Spain Emilio Cuartero 2014
  • Italy Baldovino Dassù 1970
  • France Olivier David 1998
  • Portugal Nuno de Brito e Cunha 1968, 1972
  • France Henri de Lamaze 1956, 1958, 1960
  • Spain Eduardo de la Riva, Snr 1972, 1976, 1980, 1990
  • Italy Matteo Delpodio 2006
  • Portugal José de Sousa e Mello 1972
  • Norway Erik Donnerstad 1972
  • France Diego Dupin 1994
  • Italy Marco Durante 1980
  • Finland Albert Eckhardt 2014
  • France Olivier Edmond 1990
  • Switzerland Mathias Eggenberger 2014
  • Sweden Klas Eriksson 1990
  • Sweden Martin Erlandsson 1996
  • France Édouard España 2012
  • Sweden Niclas Fasth 1992
  • Spain Gonzalo Fernández-Castaño 2004
  • Switzerland Markus Frank 1982
  • France Hervé Frayssineau 1966
  • Italy Lorenzo Gagli 2006
  • Spain Mario Galiano Aguilar 2014, 2016
  • Spain Jose Gancedo 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974
  • Spain Jordi García del Moral 2006
  • Spain Alfredo García-Heredia 2002, 2004
  • Spain Sergio García 1996
  • Spain Ignacio Garrido 1992
  • Spain Ignacio Gervás 1984
  • Spain Ivó Giner 1996
  • France Alexis Godillot 1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982
  • Slovenia Tim Gornik 2014
  • Switzerland Thomas Gottstein 1988
  • France Julien Grillon 2006
  • Germany Stephan Gross 2008
  • France Julien Guerrier 2006
  • Denmark Mark Haastrup 2004
  • Sweden Anders Haglund 1986^, 1988
  • Germany Marc Hammer 2018
  • Sweden Chris Hanell 1994
  • Denmark Herluf Hansen 1962
  • Sweden Peter Hanson 1998
  • Sweden Christian Hardin 1986, 1988
  • France Benjamin Hébert 2008
  • Sweden Hans Hedjerson 1968, 1970, 1976
  • Spain Ángel Hidalgo Portillo 2018
  • Sweden Gabriel Hjertstedt 1990
  • Switzerland Yves Hofstetter 1974, 1976
  • Sweden Mikael Högberg 1984
  • Finland Matias Honkala 2018
  • France François Illouz 1980, 1982, 1988
  • Finland Mikko Ilonen 2000
  • Germany Peter Jochums 1966, 1970
  • Sweden P O Johansson 1962, 1964
  • Sweden Claes Jöhncke 1962, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972, 1974
  • Iceland Úlfar Jónsson 1990
  • France Alexandre Kaleka 2008
  • Sweden Rune Karlfeldt 1964
  • Sweden Robert S. Karlsson 2012
  • Germany Martin Kaymer 2004
  • Sweden Jesper Kennegård 2008, 2010
  • Germany Maximilian Kieffer 2010
  • Sweden Krister Kinnel 1982
  • Denmark Jesper Kjaerbye 1994
  • Norway Espen Kofstad 2010
  • Netherlands Jeroen Krietemeijer 2016
  • Finland Panu Kylliäinen 1998, 2000
  • France Frédéric Lacroix 2018
  • Netherlands Maarten Lafeber 1996
  • France Roger Lagarde 1958, 1972
  • Germany Hans Lampert 1958, 1960
  • Germany Moritz Lampert 2012
  • Spain José Manuel Lara 1996
  • Spain Alejandro Larrazábal 2002
  • Finland Mika Lehtinen 1996
  • Sweden Lennart Leinborn 1962
  • Sweden Niklas Lemke 2002
  • France José-Filipe Lima 2002
  • Sweden John Lindberg 1986, 1988
  • Sweden Fredrik Lindgren 1984, 1988
  • Italy Antonio Lionello 1974, 1978
  • France Johann Lopez-Lazaro 2010
  • Sweden Göran Lundqvist 1976, 1978
  • Germany Jochen Lupprian 2000
  • Denmark Morten Ørum Madsen 2010
  • Italy Stefano Maio 1998
  • Spain Iván Maura 1956, 1958, 1966
  • Italy Stefano Mazzoli 2016, 2018
  • Italy Guido Migliozzi 2016
  • Belgium Jacques Moerman 1956, 1958, 1960, 1970
  • Italy Edoardo Molinari 2004
  • Italy Francesco Molinari 2004
  • France Gaëtan Mourgue D'Algue 1962, 1964, 1966, 1968
  • Netherlands Rolf Muntz 1990, 1992
  • Germany Peter Möller 1962
  • Germany Jan-Gerhard Müller 1974, 1976
  • Austria Klaus Nierlich 1970, 1974
  • Sweden Fredrik Niléhn 2018
  • Italy Enrico Nistri 1990
  • Netherlands Bart Nolte 1986
  • Spain José María Olazábal 1984
  • Sweden Daniel Olsson 1996
  • Austria Thomas Ortner 2004
  • Germany Veit Pagel 1972, 1976, 1978, 1980
  • Sweden Jesper Parnevik 1986
  • Spain Jacobo Pastor 2012
  • Italy Andrea Pavan 2008
  • Sweden Magnus Persson 1982
  • Sweden Robin Petersson 2016
  • Spain Carlos Pigem 2012
  • France Tim Planchin 1976, 1978, 1980
  • France Philippe Ploujoux 1982
  • Finland Tapio Pulkkanen 2012
  • Spain Borja Queipo de Llano 1988, 1990
  • Spain Raúl Quirós 1998
  • Denmark Jacob Rasmussen 1980, 1984
  • France Christophe Ravetto 1996, 1998
  • Italy Stefano Reale 2000
  • Italy Franco Revione 1956
  • Spain Luis Rezola 1956
  • Belgium Freddy Rodesch 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1968
  • Belgium Paul Rolin 1956, 1964
  • Sweden Jan Rube 1976, 1978, 1980
  • Sweden Johan Ryström 1986
  • Spain Nicasio Sagardia 1978
  • Finland Kalle Samooja 2010
  • Spain Francisco Sanchiz 1964
  • Portugal Hugo Santos 2002
  • Portugal Ricardo Santos 2004
  • Netherlands Reinier Saxton 2008
  • Italy Lorenzo Scalise 2018
  • Italy Massimo Scarpa 1992
  • Germany Jan-Erik Schapmann 1992
  • Italy Alberto Schiaffino 1958, 1964, 1968
  • Germany Frank Schlig 1984
  • Germany Marcel Schneider 2012
  • Germany Ulrich Schulte 1982
  • Germany Tino Schuster 2000
  • Austria Matthias Schwab 2016
  • Germany Erik Sellschopp 1956, 1960, 1962
  • Portugal Daniel Silva 1986, 1988
  • Italy Lorenzo Silva 1964, 1966
  • Finland Timo Sipponen 1980
  • Netherlands Tim Sluiter 2008
  • Denmark Anders Sørensen 1982
  • Denmark Thomas Sørensen 2012
  • Sweden Mikael Sorling 1978
  • Sweden Henrik Stenson 1998
  • Germany Christian Strenger 1974, 1978
  • Germany Sven Strüver 1988
  • Switzerland Nicolas Sulzer 2002
  • Finland Thomas Sundström 2002
  • Sweden Björn Svedin 1980
  • Norway Tore Sviland 1984
  • Netherlands Victor Swane 1972
  • Belgium Eric Tavernier 1958, 1960
  • Spain Roman Taya 1970, 1972, 1974, 1978
  • France Jacques Thalamy 2000
  • Germany Michael Thannhäuser 1998, 2000
  • Denmark Niels Thygesen 1956, 1958
  • Belgium Philippe Toussaint 1968, 1970
  • Austria Manuel Trappel 2012
  • Switzerland Damian Ulrich 2006
  • Spain Francisco Valera 1992, 1994
  • Finland Erkki Välimaa 1986
  • Finland Sami Välimäki 2018
  • Netherlands Darius van Driel 2014
  • France Jean van de Velde 1986
  • Belgium Nicolas Vanhootegem 1992, 1994
  • Spain Rafael Vera 2000
  • France Victor Veyret 2016
  • Belgium Philippe Washer 1960
  • France Romain Wattel 2010
  • Germany Jürgen Weghmann 1968
  • Sweden Elis Werkell 1956, 1960
  • Sweden Leif Westerberg 1994
  • Sweden Pontus Widegren 2010
  • Austria Martin Wiegele 2002
  • Italy Manny Zerman 1992
  • Austria Niki Zitny 1994

See also

References

  1. "British Golf supremacy over Rest of Europe". The Times. 22 October 1956. p. 4.
  2. "British Isles' Big Win over Rest of Europe". The Glasgow Herald. 22 October 1956. p. 4.
  3. "British Isles Golf Team Finish Five Ahead". The Times. 4 October 1958. p. 10.
  4. "British Amateurs Lose Only One Foursomes". The Glasgow Herald. 3 October 1958. p. 4.
  5. "Fine Play by Britons". The Glasgow Herald. 4 October 1958. p. 7.
  6. "Excellent Golf at Berkshire". The Times. 5 September 1960. p. 6.
  7. "British Isles easily beat Europe". The Glasgow Herald. 5 September 1960. p. 4.
  8. "Murray Man of Match". The Times. 13 August 1962. p. 3.
  9. "British Isles's victory over Europe". The Glasgow Herald. 13 August 1962. p. 4.
  10. "Muirfield Victory Little Help to Selectors". The Times. 3 August 1964. p. 2.
  11. "British Team's Big Advantage". The Glasgow Herald. 1 August 1964. p. 5.
  12. "Easy Victory over Continentals". The Glasgow Herald. 3 August 1964. p. 4.
  13. "British Isles save best until last". The Times. 1 August 1966. p. 5.
  14. "Britain Lead at Bilbao". The Glasgow Herald. 30 July 1966. p. 5.
  15. "British Team defeat Continental". The Glasgow Herald. 1 August 1966. p. 10.
  16. "Britain build up a big lead". The Times. 3 August 1968. p. 5.
  17. "Selectors given no help". The Times. 5 August 1968. p. 10.
  18. "Britain spurred back to form". The Times. 3 August 1970. p. 9.
  19. "Pirie undefeated in Britain's victory over Continent". The Glasgow Herald. 3 August 1970. p. 5.
  20. "Continent make Britain work hard". The Times. 5 August 1972. p. 5.
  21. "Fast play sets valuable example". The Times. 7 August 1972. p. 7.
  22. "Europeans lead British". The Glasgow Herald. 3 August 1974. p. 4.
  23. "Europeans' first trophy victory". The Glasgow Herald. 5 August 1974. p. 4.
  24. Jacobs, Raymond (31 July 1976). "British golfers hold the edge". The Glasgow Herald. p. 12.
  25. Jacobs, Raymond (2 August 1976). "Brian shows the critics". The Glasgow Herald. p. 12.
  26. "Britain leads after lapses". The Glasgow Herald. 5 August 1978. p. 14.
  27. "Brodie unbeaten in trophy win". The Glasgow Herald. 7 August 1978. p. 15.
  28. "Europe sunk by Britons". The Glasgow Herald. 28 June 1980. p. 12.
  29. "Britain ease off after victory is won". The Glasgow Herald. 30 June 1980. p. 14.
  30. "Irishmen gain only points in singles". The Glasgow Herald. 26 June 1982. p. 17.
  31. "Continentals hang on for win overall". The Glasgow Herald. 28 June 1982. p. 16.
  32. "McEvoy helps Britain to lead". The Glasgow Herald. 31 May 1984. p. 15.
  33. "Hawksworth adds final touch to last-gasp victory". The Glasgow Herald. 1 June 1984. p. 31.
  34. Jacobs, Raymond (28 June 1986). "Hole in one caps Garrick victory". The Glasgow Herald. p. 19.
  35. Jacobs, Raymond (30 June 1986). "British labour to victory in Sweden". The Glasgow Herald. p. 10.
  36. "Europe laid low by Britons become too single-minded". The Glasgow Herald. 30 June 1986. p. 22.
  37. "Europe's attack is foiled as O'Connell, McEvoy stroke back". The Glasgow Herald. 1 July 1986. p. 38.
  38. "Venues announced for 2020 championships". R&A. 25 July 2018.
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