Siege of Constantinople (1411)

Siege of Constantinople
Part of the Ottoman Interregnum and Byzantine-Ottoman wars.

Constantinople in 1422; the oldest surviving map of the city.
Date1411
LocationConstantinople
Result Byzantine victory
Belligerents
 Byzantine Empire  Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Manuel II Palaiologos Musa Çelebi

The Siege of Constantinople of 1411 occurred during the Ottoman Interregnum, or Ottoman Civil War,[1] (20 July 1402 – 5 July 1413), when chaos reigned in the Ottoman Empire following the defeat of Sultan Bayezid I by the Central Asian warlord Timur. Although Mehmed Çelebi was confirmed as sultan by Timur after the Battle of Ankara, his brothers İsa Çelebi, Musa Çelebi, Süleyman Çelebi, and later, Mustafa Çelebi, refused to recognize his authority, each claiming the throne for himself.[2] A civil war was the result. The Interregnum lasted until the Battle of Camurlu on 5 July 1413, when Mehmed Çelebi emerged as victor in the strife, crowned himself sultan Mehmed I, and restored peace to the empire.

Background

Before the Battle of Ankara, the Byzantine Empire was a mere pawn of outside forces for several decades but after the defeat of the Ottomans by Timur, the Empire – for a short while – became a player in Ottoman domestic politics and intrigue.

The siege

The Byzantine Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos supported Süleyman as claimant to the Ottoman throne. They signed the treaty of Gallipoli with the Byzantine regent John VII Palaiologos in 1403, as the emperor Manuel II Palaiologos was traveling in western Europe at the time. By this treaty, Süleyman gave up certain territories along the Marmara coast, as well as the major city of Thessaloniki to the Byzantine Empire in return for Byzantine support during the interregnum and declared himself sultan of the empire in Edirne, the capital in Rumeli of the Ottoman Empire.

Despite defeating his brother and rival for the Ottoman throne, Musa, at the Battle of Kosmidion in June 1410, Süleyman's popularity wained. So much so, that when Musa returned to avenge his defeat during the following year, Süleyman's supporters defected to Musa.[3] Süleyman was captured while attempting to escape to Byzantine territories, and was killed by villagers on February 18, 1411. Musa found himself as the co-sultan of the European portion of the empire.[4] Musa then retaliated against all who allied with Süleyman, including Manuel II by laying siege to Constantinople in 1411.[5] Manuel II turned to Mehmet for support, who betrayed Musa and set up a new alliance between himself and the Byzantines against Musa. The siege was lifted sometime during the same year.

In the Battle of İnceğiz, Mehmet's forces clashed with Musa's, but were defeated. In 1413, Mehmet gained the support of the Serbian monarch Stefan Lazarević and the bey of the Turkish Dulkadirids, as well as some of the generals in Musa's army. He defeated Musa's forces in the Battle of Çamurlu near Samokov, Bulgaria.[6] Injured and trying to escape, Musa was spotted and killed on July 5, 1413.[7]

References

  1. ↑ Dimitris J. Kastritsis, The Sons of Bayezid, (Brill, 2007), xi.
  2. ↑ Fine, John Van Antwerp, The Late Medieval Balkans, (University of Michigan Press, 1994), 499.
  3. ↑ Wittek, Paul. Rise of the Ottoman Empire. p. 150.
  4. ↑ Prof. Yaşar Yüce-Prof. Ali Sevim: Türkiye tarihi Cilt II, AKDTYKTTK Yayınları, İstanbul, 1991 p 74-75
  5. ↑ Ostrogorsky, G. 'History of the Byzantine State', Rutgers University Press, 1969, p.557
  6. ↑ Encyclopædia Britannica Evpo 70 ed., Vol. 22, p. 368
  7. ↑ Joseph von Hammer: Osmanlı Tarihi cilt I (condensation: Abdülkadir Karahan), Milliyet yayınları, İstanbul. p 58-60.

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