Seychelles parakeet

Seychelles parakeet
Illustration of a male (front) and female, by John Gerrard Keulemans, 1876

Extinct  (1883)  (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Aves
Order:Psittaciformes
Family:Psittaculidae
Genus:Psittacula
Species: †P. wardi
Binomial name
Psittacula wardi
(Newton, 1867)
Location of the Seychelles
Synonyms
  • Palaeornis wardi Newton, 1867
  • Psittacula eupatria wardi (Newton, 1867)

The Seychelles parakeet or Seychelles island parrot (Psittacula wardi) is an extinct species of parrot which was endemic to the Seychelles group in the Indian Ocean. It resembled the Alexandrine parakeet but was smaller and lacked the pink colour in its collar. The species is suspected to have become extinct due to intense persecution by farmers and coconut plantation owners.

Taxonomy

Only known live depiction, by Marianne North, 1883

The Seychelles parakeet was named Palaeornis wardi as by the British ornithologist Edward Newton in 1867.[2][3] It was endemic to Mahé and Silhouette and was once sighted on Praslin.[4][5][6] Ten specimens exist today.[7]

Evolution

Phylogenetic studies suggest that the species diverged from the Alexandrine parakeet through isolation of populations that dispersed through the Indian Subcontinent into Seychelles about 11 million years ago when sea levels were much lower.[8]

The following cladogram shows the phylogenetic position of the Seychelles parakeet, according to Jackson et al., 2015:[9]

 

 

 

 

 

Psittacula eupatria nipalensis (Nepalese Alexandrine parakeet)

 
 

Psittacula eupatria eupatria (Alexandrine parakeet)

 
 
 

Psittacula wardi (Seychelles parakeet)

 
 
 

Psittacula eupatria siamensis (Siamese Alexandrine parakeet)

 
 
 

Psittacula eupatria magnirostris (Andaman Islands Alexandrine parakeet)

 
 

A 2017 study found it to be close to the Mascarene parrot.[10]

Description

Illustration of a male, by Keulemans, 1907

The Seychelles parakeet was a medium-sized parrot with a length of about 41 cm (16.1 in). It was green with a large red beak, a red shoulder patch and a long tail. The male had a narrow black cheek-band and black collar which the female and juvenile lacked.[7][11][12]

Behaviour and ecology

Psittacula wardi was endemic to Mahé and Silhouette, Seychelles, with a sight record from Praslin.[1] The Seychelles parakeet is believed to have had a diet of bugs found in the bushes or trees,[13] and probably also consumed fruit and seeds.[1]

Extinction

It was rare when described even in 1867. The last specimens were collected by Warry in 1881, and the last birds recorded in captivity on Silhouette in 1883. The species was extinct by 1906 when Nicoll visited the island. It seems to have been affected by the felling of forests to make way for coconut plantations, and died out as a result of being killed by farmers protecting their maize crops.[1]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 BirdLife International (2012). "Psittacula wardi". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2013.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature. Retrieved 26 November 2013.
  2. ↑ Newton, E. (1867). "Descriptions of some new species of birds from the Seychelles islands". Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London (in Latin). 35: 315–391. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1867.tb00433.x.
  3. ↑ Rothschild, W. (1907). Extinct Birds. London: Hutchinson & Co. p. 66.
  4. ↑ Newton, E. (1876). "XXVII.-On the psittaci of the Mascarene Islands". Ibis. 18 (3): 281–289. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1876.tb06925.x.
  5. ↑ Betts, F. N.; Vesey-Fitzgerald, D. (1940). "XXV.- The Birds of the Seychelles.- I. The Endemic Birds". Ibis. 82 (3): 480–504. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1940.tb01669.x.
  6. ↑ Gaymer, R.; Blackman, R. A. A.; Dawson, P. G.; Penny, M.; Penny, C. M. (1969). "The endemic birds of Seychelles". Ibis. 111 (2): 157–176. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1969.tb02524.x.
  7. 1 2 Hume, J. P. (2007). "Reappraisal of the parrots (Aves: Psittacidae) from the Mascarene Islands, with comments on their ecology, morphology, and affinities" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1513: 29–31.
  8. ↑ Kundu, S.; Jones, C. G.; Prys-Jones RP; Groombridge, J. J. (2012). "The evolution of the Indian Ocean parrots (Psittaciformes): extinction, adaptive radiation and eustacy". Mol. Phylogenet. Evol. 62 (1): 296–305. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.09.025. PMID 22019932.
  9. ↑ Jackson, H.; Jones, C. G.; Agapow, P. M.; Tatayah, V.; Groombridge, J. J. (2015). "Micro-evolutionary diversification among Indian Ocean parrots: temporal and spatial changes in phylogenetic diversity as a consequence of extinction and invasion" (Full text). Ibis. 157 (3): 496–510. doi:10.1111/ibi.12275.
  10. ↑ Podsiadlowski, L.; Gamauf, A.; Töpfer, T. (2017). "Revising the phylogenetic position of the extinct Mascarene Parrot Mascarinus mascarin (Linnaeus 1771) (Aves: Psittaciformes: Psittacidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 107: 499–502. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2016.12.022. PMID 28017858.
  11. ↑ Greenway, J. C. (1967). Extinct and Vanishing Birds of the World. New York: American Committee for International Wild Life Protection. pp. 331–332. ISBN 978-0-486-21869-4.
  12. ↑ Hume, J. P.; Walters, M. (2012). Extinct Birds. London: A & C Black. pp. 174–175. ISBN 978-1-4081-5725-1.
  13. ↑ Newton, E. (1867). "On the land-birds of the Seychelles archipelago". Ibis. 9 (3): 335–360. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1867.tb06435.x.
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