Scold's bridle

A branked scold in New England, from an 1885 lithograph.
18th century scold's bridle in the Märkisches Museum Berlin.
16th-century Scottish branks. Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow, Scotland.
A scold's bridle, having a hinged iron framework to enclose the head and a bit or gag to fit into the mouth and compress the tongue.
'The 'Bishop's branks' of St. Andrews.
17th century Dunfermline branks.

A scold's bridle, sometimes called a witch's bridle, a brank's bridle, or simply branks, was an instrument of punishment, as a form of torture and public humiliation.[1] The device was an iron muzzle in an iron framework that enclosed the head. A bridle-bit (or curb-plate), about 2 inches long and 1 inch broad, projected into the mouth and pressed down on top of the tongue.[2]

Origin and purpose

England, Wales and Scotland

First recorded in Scotland in 1567, the branks were also used in England, where it may not have been formally legalized as a punishment. The kirk-sessions and barony courts in Scotland inflicted the contraption mostly on female transgressors and women considered to be rude or nags or common scolds.[3][4]

Branking (in Scotland and the North of England)[5][6] was designed as a mirror punishment for shrews or scolds; women of the lower classes whose speech was deemed "riotous" or "troublesome";[7] — often women suspected of witchcraft — by preventing such "gossips or scolds" from speaking. This also gives it its other name 'The Gossip's Bridle'

It was also used as corporal punishment for other offences, notably on female workhouse inmates. The person to be punished was placed in a public place for additional humiliation and sometimes beaten.[8] The Lanark Burgh Records record a typical example of the punishment being used, " Iff evir the said Elizabeth salbe fund scolding or railling… scho salbe sett upone the trone in the brankis and be banishit the toun thaireftir" (1653 Lanark B. Rec. 151).

Though primarily used on women, the Burgh Records of Scotland's major towns reveal that the branks were at times used on men as well: "Patrick Pratt sall sit … bound to the croce of this burgh, in the brankis lockit" (1591 Aberd. B Rec. II. 71) / "He shall be put in the branks be the space of xxiiij houres thairafter" (1559 (c 1650) Dundee B. Laws 19. )

When the branks was placed on the "gossiper's" head, they could be led through town to show that they had committed an offence or scolded too often. This was intended to humiliate them into "repenting" their "riotous" actions. A spike inside the gag prevented any talking since any movement of the mouth could cause a severe piercing of the tongue.[5] When wearing the device, it was impossible for the person either to eat or speak.[9] Other branks included an adjustable gag with a sharp edge, causing any movement of the mouth to result in laceration of the tongue.

In Scotland, branks could also be permanently displayed in public by attaching them, for example, to the town cross, tron or tolbooth. Then, the ritual humiliation would take place, with the miscreant on public show. Displaying the branks in public was intended to remind the populace of the consequences of any rash action or slander. Whether the person was paraded or simply taken to the point of punishment, the process of humiliation and expected repentance was the same. Time spent in the bridle was normally allocated by the kirk session, in Scotland, or a local magistrate.[9]

Quaker women were sometimes punished with the branks for preaching their doctrine in public places.[10]

Jougs were similar in their purpose as a pillory, but did not restrain the sufferer from speaking. They were generally used in both England and Scotland in the 16th and 17th centuries.[5]

The New World

The scold's bridle did not see much use in the New World, though Olaudah Equiano recorded that it was commonly used to control Virginia slaves in the mid-18th century. White men and women were usually placed in the stocks as an equivalent punishment.[4]

Historical examples

In 1567, Bessie Tailiefeir (pron. Telfer) slandered Baillie Thomas Hunter in Edinburgh, saying that he was using false measures. She was sentenced to be "brankit" and fixed to the cross for one hour.[11]

Two bridles were purchased for use by the Walsall town authorities during the 17th century, but it is not clear what happened to them or even whether they were ever used.[5]

In Walton on Thames, in England, a scold's bridle, dated 1633, is displayed in the vestry of the church, with the inscription "Chester presents Walton with a bridle, To curb women's tongues that talk too idle." The story is that someone named Chester lost a fortune due to a woman's gossip, and presented the town with the instrument of torture out of anger and spite.

As late as 1856 it was in use at Bolton-le-Moors, Lancashire.[4]

In fiction

The Scold's Bridle is the title of a novel by Minette Walters, where a scold's bridle is a key element in the plot.

Impassioned Clay is a novel by Stevie Davies. In the heroine's garden a skeleton of a 17th-century woman is uncovered, the corpse had been buried wearing a scold's bridle.

They were used by Irving Klaw in fetishistic photography with model Bettie Page.[12]

The scold's bridle is also referred to in the book Three Men in a Boat by Jerome K. Jerome. He refers to one on display in the church at Walton on Thames, joking that a shortage of iron, or possibly iron not being strong enough to curb a woman's tongue, was why it was no longer in use.

Joseph Andrews (1977), the British film based on the Henry Fielding novel, includes a comical scene where Parson Adams (Michael Hordern) escapes captivity with a brank still locked on his head.

In the video game Path of Exile, the Scold's Bridle is a rare unique item which causes a physical damage hit to the player each time he/she casts a spell. It can therefore be used in powerful combinations with mechanics relating to damage taken.

In Mozart's Magic Flute, Papageno is punished for lying by a "padlock on his mouth". In many productions this is treated as a magic curse, but in the Bergman movie they used a realistic scold's bridle, which was probably the original idea of the writers.

In Brimstone, a 2016 western thriller film, written and directed by Martin Koolhoven actress Carice van Houten wears a scold's bridle. Koolhoven has explained in interviews he got the idea when he read In the Rogue Blood, James Carlos Blake's novel in which the main characters meet a Dutch minister, whose wife is wearing one.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Definition of branks". Free Dictionary. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  2. ↑ "Scolds Bridle". National Education Network, U.K. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  3. ↑ "Scolds Bridle". NEN Gallery. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  4. 1 2 3 Wikisource Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Branks". Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 430–431.
  5. 1 2 3 4 http://www.walsall.gov.uk/museum_history_talk_sheds_light_on_the_scold_s_bridle.htm
  6. ↑ Chambers, Robert (1685). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Eddinburgh : W & R Chambers. p. 37.
  7. ↑ "Victorian workhouse punishments - the scold's bridle". history.powys.org.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  8. ↑ "occasional hell - infernal device - Branks". www.occasionalhell.com. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  9. 1 2 "Scold's bridle, Germany, 1550-1800". www.sciencemuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  10. ↑ "Quakers". Retrieved 27 April 2018.
  11. ↑ Chambers, Robert (1885). Domestic Annals of Scotland. Eddinburgh : W & R Chambers. p. 37.
  12. ↑ "Betty Page In Bondage" (PDF). Nutrix Co. 1960. p. 27-29. Another type of gag that was also disliked by most of the models who had to wear it was the ancient replica of a medieval steel brank gag.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.