Republic of Korea Navy

Republic of Korea Navy
대한민국 해군
Daehan Minguk Haegun
Founded November 11, 1945 (1945-11-11)
Country  South Korea
Branch Navy
Size Apx. 70,000 active duty personnel incl. 29,000 marines (2016)[1]
Apx. 170 ships
Apx. 70 aircraft
Part of Republic of Korea Armed Forces
Headquarters Republic of Korea Navy HQ, Gyeryongdae complex
Motto(s) To the sea, to the world
(Korean: 바다로, 세계로; "Bada-ro Segye-ro")
March "Navy Anthem" (Korean: 해군가; "Haegunga")[2]
Fleet 16 submarines
12 destroyers
13 frigates
14 corvettes
71 patrol craft
13 amphibious warfare ships
11 mine warfare ships
18 auxiliary ships
Engagements Korean War
Vietnam War
Global War on Terrorism
Website www.navy.mil.kr
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief President Moon Jae-in
Minister of National Defense Jeong Kyeong-doo
Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Sim Seung-seob (33rd)
Notable
commanders		 Vice Admiral Sohn Won-yil (1st CNO)[3]
Insignia
Naval ensign
Naval jack
Roundel

The Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN; Korean: 대한민국 해군; Hanja: 大韓民國 海軍), also known as the ROK Navy, is the naval warfare service branch of the South Korean armed forces, responsible for conducting naval operations and amphibious landing operations.[4] The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which is a quasi-autonomous organization.[5] Established in 1945, the ROK Navy is the oldest branch of the South Korean armed forces.

Since the end of the Korean War, the South Korean navy has concentrated its efforts to building naval forces to counteract the North Korean navy, which has littoral naval capabilities. As South Korea's economy grew, the ROK Navy was able to build larger and better equipped fleets to deter aggression, to protect national maritime rights and to support the nation's foreign policy.[6] As a part of its mission, the ROK Navy has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.[7]

The ROK Navy has about 70,000 regular personnel including 29,000 Republic of Korea Marines. In addition, there are about 170 commissioned ships in service with the ROK Navy (a total displacement of about 211,000 tonnes[8] as of 2016). The naval aviation force consists of about 70 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft. The ROK Marine Corps has about 500 tracked vehicles including self-propelled artillery.[9]

The ROK Navy aims to become a blue-water navy by 2020.[10][11][12]

Duties and objectives

The main duties of the Navy shall be operations on the sea and landing operations, and the Navy shall be formed and equipped for that purpose and shall provide education and training necessary therefor.

— Act on the Organization of National Armed Forces[13]

The objectives of the ROK Navy as maritime forces for the National Security are:

  • Establishing autonomous naval forces to deter war
  • Securing maritime superiority to win war
  • Promoting national interests through protection of maritime activities
  • Enhancing the national prestige through naval presence[14]

History

Origins

A 16th century Korean turtle ship in a depiction dating to 1795 based on a contemporary, late 18th century model. Located at War Memorial of Korea, Seoul.[15]

Korea has a long history of naval activity. In the late 4th century during the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo defeated Baekje, fielding amphibious forces of 40,000 men in the process. In the 9th century, Commissioner Chang Bogo of Unified Silla established a maritime base called Cheonghaejin on an island to foster trading with China and Japan, and to cope with pirates.

In 1380, naval forces of the Goryeo Dynasty defeated 500 invading Japanese pirate vessels by deploying shipboard guns, devised by Choi Museon.This is reportedly the first use of shipboard guns in naval history. In 1389 and 1419, Korean naval forces invaded Tsushima Island to suppress Japanese piracy. In the early years of the Joseon Dynasty, the naval force reached its peak of 50,000 personnel, in order to combat the ongoing piracy issue.[16]

During the Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598), the Korean naval force commanded by Admiral Yi Sunsin, who later became the head of the Navy, cut off the invaders' naval lifeline and defeated the Japanese fleet, reversing the war in favor of Joseon.[17] Admiral Yi is also credited with the creation of the Turtle Ship.

By the end of 19th century, the Joseon Navy had no significant naval force[18] other than coastal defense fortresses. Although there was an attempt to modernize the navy by establishing a royal naval school, the Joseon Navy was brought to an end in 1895. In 1903, the government of the Korean Empire purchased its first modern war ship, the Yangmu.[19] Korean naval tradition was disrupted after Korea was annexed by the Empire of Japan in 1910. During the Japanese occupation period, the Imperial Japanese Navy built a naval base - Chinkai Guard District in southern Korea (at present-day Jinhae).

Founding years and Korean War

ROKS Baekdusan (PC 701), the first warship of the ROK Navy, undergoing refitting in Hawaii
A ROKN sailor places a S. Korean naval ensign on a torpedo boat, after its transfer by the U.S. in the midst of the Korean War.

Shortly after Korea was liberated from the Empire of Japan on August 15, 1945, Sohn Won-yil, a former merchant mariner and son of the independence activist Sohn Jung-do,[20] led the Maritime Affairs Association. The Association evolved into the Marine Defense Group on November 11, 1945 (later became Navy Foundation Day) and later became the Korean Coast Guard, which was formed in Jinhae. After the new Republic of Korea government was established on August 15, 1948, the Korean Coast Guard was formally renamed the Republic of Korea Navy, and Sohn became the first Chief of Naval Operations of the ROK Navy on September 5, 1948.[21] On April 15, 1949, the Republic of Korea Marine Corps (ROKMC) was founded in Jinhae. In October 1949, the ROK Navy purchased a 600-ton submarine chaser, the former USS PC-823 with funds raised among its personnel. She was renamed ROKS Baekdusan (PC 701) (PC-701 백두산, named after Baekdu Mountain), and became "the first significant warship of the newly independent nation".[22][23]

The Korean War started with the North Korean army's surprise attack on Sunday, June 25, 1950. The ROK Navy confronted threats from the North Korean navy: "Perhaps the most aggressive and effective, if smallest, member of the South Korean armed services during the first year of the Korean War was the Republic of Korea Navy (ROKN). At the outset of the conflict, the 6,956-man ROKN, with [33][24] naval vessels of various types, was outnumbered by the 13,700 men and 110 naval vessels of the North Korean navy."[25] With its UN allies, dominated by U.S. forces, the ROK Navy was able to gain control in the seas surrounding the country. On July 27, 1953, the three-year-long war was brought to an end when an armistice agreement was signed. During the war, Australia, Canada, Colombia, Philippines, France, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Thailand, the United Kingdom, and the United States contributed naval vessels as UN allies; Denmark sent the hospital ship Jutlandia.[26]

The Commander-in-Chief Republic of Korea Fleet (CINCROKFLT), the highest operational command, was established in September 1953.

Building the Navy

South Korean navy sailors in the early 1980s. The lettering on their hats reads "Republic of Korea Navy" in Korean.
The indigenously built Ulsan-class frigate, ROKS Gyeongbuk (FF 956)

Starting in the 1950s, the ROK Navy built up its surface fleet mainly with older warships transferred from the United States Navy (USN). In May 1963, the ROK Navy acquired its first destroyer, ROKS Chungmu (DD 91 and later DD 911). Chungmu was the former USS Erben, a Fletcher-class destroyer. Starting from 1972, nine former USN Allen M. Sumner-class and Gearing-class destroyers were transferred and added to the ROK Fleet inventory.

During the Vietnam War, the ROK Navy dispatched a naval transport squadron called Baekgu, which was composed of three Landing Ship Tanks (LST) and two Landing Ship Mediums (LSM). The Republic of Korea Marine Corps sent into a combat brigade called Cheongnyong to Vietnam.

On January 19, 1967, ROKS Dangpo (PCEC 56), the former USS Marfa, was sunk by North Korean coastal artillery north of the demarcation line off the east coast of Korea[27] In June 1970, a navy broadcast vessel (ROKS I-2) was captured by North Korean patrol craft in the vicinity of Yeonpyeong Islands in the West Sea (Yellow Sea).[28]

In 1973, the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, once a separate branch of the armed forces, became a part of the Navy.

In the 1970s, the ROK Navy, through the Park Chung-hee Administration's "Yulgok Plan" (an eight-year national defense plan "to build up self-reliant, national defense capability"[29]), began to build naval forces with indigenous technology; this initiated the ROK Navy effort to build a fleet of locally built ships. The first 2,000-ton frigate ROKS Ulsan (FF 951) was launched in 1980 and the first 1,000-ton corvette ROKS Pohang (PCC 756) was launched in 1982, both featuring indigenous technology. The ROK Navy continued to carry out other new shipbuilding projects such as minesweepers, logistic support ships and amphibious landing ships in the 1980s and 1990s.

Modernizing the Navy

The ROK Navy's first indigenously built Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer

Since the 1990s, the ROK Navy has been steadily upgrading its naval forces. In 1995, Admiral An Pyong-tae, the Chief of Naval Operations, presented his plan for the future of the ROK Navy, which included building a blue-water navy.[30]

As a part of a plan to strengthen the surface combatant forces, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship of the Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyer in 1996 to replace the former USN destroyers. For building up a submarine force, the ROK Navy purchased its first submarine (other than midget submarines), Chang Bogo (SS 061), from Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Germany in 1992. In order to replace its antiquated S-2 Tracker anti-submarine warfare airplanes, South Korea purchased a squadron of P-3C Orion maritime patrol aircraft. These were delivered to the ROK Navy starting in 1995.

In October 1998, the ROK Navy hosted its first international fleet review in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Korea and its armed forces off coast of Busan and Jinhae.

Establishing a regional navy

An AEGIS destroyer ROKS Sejong the Great (DDG 991) in maneuver

As a part of its mission, the ROK Navy participated in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.[7]

The ROK Navy continues to put its efforts to build a blue-water navy. In 2001, then-President Kim Dae-jung announced a plan for building up the Strategic Mobile Fleet.[31]

In 2002, the lead ship (ROKS Chungmugong Yi Sunshin (DDH-975)) of the 5,500-ton Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyer was launched.[32] In 2005, the 18,800-ton amphibious landing ship ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111) was launched. In 2006, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (SS 072) of the 1,800-ton Sohn Won-yil class submarine, which was named after the first Chief of Naval Operations, equipped with an Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) system. In May 2007, the ROK Navy launched the lead ship (DDG 991) of the 11,000-ton Sejong the Great class destroyer, built around the American-made AEGIS combat system and the SPY-1D(v) multi-function phased array radar.

The ROK Navy hosted its second international fleet review off coast of Busan in October 2008 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the South Korean government.

On March 26, 2010, ROKS Cheonan, a Pohang class corvette was sunk by a North Korean torpedo, resulting in death of 46 sailors near Baengnyeong Island, in the vicinity of the Northern Limit Line (NLL).[33][34]

On January 21, 2011, South Korean naval commandos carried out Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden, an operation to rescue the crew of the hijacked MV Samho Jewelry and succeed in rescuing the crew and killing or capturing all of the pirates on board.[35]

On September 2018, the ROK Navy launched the first locally designed 3,000-ton submarine, Dosan Ahn Changho.

The ROK Navy hosted its third international fleet review off coast of Jeju Island in October 2018.[36]

Command and organization

The Republic of Korea Navy includes the Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters, Republic of Korea Fleet, Republic of Korea Marine Corps, Naval Academy, Naval Education and Training Command, and Naval Logistics Command. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) is the highest-ranking officer of the ROK Navy.

Senior leadership

As of September 2018, the following people were in office:

  • Chief of Naval Operations: Admiral Sim Seung-seob (based in Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters, Gyeryong)
  • Commander Republic of Korea Fleet: Vice Admiral Jung Jin-sub (based in Republic of Korea Fleet headquarters, Busan)
  • Commandant of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps: Lieutenant General Jun Jin-goo (based in Headquarters Republic of Korea Marine Corps, Hwaseong)

Organization

Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters

The ROK Navy is led by the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). The Republic of Korea Navy Headquarters located within the Gyeryongdae complex, the tri-service headquarters in Gyeryong, includes the office of the Chief of Naval Operations and various agencies and staff functions. The CNO is a four-star admiral and a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The CNO oversees the administration of recruiting, organizing, training, equipping, supplying, and mobilizing the ROK Navy.[37]

Republic of Korea Fleet

Map of South Korea

Headquartered at the Busan Naval Base, the Commander Republic of Korea Fleet (formerly Commander-in-Chief Republic of Korea Fleet) is responsible for naval operations. COMROKFLT, a three-star admiral, also serves as Commander Naval Component Command (CNCC) of the ROK-US Combined Forces Command (CFC) in peacetime, and as the Deputy Commander Naval Component Command (DCNCC) in wartime. The Republic of Korea Fleet has three numbered fleets each assigned to the seas east, west, and south of South Korea:

  • Maritime Battle Group One
  • Maritime Battle Group Two
  • Incheon Naval Sector Defense Command (base: Incheon)
  • Third Fleet (base: Mokpo)
  • Maritime Battle Group Three

For various types of naval operations, the ROK Fleet has a submarine force, two surface flotillas, a naval aviation force, a special warfare (UDT/SEAL) force, and units for combat readiness and meteorology/oceanography:

  • Submarine Force Command[38]
  • Component Flotilla Five
  • Mine Warfare Squadron 52
  • Amphibious Squadron 53
  • Mobile Construction Squadron 59[39]
  • Salvage Squadron
  • Sea Salvage & Rescue Unit (SSU)[41]
  • Naval Intelligence Group
Numbered fleets

The three numbered fleets, each is led by a Rear Admiral (Upper Half), are responsible for protecting the green-water around South Korea: The First Fleet is for the eastern naval sector, the Second Fleet is for the western naval sector and the Third Fleet is for the southern naval sector including Jeju Island. Each fleet includes a Maritime Battle Group,[42] which comprises squadrons of patrol forces composed of Gwanggaeto the Great class destroyers, Incheon class frigates, Ulsan class frigates, Pohang class corvettes, and Yoon Youngha class and Chamsuri class patrol vessels.

Submarine Force Command

Headquartered in Jinhae, the Submarine Force Command was established in February 2015. The ROK Navy's submarine unit had a humble beginning with three Dolgorae class midget submarines in June 1990. After acquiring ROKS Chang Bogo, a Type 209 class submarine, the Submarine Squadron 57 was upgraded to the Submarine Flotilla Nine in October 1995. Since then, it has been playing the role of the ROK Navy's core strength. The Submarine Force Command, which is led by a Rear Admiral (Upper Half), operates Type 209 submarines and Type 214 submarines. On September 2018, the ROK Navy launched the first locally designed 3,000-ton submarine, Dosan Ahn Changho.

The Submarine Force Command offers the International Submarine Education & Training Program (ISETP) for submariners around the world.[43]

Maritime Task Flotilla

When taking command of the Navy in 1995, Admiral An Pyong-tae, then Chief of Naval Operations, proposed to build a blue-water navy for the Republic of Korea. In the year 2001, President Kim Dae-jung announced a plan for creating a task force called "Strategic Maneuver Fleet" (전략기동함대), which will "protect national interests in the five oceans and contribute to world peace" .[31] As part of the plan, the ROK Navy established one task force, Commander Maritime Task Flotilla Seven on February 1, 2010, which evolved from the ASW Squadron 51 of the Component Flotilla Five. The Maritime Task Flotilla is composed of three Sejong the Great class AEGIS guided missile destroyers, and six Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyers.[44] It is headquartered at Jeju Naval Base, Jeju Island.

The force is hoped to be able to defend South Korea against any North Korean aggression as well as being able to protect trade routes vital to the ROK. In addition to combat operations the ships of the flotilla performs humanitarian operations: A Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyer of the Maritime Task Flotilla is being deployed in response to piracy attacks in shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia.

Republic of Korea Marine Corps

KAAV7A1 assault amphibious vehicles of the ROKMC at Cobra Gold 2014 in Thailand

The ROK Navy includes the Republic of Korea Marine Corps, which is a quasi-autonomous organization. The ROK Marine Corps is responsible for conducting amphibious operations with the ROK Navy. The Marine Corps, with 29,000 personnel, is organized into two divisions and two brigades under the Headquarters ROK Marine Corps. The Commandant of the Republic of Korea Marine Corps is a three-star general. The ROK Marine Corps has about 500 tracked vehicles including assault amphibious vehicles, main battle tanks, and self-propelled artillery.

Republic of Korea Naval Academy

Midshipmen stand in formation at the ROK Naval Academy graduation ceremony

The Republic of Korea Naval Academy is a four-year coeducational service academy located in Jinhae. It was established in 1946. Graduates are commissioned as Ensigns in the Navy or Second Lieutenants in the Marine Corps. The Naval Academy also hosts the Officer Candidate School, which provides training to become commissioned officers for civilian college graduates and candidates with military experience.[45] The Superintendent of the ROK Naval Academy is a Vice Admiral.

Headquartered in Jinhae, the Naval Education and Training Command is one of the two major shore commands of the ROK Navy. The Command is responsible for training, education and professional development of the Navy's active duty Sailors. One of its primary roles is to conduct the initial orientation and basic training for new recruits of the Navy and the Korea Coast Guard. The Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC) are under the Naval Education and Training Command. The Naval Education and Training Command is led by a Vice Admiral.

The Naval Logistics Command is the other major shore command of the ROK Navy. It is located in Jinhae. The Command delivers logistics and support to the Navy, and is committed to the Navy's combat readiness. It includes the Naval Ship Yard, the Naval Supply Center, the Naval Ordnance Ammunition Center and the Naval Technology Research Institute.[46] The Naval Logistics Command is led by a Rear Admiral (Upper Half).

Location

Busan Naval Base

The ROK Navy operates several naval bases in South Korea: Jinhae, Busan, Donghae, Pyeongtaek, Mokpo, Jeju-do, Incheon, Pohang. Naval air stations are in Pohang, Jinhae, and Mokpo.

Jinhae has been the major port for the ROK Navy since the establishment of the Korean Coast Guard by hosting vital naval facilities including the Naval Shipyard. The Busan Naval Base has become another major naval base for the ROK Fleet since its Command Headquarters moved from Jinhae in 2007. The base can accommodate up to 30 naval ships as big as the Nimitz-class aircraft carrier.

Donghae, Pyeongtaek, and Mokpo hosts the command headquarters of the First, Second and the Third Fleet respectively. Incheon hosts a Defense Command under a one-star admiral responsible for littoral waters close to Seoul, the nation's capital. Pohang has a naval base for amphibious forces such as the 1st Marine Division located nearby.

Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Port

In February 2016, the ROK Navy completed a new naval base on the southern coast of Jeju Island for basing the Maritime Task Flotilla and a submarine squadron, in order to strengthen its control over the seas around the Korean Peninsula by deploying these forces.[47] It is also known as Jeju Civilian-Military Complex Port because the Jeju Naval Base is designed to be jointly used by military and civilians: Civilian cruise ships can use the base with approval. The base can host up to 20 naval vessels and two 150,000-tons cruise ships at the same time.[48] The Jeju Naval Base was the venue for the international fleet review 2018 in October 2018.[49]

Relationship with the U.S. Navy

Rear Adm. Brad Cooper, CNFK (right) signing a SOP agreement in ROKFLT HQ

South Korea has a joint military partnership with the United States as outlined by the Mutual Defense Treaty signed in 1951. Commander U.S. Seventh Fleet (C7F) is designated as Commander Naval Component Command (CNCC) "for the defense of the Korean peninsula; in the event of hostilities, all friendly naval forces in the theater would fall under C7F control."[50]

Commander U.S. Naval Forces Korea (CNFK) is a shore command of the United States Navy that serves as the shore support agency for all U.S. Naval activity in South Korea (HQ located at Busan Naval Base[51]). Commander Fleet Activities Chinhae (CFAC) is a U.S. Naval installation in Jinhae.

Personnel

The ROK Navy has about 70,000 personnel, including the 29,000 members of the ROK Marine Corps (as of 2014). Among these members, about 11 percent of them are commissioned officers and about 32 percent of them are petty officers (including warrant officers).[52]

Military service is mandatory for all South Korean men. In the ROK Navy, all members are volunteers, with enlisted seamen serving for 23-month periods, and enlisted Marines serving for 21-month periods; commissioned officer, warrant officer, and non-commissioned officer serving longer terms than those of enlisted seamen, or as career.

Women can volunteer as officers or petty officers. In the year 2001, six female ensigns, who had become commissioned officers through the officer candidate school, were assigned to serve on surface ships of the ROK Navy, for the first time ever.[53]

Commissioned officers

Three ROKN Lieutenants, Lee So-jong (Left), Yu Na-yeong and Kim Kui-me, have been appointed as the first female commanding officers of Chamsuri class patrol boats

There are several paths to becoming a commissioned officer in the ROK Navy, including the Naval Academy, Officer Candidate School (OCS), and Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps (NROTC). Officer Candidate School, located at the Naval Academy, Jinhae, provides training for candidates with current or prior enlisted experience in the military and civilian college graduates, which take majority in OCS.

Warrant officers

Following the traditions of the British Royal Navy the warrant officer rank in the South Korean armed forces falls in between that of non-commissioned and commissioned officers. In the ROK Navy, warrant officers are mostly former non-commissioned officers who had earned the rating of Sangsa (Chief Petty Officer) or Wonsa (Master Chief Petty Officer) and who had been selected for and completed a warrant officer candidate program. Another route to becoming a naval warrant officer is to complete a naval aviation warrant officer candidate program.

A small number of warrant officers serve as language officers who specialize in English translation and interpretation.[54]

Warrant officers generally mess in the wardroom with commissioned officers.

Petty officers

A South Korean navy petty officer aboard ROKS Munmu the Great (DDH 976) waves to onlookers pier side.

Petty officers originate from a petty officer candidate program which trains enlisted personnel and civilians who take majority. In the ROK Navy, personnel with ranks of Hasa (Petty Officer) through Wonsa are considered petty officers (i.e. non-commissioned officers). Those at Sangsa and Wonsa are further referred to as “CPO” (chief petty officer) collectively and considered a separate community within the Navy. The “CPO”s have privileges such as separate dining and living areas.

There are the appointments of Juim Wonsa and Juim Sangsa equivalent to that of the U.S. Navy's command master chief petty officer (CMDCM). The positions are filled by senior Wonsa and Sangsa respectively and unlike their U.S. Navy counterparts, the ROK Navy Juim Wonsa and Juim Sangsa wear the same standard rate insignia of Wonsa or Sangsa and only wear a special identification badge. Every ROK Navy establishment and ship has either a Juim Wonsa or Juim Sangsa.

Seamen

Two South Korean navy seamen find the time to relax.

In the ROK Navy, seamen are referred to as "Subyeong" (수병; 水兵). Normally the enlisted sailors serve in the Navy for 23 months; civilian recruits get initial trainings at the basic military training center in Jinhae as Ideungbyeong (Seaman 2nd Class). After completing their military services as Byeongjang (Leading Seaman), most of them are transferred from active duty to the naval reserve. Others continue the military service as Hasa (Petty Officer) and may become career petty officers.[55]

Uniforms

ROK Navy uniforms were based on US Navy uniforms with some notable differences. Petty officers, not just chief petty officers, wear uniforms identical to that of a commissioned officer's uniform except with different insignia, and petty officers wear a combination cap with a white cover and a gold chinstrap. Seamen wear dungaree trousers, chambray shirts and "dixie cup" hats as their work uniforms. Honor guards and navy band players wear sailor caps bearing "Republic of Korea Navy" in Korean with the dress uniforms.

Ranks and rates

In the ROK Navy, as in the rest of the ROK Armed Forces, ranks fall into one of four categories: commissioned officer, warrant officer, non-commissioned officer (petty officer), and enlisted (seaman), in decreasing order of authority. Commissioned officer ranks are subdivided into flag officers, senior officers (Lieutenant Commander through Captain), and junior officers (Ensign through Lieutenant).

All three branches – the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force of the ROK Armed Forces share the same rank insignia and the same names of ranks in Korean.

Flag OfficersSenior OfficersJunior Officers
Insignia
Rank
(ROK Armed Forces)		Wonsu¹
(원수; 元帥)		Daejang
(대장; 大將)		Jungjang
(중장; 中將)		Sojang
(소장; 少將)		Junjang
(준장; 准將)		Daeryeong
(대령; 大領)		Jungnyeong
(중령; 中領)		Soryeong
(소령; 少領)		Daewi
(대위; 大尉)		Jungwi
(중위; 中尉)		Sowi
(소위; 少尉)
TranslationFleet AdmiralAdmiralVice AdmiralRear Admiral
(Upper Half)		Rear Admiral
(Lower Half)		Captain²CommanderLieutenant
Commander		LieutenantLieutenant
Junior Grade		Ensign
Warrant OfficersPetty OfficersSeamen
Insignia
Rank
(ROK Armed Forces)		Junwi
(준위; 准尉)		Wonsa³
(원사; 元士)		Sangsa³
(상사; 上士)		Jungsa
(중사; 中士)		Hasa
(하사; 下士)		Byeongjang
(병장; 兵長)		Sangdeungbyeong
(상등병; 上等兵)		Ildeungbyeong
(일등병; 1等兵)		Ideungbyeong
(이등병; 2等兵)
TranslationWarrant OfficerMaster Chief Petty OfficerChief Petty OfficerSenior Petty OfficerPetty OfficerLeading SeamanAble SeamanSeaman 1st ClassSeaman 2nd Class

¹: No one held the rank of Wonsu in the history of the ROK Armed Forces.
²: Senior Captains in command of Squadrons can be referred to as “Commodore” verbally and in correspondence as in the U.S. Navy.
³: Personnel in Sangsa and Wonsa rates are referred to as “CPO” collectively and considered a separate community within the Navy. They have privileges such as separate dining and living areas.


Major international activities

A U.S. Navy MH-60S landing on the flight deck of ROKS Dokdo (LPH–6111) during the Korean Interoperability Training Program.

The ROK Navy frequently participates in multinational exercises and international activities. Also it has engaged in several peacekeeping operations since the turn of the 21st century.

  • Pacific Reach: The ROK Navy has participated in the biannual submarine rescue exercise since 2000. In 2004, the ROK Navy hosted the exercise, which was the first multinational naval exercise the ROK Navy ever hosted.
  • RIMPAC: The ROK Naval forces have participated in the biannual multilateral naval exercise since 1990.
  • ROK-US combined amphibious landing exercise: The ROK Navy and ROKMC together with the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps conduct the exercise annually in Korea.
  • ROKN-JMSDF SAREX: The ROK Navy and Japan Maritime Self Defense Force (JMSDF) conducted the search and rescue exercise biannually since 1999.
  • WP MCMEX/DIVEX: The mine warfare forces of the ROK Navy have participated in the Western Pacific Mine Counter Measure Exercise/Diving Exercise since 2004.
  • Cruise Training: Since 1954, the ROK Navy has conducted the annual oceangoing training with the fourth year midshipmen (naval cadets) of the Naval Academy to provide on the job training before commissioning them and to foster relations with other navies around the world.
  • Navy to Navy Talks: The ROK Navy holds regular naval conferences with its counterparts of Germany, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, and United States.[56]
  • Cobra Gold: Together with the ROK Marines, ROKS Seonginbong (LST 685) had participated in Cobra Gold 2010.

Anti-piracy operations

Since March 2009, the ROK Navy has deployed the Cheonghae task group in response to piracy attacks in shipping lanes off the coast of Somalia. This task group is composed of a Chungmugong Yi Sunshin class destroyer and about 30 naval special warfare personnel. The group operates as part of the multinational task force, Combined Task Force 151 of Combined Maritime Forces (CMF).[57] The ROK Navy has dispatched five warships to the mission area under the name of Cheonghae task group. As of September 2010, ROKS Wang Geon (DDH 978) is carrying out the mission in the area. On January 21, 2011 South Korean naval commandos carried out Operation Dawn of Gulf of Aden, an operation to rescue the crew of the hijacked MV Samho Jewelry and succeed in rescuing the crew and killing or capturing all of the pirates on board.[35]

International fleet review

ROKS Kang Gamchan (DDH–979) steams by a line of ROK Navy ships for pass and review during International Fleet Review 2008.

In October 1998, the ROK Navy hosted its first international fleet review in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the Republic of Korea and its armed forces off coast of Busan and Jinhae. 21 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Bangladesh, France, India, Indonesia, Japan, New Zealand, Philippines, Singapore, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the fleet review as well as 34 ships and 15 aircraft from South Korea.[58][59] The ROK Navy hosted its second international fleet review off coast of Busan in October 2008 to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the South Korean government. 22 ships from 11 countries (Australia, Canada, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Russia, Singapore, Thailand, United Kingdom, United States) participated in the fleet review as well as 33 ships and 27 aircraft from South Korea.[60][61]

The Cruise Training Unit – ROKS Kwaggaeto the Great (DDH 971), ROKS Jeju (FF 958) and ROKS Cheonji (AOE 57) participated in International Fleet Review 2002 commemorating the 50th anniversary of JMSDF in Tokyo Bay. The Cruise Training Fleet – ROKS Chungmugong Yi Sunshin (DDH 975) and ROKS Cheonji (AOE 57) - visited the United Kingdom in order to take part in the International Fleet Review for Trafalgar 200 in 2005. In April 2009, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111) and ROKS Kang Gamchan (DDH 979) attended an international fleet review to celebrate the 60th anniversary of the founding of the Chinese People's Liberation Army (PLA) Navy in Qingdao. In August 2009, the Cruise Training Flotilla – ROKS Choi Young (DDH 981) and ROKS Daecheong (AOE 58) participated in the Indonesian International Fleet Review, which commemorates the 64th anniversary of Indonesian independence.

The ROK Navy hosted its third international fleet review off coast of Jeju Island in October 2018.[36]

Equipment

Ships and submarines

The ROK Navy employs the U.S. Navy-style letter based hull classification symbols to designate the types of its ships and hull numbers to uniquely identify its vessels (e.g. DDH 975). The names are that of the historical figures, provinces, cities, counties, peaks, lakes, islands, and birds. The Chief of Naval Operations selects the names of ships.[62]

There are four ship ratings. A first-rate ship (Sohn Won-yil class SS, DDG, DDH, LPH, MLS, and AOE) is commanded by a captain; a second-rate ship (SS, FFG, FF, PCC, LST, ATS, and ASR) by a commander; a third-rate ship (PKG, MSH, and MHC) by a lieutenant commander; and a fourth-rate craft (PKMR, PKM, and LSF) is commanded by a lieutenant or a warrant officer.

Major commissioned ships

안중근함 진수 (7438347942)
Christening ceremony of ROKS An Jung-geun, a Sohn Won-yil class submarine
ROKS Lee Sunsin (SS 068), a Chang Bogo class submarine
ROKS Munmu the Great (DDH 976), a Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin class destroyer
Yoon Youngha class fast missile craft in formation
A Chamsuri class patrol craft and a Sohn Won-yil class submarine
Amphibious ship, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111)
ROKS Hwacheon (AOE 59) in counter-terror exercise

The ROK Navy has about 170 commissioned ships in service including 16 submarines, 12 destroyers, 13 frigates, 14 corvettes, 71 patrol craft, 13 amphibious warfare ships, 11 mine warfare ships and 18 auxiliary ships (a total displacement of about 211,000 tonnes[8] as of 2016).

The ship prefix for all the commissioned ROK Navy ship is ROKS (Republic of Korea Ship) when the names of ships are written in English.

Class ROKN Classification Displacement
(light/full tons)		 Commissioned Launched Notes
Submarines
Dosan Ahn Changho classSS: Submarine3,705 (submerged)1[63]KSS-III Batch-I; 3 in class
Sohn Won-yil classSS: Submarine1,860 (submerged)7[64]2KSS-II; 9 in class, 1 SSG[65]
Chang Bogo classSS: Submarine1,350 (submerged)9[66]KSS-I; Completed
Surface combatants (destroyers and frigates)
Sejong the Great classDDG: Destroyer Guided-missile7,650/10,6003[67]3 more planned as Batch-II[68]
Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin classDDH: Destroyer Helicopter4,500/5,5206[69]DDH-II; To be followed by KDDX program[1]
Gwanggaeto the Great classDDH: Destroyer Helicopter3,200/3,9003DDH-I; Completed
Daegu classFFG: Frigate Guided-missile2,800/3,6501[70]FFX Batch-II; 8 in class
Incheon classFFG: Frigate Guided-missile2,300/3,2516FFX Batch-I; 6 in class
Ulsan classFF: Frigate1,446/2,3506[71]To be replaced by Incheon and Daegu class
Patrol vessels (corvettes and patrol craft)
Pohang classPCC: Patrol Combat Corvette950/1,22014[72]To be replaced by Incheon and Daegu class
Yoon Youngha classPKG: Patrol Killer Guided-missile440/57018[73]PKX-A; Completed
Chamsuri 211 classPKMR: Patrol Killer Medium Rocket210/2501PKX-B Batch-I; 16 more planned as Batch-I
Chamsuri classPKM: Patrol Killer Medium151/17052[74][75]To be replaced by PKX-B
Amphibious warfare ships
Dokdo classLPH: Landing Transport Helicopter[76]14,550/19,00011[77]3 in class; 1 active, 1 launched, 1 planned
Cheonwangbong classLST: Landing Ship Tank4,900/8,0003[78]1[79]LST-II; 4 in class
Gojunbong classLST: Landing Ship Tank2,900/4,9004Succeeded by Cheonwangbong class
Solgae 621 classLSF: Landing Ship Fast132/1493Assault hovercraft (Project 12061E Murena-E) transferred from Russia[80][81][82]
Solgae 631 classLSF: Landing Ship Fast95/1552LSF-II; 2 more ordered;[83] Locally-built LCAC[84]
Mine warfare ships
Nampo classMLS: Minelayer Ship3,000/4,2401[85]MLS-II; 3 in class
Wonsan classMLS: Minelayer Ship2,500/3,3001Succeeded by Nampo class
Yangyang classMSH: Minesweeper Hunter730/8803[86]Completed
Ganggyeong classMHC: Minehunter Coastal450/5126Completed
Auxiliary ships
Soyang classAOE: Fast Combat Support Ship10,600/23,0001[87]AOE-II
Cheonji classAOE: Fast Combat Support Ship4,200/9,2003Succeeded by Soyang class
Tongyeong classATS: Salvage and Rescue Ship3,500/4,7002[88]ATS-II; Completed
Cheonghaejin classASR: Submarine Rescue Ship3,200/4,3001To be succeed by ASR-II program
Singiwon classAGS: Surveying Ship-1[89][90]AGX-II
Sinsegi classAGS: Surveying Ship-1[91]Succeeded by Singiwon class
Dadohae classASL: Midget-submarine Tender-1[92][93]-
Mulgae classLCU: Landing Craft Utility500/9408Littoral transport and logistics support

Ships under construction

Aircraft

A ROKN P-3 Orion taking part in searching for Indonesia AirAsia Flight 8501
A ROKN Lynx ASW helo
A ROKN UH-60P supporting SSU training

The Air Wing Six is the unit of the ROK Navy that is responsible for all of its aircraft. The Air Wing's operational headquarters is located in Pohang, and its naval air stations are Pohang (K-3), Jinhae (K-10), and Mokpo (K-15). Air Wing Six has about 70 aircraft including 21 fixed-wing and 51 rotary-wing aircraft.

Aircraft Type Versions In operation Notes
Fixed-wing
Lockheed Martin P-3C OrionASW/Maritime patrol aircraftP-3CK
P-3C		8[99]
8		Ex-USN P-3B modernized by KAI
Being upgraded[100]
Reims-Cessna F406 Caravan IIlight utility aircraftF4065[74]Target tugs
Rotary-wing
AW159 WildcatASW helicopterAW1598[101]-
Westland LynxASW helicopterSuper Lynx Mk.99A
Lynx Mk.99		11[102]
11		-
-
Sikorsky Aircraft UH-60utility transport helicopterUH-60P8[74]Built by KAL-ASD
Bell Helicopter UH-1utility transport helicopterUH-1H8[74]-
Aérospatiale Alouette IIIlight utility helicopterSA-319B5[74]Trainer

In 2018, the South Korean government announced to acquire six P-8 Poseidon.[103]

Weaponry

Future developments

Ships

  • Korean Submarine (KSS) program

The KSS program was a three-phased project to build up the ROK Navy's submarine forces. Before the KSS program, the submarine fleet of the ROK Navy consisted of midget submarines, such as the Dolgorae-class submarine and SX 756 Dolphin class submarine, which had limited capabilities for inshore operations.

Through the first phase, KSS-I, the ROK Navy acquired nine 1,200-ton Chang Bogo-class submarines. For the second phase, KSS-II, the ROK Navy plans to acquire nine 1,800-ton Sohn Won-yil-class submarines with Air-Independent propulsion (AIP) system;[95] the lead ship of her class, the Sohn Won-yil (SS 072) was launched at a shipyard of Hyundai Heavy Industries on June 9, 2006. In June 2007, the ROK Navy launched its second 1,800-ton submarine named Jeong Ji, after a military general of the Goryeo Kingdom who defeated Japanese invaders. The Type 214 submarine is expected to play a key role in safeguarding the country's maritime interests as a part of the Navy's Mobile Flotilla. The third phase of the program, KSS-III is scheduled to begin in 2007 and to build the lead ship of her class in 2017. A total of nine 3,000-ton KSS-III submarines are expected to be built in South Korea with indigenous technologies (i.e. not going under license as the previous KSS-I and KSS-II submarines).[104]

The KSS-III submarines will also be able to fire submarine launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs). Prompted by North Korea's development of the KN-11 SLBM, a vertical launching pad will be installed on the submarines for a missile expected to be developed by 2020. Although the SLBM would be less accurate than cruise missiles, its velocity and destructive capability are significantly greater.[105] Chang Bogo-III submarines will have six vertical missile launch tubes that could house Hyunmoo-2B short-range ballistic missile with a range of 500 km (310 mi).[106]

  • Korean Destroyer Experimental (KDX) program

Korean experimental destroyer program is a three-phased program to modernize the surface fleet by developing and constructing new destroyers for the ROK Navy with advanced combat systems and weaponry. The outcomes of this program include the Gwanggaeto the Great-class destroyers, which are the first ROK destroyers to be armed with surface-to-air missiles; the Chungmugong Yi Sun-shin-class destroyers; and the powerful Sejong the Great-class destroyers, which are equipped with the sophisticated AEGIS combat system for air-defense and anti-missile operations. These new destroyers replaced antiquated destroyers that had been transferred from the U.S. Navy decades ago.

In October 2009, the ROK Navy announced plans to build and commission six destroyers of 5,600-ton empty displacement with the AEGIS system (the KDX-IIA destroyers) from 2019 to 2026 for beefing up the Maritime Task Flotilla.[107]

  • Frigate Experimental (FFX)

The FFX project aims to replace the Ulsan class frigates and Donghae/Pohang class corvettes with new 2,300-ton frigates. The total number of the ships to be built is 20 to 24 by 2020 and the Incheon-class frigate (FFG-I) have been commissioned by 2016, and another fourteen commissioned by 2018.[108] These frigates will be armed with the American-made Phalanx CIWS system and the rolling airframe missile system, and they will each carry a Westland Lynx anti-submarine warfare helicopter.[109]

  • Patrol Killer Experimental (PKX)

Through the PKX program, the ROK Navy plans to build a fleet of a next generation patrol craft with Cooperative Engagement Capability and enhanced weaponry such as 76 mm guns and the KSSM anti-ship missiles. There are two variations of Geomdoksuri class patrol craft: Geomdoksuri-A and Geomdoksuri-B. The Geomdoksuri-A will be a 570-ton patrol craft with anti-ship missiles; Geomdoksuri-B will be a 200-ton patrol craft serving as the platform design for the Geomdoksuri-A variation. It totals 18 Geomdoksuri-As and totals 24 Geomdoksuri-Bs are planned. All 17 Geomdoksuri-As are enter in service by 2014 and to replace the aging Chamsuri class patrol craft.

On 28 June 2007, the Yoon Young-ha (PKG 711), the lead ship of her class, was launched at the shipyard of Hanjin Heavy Industries in Busan. She was delivered to the South Korean navy on 17 December 2008.

  • Landing Platform Experimental (LPX)

The LPX project was the ROK Navy's new amphibious landing ship project for which Hanjin Heavy Industries & Constructions Co. has provided the general design package. The ROK Navy's requirements for the new amphibious landing ships were to enhance Korea's current amphibious operation capability, both in terms of assault and military operations other than war (MOOTW) type operations.

On 12 July 2005, ROKS Dokdo (LPH 6111), the lead ship of her class, was launched at the shipyard of Hanjin Heavy Industries in Busan. She was delivered to the South Korean navy in July, 2007. The first air cushion landing craft (ROKS LSF 631) of LSF-II project was delivered for ROKS Dokdo in April, 2007.

In October 2009, the ROKN revealed that it plans to commission a new 14,500-ton (full displacement 18,800 tons) LPX around 2018.[110]

  • ASR-II project

The ROK Navy plans to commission a new submarine rescue ship around 2022.[111]

  • LST-II project

The ROK Navy plans to commission four Cheon Wang Bong-class LSTs of 4,500-ton empty displacement between 2014 and 2017.

  • AOE-II Project

The ROKN plans to commission an uncertain number of 12,000-ton fast combat support ships (AOE) around 2017 to relieve the 9,000-ton Cheonji class ships.

  • ATS-II project

Through ATS-II project, the ROKN will replace the two ex-USN Beaufort class ships with two locally built 3500-ton salvage and rescue ships.

  • Training Ship Experimental (ATX)

The ROK Navy plans to commission a new 4,500-ton training ship (ATX) for midshipmen and officer candidates around 2015.[112]

  • MLS-II Project

The ROKN plans to build and commission an uncertain number of minelayer ships similar to ROKS Wonsan (MLS 560).

  • MSH Phase 2

The ROKN plans to build and commission an uncertain number of mine countermeasure ships similar to the Yangyang class.

  • Light Aircraft Carriers

The ROKN believes it can deploy two light aircraft carriers by 2036. They will be used to keep up with rapid Chinese and Japanese naval developments, expand the country's blue-water capability, and assist international peacekeeping operations. There are no fixed requirements currently, but an interim feasibility study is exploring ways to use light carriers over the next two decades. They can equip the second Dokdo-class amphibious assault ships with a ski ramp to operate short take-off and vertical landing aircraft. The Navy could acquire STOVL jets from the U.S., U.K., or Spain and deploy the ship with a ski ramp by 2019. The ROKN could also build a ship similar to the Spanish ship Juan Carlos I (L61) by 2019. Between 2028 and 2036, the Navy plans to build two 30,000 ton-class light aircraft carriers. The carriers are believed to have similar specifications to the Italian aircraft carrier Cavour (550) which carries around 30 aircraft.[113]

Aircraft

  • Maritime patrol aircraft program phase II

The ROK Navy had acquired eight P-3C aircraft through the maritime patrol aircraft program phase I.[114] Eight more ex-USN P-3CK maritime patrol aircraft had been delivered to the ROK Navy by 2010 after undergoing extensive refurbishment and modernization. In May 2013 it was announced that the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) was commencing a 1 trillion won ($900 million) procurement program to acquire up to 20 new anti-submarine warfare aircraft to replace the existing fleet of 16 P-3Cs. While possible candidates include the C-295 MPA, P-8 Poseidon and the SC-130J Sea Hercules.,[115] DAPA is considering a plan to procure 12 to 20 ex-USN S-3 Vikings for the ROKN.[116]

In 2017, the Republic of Korea Navy canceled plans to purchase refurbished and upgraded Lockheed S-3 Viking aircraft for maritime patrol and anti-submarine duties, leaving offers by Airbus, Boeing, Lockheed Martin and Saab on the table.[117][118] In June 2018, South Korea and Boeing announced that the Boeing P-8 Poseidon had been selected as the replacement for the retiring P-3C Orions.

  • Mine countermeasure helicopter program

The ROK Navy had planned to acquire new mine countermeasure helicopters by 2012 with a budget of 480 billion won. AgustaWestland EH-101, NHIndustries NH-90, and Sikorsky MH-60S were being considered as possible candidates for the acquisition program[119][120] before it decided to hold the project due to global financial crisis that hit the world in 2008.


See also

References

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