Fazal Pookoya Thangal

Fazal Pookoya Thangal (Arabic: سيّدفضل بوكوي‎ سيّدفضل بوكوي; Yemen, c.1820 - Turkey, 1901), known as Sayyid Fadl and Fadl Pasha, was a Yemeni Islamic missionary and political activist in Kerala.^[1]^[2]

Birth and childhood

Fazal Pookoya Thangal was born in the 1820s, the son of Sayyid Alavi Thangal, a Muslim mystical and political leader, and Fathima Beevi, the daughter of Aboobacker Madani, a Muslim mystic. He spent his childhood studying under his father.^[3]

Thangal first learnt from one of his father's personal assistants, Alhaji Chalilakath Kuday, then from Parapanangadi Aboobacker Koya Musliyar, Baithan Musliyar Velliyangod Umar Khazi, Moideen Khazi, Calicut Khazi, Zainudeen Musliyar Thirurangadi and Sheikh Sayyid Abdulla Bin Umar. He studied hadith, fiqh, and languages.^[4]

Thangal went to Mecca to study after the death of his father in 1845, and returned to Kerala in 1848.

Rebellions

When Thangal was 20, he joined the anti-British movement. At the time Mamburma did not have a Juma mosque, so Thangal built one.

In sermons he spoke about current conditions of Malabar's people. He tought both Islam and the need to oppose British rule. The British duly investigated him.^[5]

Manjeri revolt

In 1848, Thangal encouraged local Muslims to oppose Hindu landowners. In August 1849 there was another revolt at Manjeri (location of a revolt in 1844), which was Thangal's first rebellion after his return from Mecca.

Hasan Moideen Kutukkal and Kunhi Koya Thangal were at the head of 65 Mappilas. The rebellion took place in four centres: Pandhallor, Pandikode, Manjeri and Angandipuram. The Mappilas initially withstood the British, but were later killed..

Kulathur revolt

The Kollathoor revolt began on 22 August 1851. Mappilas killed six landowners. On 27 August, soldiers reached Kulathur and suppressed the revolt. William Logan recorded these events in his Malabar Manual.^[6]

Mattannur revolt

A revolt in Mattannur was the last rebellion before Thangal's exile to Arabia, and the first in northern Malabar. It started on 2 January 1852, when landowner Keshavu Abrahan increased the rent of many peasants working under him and was killed. The British took action against the revolt, and eventually condemned Thangal to exile.

Exile from Malabar

The British discussed expelling Thangal after the release of the T. L. Strange commission investigation report,^[7] but district collector H.V. Conolly wanted to exile him only from Malabar. As it happened, he was exiled to Arabia.

A Thrikkaloor resident named Kutti had a sword engraved with Fazal Thangal's name, reportedly without Thangal's knowledge, and used it in a rebellion against British rule, but was killed. The British, seeing the sword, considered Thangal the ringleader, which he denied.

The Mappila retaliated for Thangal's exile by killing Conolly. The British historian William Logan wrote that there were two reasons for killing Conolly: his decisions to arrest all Mappilas, and to exile Thangal.

He arrived in Yemen, then left for Mecca, where he spent 18 years. He married the daughter of Shafiu Habshi. He remained under surveillance by the British.

He left Mecca and went to Constantinople, capital of the Ottoman Empire. The Sultan made him governor of Yemen. Between 1852 and his death in 1901 he did his best to return to Malabar. His first attempt was in 1853 while he was in Constantinople, with the help of Sultan Abdülmecid I. After this he and his family tried many times, unsuccessfully. After Thangal's death his family left Constantinople.

Writings

Thangal wrote in Arabic and Malayalam, and while living in Istanbul, also in Turkish. Hi works include:

Hulalul Ehsan Fee Thsyeenul Insane ( حلال الاحسان في تحسين الانسان)
Asasul Islam fee Bayani Ahkem (اساس الاسلام في بيان الاحكام)
Bavarikul Fathyana: lee Thaqviyathul Bihyana (بوارك الفتيان لتقوية البنتيان)
Risalathul Muslim Ila Habir lee Edrakul Gabir (رسالة المسلمين للحابر يدروغ الكبير)
ishafful Shafeeque fee Bayarakkelk (اشعاف شفيق في بيارك)
Athareekul Hanafiy (التاريخ الحنفية)
Thadheerul Hqyar Aquar Min Rukubil Hari Vannur (تظهير الحقيار من رقوب الحاري و النور )
Vadhathul Umrah Val Hokum lee Ehanthil Kashrathi Vahabyathul Hayan (وحدة العمرة و الحكوم ل للاعانة الكفرة) وعبودية العصيان)
Edhah Ul Asrar (اظهار الاسرار)
Al Fuyathul Elahin

Death

Thangal died in Istanbul in the year Hijrah 1318 (AD 1901), aged 78. Sultan Abdülhamid II of the Turkish Empire allowed a tomb to be built for him in Turkey.

References

↑ En. Pi Cekkuṭṭi Muhammad Abdurahman 2006- Page 82 "But even before the report was submitted, the decision to deport Fazal Pookoya Thangal was taken in February, 1852. The deportation order was issued by the Madras Government on February 12. As the news of the deportation spread, ..."
↑ Anne K. Bang Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, - 2003 Page 82 "They turned to the Tannal of Mambram, i.e. to Fadl Pasha. In 1852, the District Magistrate H. V. Conolly issued a warrant for Sayyid Fadl's arrest. Unlike the case of his father, the British this time refused to let matters pass and Sayyid Fadl was "
↑ "MALIK DEENAR Islamic ACADEMY OFFICIAL WEBSITE". Retrieved 2012-10-23.
↑ "ASHRAFNLKN'S WEBSITE". Retrieved 2012-10-23.
↑ Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921
↑ Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India 2004 - Page 164 "Three serious incidents occurred in Manjeri in August 1849, in Kulathur in August 1851 — both in south Malabar — and in Mattannur in the north in January 1852. British armed forces were deployed to suppress the revolt. The repressive ."
↑ P Radhakrishnan Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836-1982 - Page 33: "relatively calm north Malabar, in February that year the government appointed T.L. Strange, a judge of the Sadar Adalat with long experience in Malabar, as the first Special Commissioner to inquire into these outbreaks. Strange Commission"

This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

[1] En. Pi Cekkuṭṭi Muhammad Abdurahman 2006- Page 82 "But even before the report was submitted, the decision to deport Fazal Pookoya Thangal was taken in February, 1852. The deportation order was issued by the Madras Government on February 12. As the news of the deportation spread, ..."

[2] Anne K. Bang Sufis and Scholars of the Sea: Family Networks in East Africa, - 2003 Page 82 "They turned to the Tannal of Mambram, i.e. to Fadl Pasha. In 1852, the District Magistrate H. V. Conolly issued a warrant for Sayyid Fadl's arrest. Unlike the case of his father, the British this time refused to let matters pass and Sayyid Fadl was "

[3] "MALIK DEENAR Islamic ACADEMY OFFICIAL WEBSITE". Retrieved 2012-10-23.

[one-4] "ASHRAFNLKN'S WEBSITE". Retrieved 2012-10-23.

[5] Panikkar, K. N., Against Lord and State: Religion and Peasant Uprisings in Malabar 1836-1921

[6] Śekhara Bandyopādhyāẏa From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India 2004 - Page 164 "Three serious incidents occurred in Manjeri in August 1849, in Kulathur in August 1851 — both in south Malabar — and in Mattannur in the north in January 1852. British armed forces were deployed to suppress the revolt. The repressive ."

[7] P Radhakrishnan Peasant Struggles, Land Reforms and Social Change: Malabar 1836-1982 - Page 33: "relatively calm north Malabar, in February that year the government appointed T.L. Strange, a judge of the Sadar Adalat with long experience in Malabar, as the first Special Commissioner to inquire into these outbreaks. Strange Commission"