Sailfish OS

Sailfish
Developer Jolla
Written in Qt/QML, C++
OS family Linux (Unix-like)
Working state Current
Source model

Open source with added closed-source components and

extensions of third parties which can be of other licences as well.[1][2]
Latest release 2.2.1.18 (Nurmonjoki) / September 12, 2018 (2018-09-12)
Latest preview 2.2.1.18 (Nurmonjoki) / September 4, 2018 (2018-09-04)
Marketing target Mobile and general purpose
Available in English for development, SDK & supporting documentation; over 21 national languages versions of UI in user's device
Package manager RPM Package Manager[3]
Platforms 32-bit ARM and 64-bit x86
Kernel type Monolithic (Linux)
License For end-user the EULA defines used open source and other licences components with a component's origin.[1][2]
Preceded by MeeGo by alliance of Nokia & Intel
Official website sailfishos.org
Hackday with Jolla, Mer and Nemo Mobile in September 2012

Sailfish OS (also styled as SailfishOS[4] or abbreviated to SFOS) is a general purpose Linux distribution used commonly as a mobile operating system combining the Linux kernel for a particular hardware platform, the open-source Mer core stack of middleware, a proprietary UI contributed by Jolla or an open source UI, and other third-party components.[1][2]

Sailfish is being developed by Jolla, the Sailfish and Mer project communities, corporate members of the Sailfish Alliance and various open community members. The Sailfish community members make development requests and decide development priorities by voting. The Mer project receives contributions from Jolla and its community, and Mer is the source of middleware for Jolla, thereby continuous development and compatibility of all Mer based projects is maintained.[5]

The OS is shipped with the Jolla smartphone and tablet (the latter has been discontinued)[6] and from other vendors licensing the OS.[7] More or less unofficially the OS is being ported by community enthusiasts to third-party mobile devices including smartphones[8] and tablets.[9] The Sailfish OS can be used for many kinds of devices such as smartphones and tablets.

History and development

The OS is an evolved continuation of the Linux MeeGo OS previously developed by alliance of Nokia and Intel which itself relies on combined Maemo and Moblin. The MeeGo legacy is contained in the Mer core in about 80% of its code; the Mer name thus expands to MEego Reconstructed. This base is extended by Jolla with a custom user interface and default applications. Jolla and MERproject.org follow a meritocratic system to avoid the mistakes that led to the MeeGo project's then-unanticipated discontinuation.

The main elements for Sailfish OS 2.0 include:

  • Technically stronger OS core
  • Improved Android application compatibility
  • Support for ARM and Intel architectures, including the Intel Atom x3 processor, or any platform with kernel useable (settle-able) for MER core stack (also called middleware of Sailfish).
  • Design to provide visibility in the UI for digital content providers and to enable OS level integration for mobile commerce
  • Strong multitasking (one of the most important advantage of the OS and declared to be the best one on the market)
  • Strong privacy and personalization features
  • Enhanced user interface with new UI/UX features, including simpler swipe access to main functions, enhanced notifications and events views.

Software architecture

The Sailfish OS and the Sailfish software development kit (SDK) are based on the Linux kernel and Mer.[10][11][12] Sailfish OS includes a multi-tasking graphical shell called "Lipstick" built by Jolla on top of the Wayland display server protocol.[13] Jolla uses free and open-source graphics device drivers but the Hybris library allows use of proprietary drivers for Android.[14][15] Jolla's stated goal is for Sailfish to be open source eventually.[2]

Sailfish OS can run Android applications through a proprietary compatibility layer.[16]

Targeted device classes

Sailfish is commonly known to be targeted at mobile devices, but since it inherited around 80% of MeeGo code, Sailfish can be used as a complete general-purpose Linux OS on devices ranging from in vehicle infotainment (IVI), navigation, smart TV, desktops and notebooks, yachts, automotive, e-commerce, home appliances, measuring and control equipment, smart building equipment, etc. See use cases of original MeeGo to compare, and the Devices section for devices that run the Sailfish OS.

Sailfish OS SDK

The Sailfish OS SDK was announced at the Slush Helsinki conference in 2012, and the alpha was published in February 2013.[17] The SDK, installation and coding tutorials are available for free download from the Sailfish OS website despite the overall license not being open source.[1]

Sailfish SDK uses Qt with VirtualBox for development, compiling and emulation purposes, in contrast to the simulation method. This technique allows compilation on the Sailfish OS and full testing of developed software in the virtual machine, emulating – not simulating – the whole Sailfish OS. This also separates development activities and side effects from everything else running on the host computer, leaving it undisturbed by developments and tests.[18] According to Jolla, development with Sailfish SDK is development on Sailfish OS itself; there are no differences between developed software appearance and behaviour in the SDK and on a device running Sailfish OS.

The availability of source code to the SDK allows shaping and rebuilding to companies' or developers' specific needs, creating a context-specific environment that is set once and needs no preparation when the device is booted. The SDK runs on the operating systems Android, 32- and 64-bit versions of Linux, 64-bit versions of OS X, and Microsoft Windows.[19] It can be used for compiling software for Sailfish OS devices from Linux sources. Its general console/terminal mode follows a commonly used standard. Compatible binaries or libraries can also be used.

Application programming interfaces

Sailfish OS uses open source Qt APIs (Qt 5, QtQuick 2 etc.) and a closed source Sailfish Silica for the UI. Standard Linux APIs are provided by the Mer Core.[20]

Sailfish, Ubuntu and Plasma Active have been cooperating to share common APIs. When successful, this will make the platforms compatible on the API level.[21]

Software overview

Sailfish OS version 2.0.2.51 running on Intex Technologies Aqua Fish

UI supported languages

Officially Jolla declares supporting the following 14 languages for the user interface: Danish, German, English (UK), Spanish, French, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Chinese (Mainland), and Chinese (Hong Kong). For each of them, the OS has a dedicated keyboard. There are a few more languages which are unofficially supported by community freelancers not under control by Jolla, hence more than 20 languages are supported in total. Additional languages can be installed by skilled users due to the Linux architecture.[22]

Public "Early access" for beta testers and developers

After positive experiences with pushing early updates to a small group of opt-in users for Sailfish Update 9 and for the connectivity hotfix, Jolla has allowed all interested parties to try a new version of Sailfish OS about 1–2 weeks before official release, in a program called "Early access". It is expected to be useful for developers and technically minded users, and a step towards more community integration into the Sailfish release process, including improvement of quality by identifying critical issues which only show up in certain environments or device setups, before rolling the update out to the wider user audience. As an added bonus, it provides a window for developers to test their applications on new releases of Sailfish OS.

In the long term it will help Jolla to establish a developer program with early release candidate access for registered developers, and to have more community involvement in platform development. The first detail Jolla is hoping to learn from this is how it can gather feedback from a large audience in a reasonable way.

Basic details about the early access update:

  • The early release access is meant primarily for advanced users and developers.
  • To sign up for the program there is a checkbox in the Jolla accounts profile page.
  • Installed early-access release cannot be downgraded. The only way to downgrade from early access releases is to do a factory reset after removing the sign up check from the user's account profile.
  • Early access releases should be considered "reasonably stable". Issues found during that period will either be fixed, or added to "known issues" on the release notes.
  • Signing up for the early access releases will not void warranty.[4]

Version history

Sailfish OS has three naming conventions: version number, update number and version name. Early Sailfish OS versions were named after a Finnish lake.[23] Each new Version is named after a Finnish river.[24]

  • Sailfish 1.0 Ohijärvi – released 17.2.2014[25]
  • Sailfish 2.0 Eineheminlampi – released 24.09.2015[26] supporting the Jolla Tablet with x86 plattform and full touch based UI.
Software versionRelease dateNameNotes
v1.0.0.527 November 2013Kaajanlampi[23]Initial release
v1.0.1.109 December 2013Update 1, Laadunjärvi[27]
v1.0.1.1216 December 2013
v1.0.2.527 December 2013Update 2, Maadajävri [sic][28]
v1.0.3.831 January 2014Update 3, Naamankajärvi[29]
v1.0.4.2017 March 2014Update 4, Ohijärvi[30]
v1.0.5.1611 April 2014Update 5, Paarlampi[31][32]
v1.0.5.1924 April 2014Hotfix
v1.0.6.xN/AUpdate 6[33]Merged into Update7, Saapunki
v1.0.7.169 June 2014Update 7, Saapunki[34]Includes Update 6
v1.0.8.1914 July 2014Update 8, Tahkalampi[35][36]
v1.0.8.216 October 2014Security hotfix
v1.1.0.3823 October 2014Update 9, Uitukka[37][38]Opt-in update
Introduction of opt-in updates
v1.1.0.3924 October 2014Opt-in update
v1.1.1.2618 December 2014Update 10, Vaarainjärvi[39]Opt-in update
v1.1.1.2719 December 2014Opt-in update
v1.1.1.2722 December 2014Public release
v1.1.2.1519 February 2015Update 11, Yliaavanlampi[40]Opt-in update
v1.1.2.1625 February 2015Public release
v1.1.3.xN/AUpdate 12[41]Merged into Update 13, Äijänpäivänjärvi
v1.1.4.2815 April 2015Update 13, Äijänpäivänjärvi[41][42]Early access release
v1.1.4.2928 April 2015Early access release
v1.1.4.294 May 2015Public release
v1.1.5.xN/AUpdate 14[43]Dropped during Release Candidate phase
v1.1.6.278 June 2015Update 15, Aaslakkajärvi[43]Early access release
v1.1.6.2715 June 2015Public release
v1.1.7.2415 July 2015Update 16, Björnträsket[44]Early access release
v1.1.7.2527 July 2015Early access release
v1.1.7.2713 August 2015Early access release
v1.1.7.2827 August 2015Early access release
v1.1.7.2831 August 2015Public release
v1.1.9.289 September 2015Update 17, Eineheminlampi[45]Early access release
Introduction of the Sailfish OS 2.0 GUI
v1.1.9.2824 September 2015Public release
v1.1.9.3022 October 2015Early access release
v1.1.9.303 November 2015Public release
v2.0.0.1022 October 2015Update 18, Saimaa[46]Early access release
v2.0.0.103 November 2015Public release
v2.0.1.719 January 2016Update 19, Taalojärvi[47]Early access release
v2.0.1.1128 April 2016Early access release
v2.0.1.119 May 2016Public release
v2.0.2.43N/AUpdate 20, Aurajoki[48]Jolla C and Aqua Fish only
v2.0.2.45N/AJolla C and Aqua Fish only
v2.0.2.4828 July 2016Early access release
v2.0.2.5131 August 2016Early access release
v2.0.2.517 September 2016Public release
v2.0.3.11N/AUpdate 21, EspoonjokiTuring Phone only
v2.0.3.14N/ATuring Phone only
v2.0.4.135 October 2016Update 22, Fiskarsinjoki[49]Early access release
v2.0.4.1419 October 2016Early access release
v2.0.4.1424 October 2016Public release
v2.0.5.622 November 2016Update 23, Haapajoki[50]Early access release
v2.0.5.630 November 2016Public release
v2.1.0.98 February 2017Update 24, Iijoki[51]Early access release
v2.1.0.1023 March 2017Early access release
v2.1.0.113 April 2017Early access release
v2.1.0.1111 April 2017Public release
v2.1.1.2324 July 2017Update 25, Jämsänjoki[52]Early access release
v2.1.1.2428 July 2017Early access release
v2.1.1.2624 August 2017Early access release
v2.1.1.2629 August 2017Public release
Roll out ceased on 31 August 2017
Dropped on 20 September 2017
v2.1.2.32 October 2017Update 26, Kiiminkijoki[53]Early access release
Includes Update 25
v2.1.2.39 October 2017Public release
v2.1.3.14 October 2017Update 27, Kymijoki[54][55]Cbeta release
Xperia X only
v2.1.3.36 October 2017Cbeta release
Xperia X only
v2.1.3.511 October 2017Public release of Sailfish X
Xperia X only
v2.1.3.731 October 2017Early access release
v2.1.3.713 November 2017Public release
v2.1.4.1320 February 2018Update 28, Lapuanjoki[56]Early access release
v2.1.4.1428 February 2018Early access release
v2.1.4.156 March 2018Public release
v2.2.0.2931 March 2018Update 29, Mouhijoki[57]Early access release
v2.2.0.297 June 2018Public release
v2.2.1.184 September 2018Update 30, Nurmonjoki[58]Early access release
v2.2.1.18 12 September 2018 Public release

For readers not speaking Finnish it might be difficult to remember the Finnish words. It might be helpful to note that the names start in the order of the Finnish alphabet. R, Å, and Ö are skipped with updates 6, 12, and 14. After reaching the last letter it restarts with the letter A for update 15. There are no native Finnish words beginning with C or D, which could explain the jump at update 17, but from update 18 onwards the rule does no longer hold.

Porting

A number of projects successful on other platforms are migrating to become native Sailfish OS applications. This gives abandoned Harmattan or Symbian projects a new life. Porting Qt-written projects may take only a few hours. In support, sailfish.org collects and publishes[59] an online compendium of knowledge, links and instructions on:

  • software porting and migration to Sailfish OS
  • similarities and differences between Harmattan and Sailfish
  • guides how to port MeeGo 1.2 Harmattan applications for the Nokia N9 to the Sailfish OS devices
  • porting framework (Qt 4 to Qt 5, SDL 1.2 to SDL 2.0, Debian packaging to RPM packaging)
  • application porting tutorials and examples (QtQuick QML applications, the Flickr application Qt 5, SDL / OpenGL ES applications)
  • Qt Quick Components map to Sailfish Silica.

As Sailfish is a GNU/Linux-based OS, it is also possible to install other GNU/Linux applications on it, be they sources for compilation or direct binaries.

Using Android software running on Sailfish OS

In addition to its native applications, Sailfish can run most Android applications. Problems can arise, if these applications were built without following Android standards about controls, which might not display correctly and so become unusable. Built-in Alien Dalvik plays the role of an Android compatibility layer. It does not emulate, but instead implements Android OS APIs; an approach comparable to that of Wine. Thus, Android software can perform the function calls they require and run at native speed without any perceivable performance slow-down. Sailfish multitasking is always enabled by the nature of GNU/Linux, and this allows running both native Sailfish and Android software simultaneously, while the user can switch between them on the fly.[60]

Hardware overview

Advantages of the Mer standard

Sailfish OS can be used on any hardware with Linux-kernel support and compatible with the middleware utilising the Mer core. Community enthusiasts have ported Sailfish OS to a number of devices this way. Instead of designation to a specific reference hardware platform, a VirtualBox implementation with the Sailfish OS SDK is available for development on Linux, OS X and Windows operating systems. This virtual machine implementation contains the whole Sailfish OS isolated from local resources and the local OS to enable convenient evaluation of the behaviour and performance of coded or ported software before deployment on real devices.

Jolla

Jolla's Sailfish OS works on a tablet too.[61] In November 2012 it was said that "we could see Sailfish tablet, but Jolla itself will on this first wave (note: of devices to be delivered to markets) concentrate on a smartphone".[62]

Devices from other vendors licensing Sailfish OS

Manufacturers can provide mobile equipment with a licensed Sailfish OS, or as open source, or combining both and including their own or the operator's modifications and branding for specific markets or purposes.

Community enthusiasts' ports to devices from other vendors

Due to the relative ease of porting and the open source license, Sailfish OS has also been unofficially ported[63][64] to other 3rd-party devices. The Hardware Adaptation Development Kit for porters has been published and is free.[65] There are about 50 active portings in progress which follow official Mer standards, and they are listed below ordered by the device's retail name.[66] Due to license restrictions, this doesn't include proprietary parts or extensions such as the Alien Dalvik compatibility layer for Android apps. However it can be added, e.g. when a manufacturer or distributor turns it from the community version into an officially supported version for a particular device.

Variants of ZTE Open C:
  • ZTE Kis III (Kis 3)
  • ZTE V811
  • ZTE V811W (but ATM w/o phone calls)
  • ZTE Blade M (but ATM w/o phone calls)
  • Beeline Smart2
  • Moche Smart A16 (MEO)
  • Optus Hop Smart
  • Skinny V811

OS development status

Sailfish OS is promoted by Jolla and supported by the open Sailfish Alliance established in 2011, a group established to unite OEM and ODM manufacturers, chipset providers, operators, application developers and retailers.[116] On 16 August 2012, the user interface was reported to be ready for release. Jolla's CEO Jussi Hurmola stated in a ZDNet interview, " ... Our UI is ready now, we haven't released it yet, we will save it for the product launch and the platform is getting up now so the project looks pretty nice".[117]

The next day, Jolla's CEO Marc Dillon said on social networking website Twitter that the company had reached the first development target. Sailfish was debuted by the Jolla team, including a worldwide internet stream, as a demo of the OS, and the UI and SDK during the Slush event in Helsinki, Finland, on 21–22 November 2012. The alpha stage of Sailfish OS SDK was published at the end of February 2013 and was made available for free download.

On 16 September 2013, Jolla announced that its OS had been made compatible with Android applications and hardware.[118] The first telephone to use it was launched on 27 November 2013 at a pop-up DNA Kauppa shop in Helsinki. The first 450 telephones were sold at this event, while the rest of the preordered devices were shipped shortly after.[119]

In September 2015, version 1.1.9.28 "Eineheminlampi" was released, which added the main elements of the revamped Sailfish OS 2.0 user interface.

Sailfish 2.0 was launched with the Jolla Tablet, and existing devices, both smartphones and tablets, from Jolla's official distribution channels are supported with upgrade to Sailfish 2.0 and following updates.

In May 2016 Jolla announced the Sailfish Community Device Program, supporting developers and members of Sailfish OS community.[120]

Cooperation and OS support

Jolla staff met with members of the Russian technology community to break ground on the new software and promote Sailfish OS, as part of Jolla's BRICS strategy. As a result of those efforts, on 18 May 2015 the Russian minister of communications Nikolai Nikiforov announced plans to replace Apple's iOS and Google's Android platforms with new software based on Sailfish. He intends it to cover 50% of Russian needs in this area during next ten years, in comparison to the 95% currently covered with western technology.[121][122]

Sailfish Alliance

Sailfish Alliance is the open alliance established in 2011 by Jolla company to support the MeeGo ecosystem with new products, services and business opportunities around or using Sailfish OS, a Linux operating system combining mer with proprietary components from Jolla and other parties, for various purposes and mobile devices. And to continue the development of the Linux MeeGo ecosystem, which the Sailfish OS is a part of.

The alliance is seen as a competitor to other groups like Android's Open Handset Alliance.[123]

In 2011 some of the MeeGo team working at Nokia left, and were funded by Nokia though their "Bridge" program to fund spin-out projects by ex-employees.[124][125][126] The Sailfish Alliance has sought to collaborate between the Finnish software developers, and overseas handset manufacturers, some of which are in China.[127][128] The news media reports that a number of manufacturers in China and India want an alternative to Android.[123][129][130]

The Alliance aims to "unite OEM and ODM manufacturers, chipset providers, operators, application developers and retailers." [131]

Participants

The Sailfish Alliance is open and the list of participants and their status de facto is fluctuating from time to time. Known present and previous members include:

  • Cyberport in Hong Kong – digital community with a cluster of technology and digital content tenants
  • D.Phone – China’s largest retailer for mobile phones and accessories
  • Digia – in 2011, Digia acquired the commercial licensing business for Qt from Nokia and in August 2012 acquired Qt from Nokia
  • DNA – Finnish mobile network
  • Invesdor – Northern European crowd funding platform
  • Joiku – produces Mobile WiFi HotSpot software for Nokia phones
  • Jolla Ltd. – Finnish smartphones manufacturer
  • Merproject.org – open source project developing the Mer tools and the Mer core based on MeeGo, on which the Sailfish OS has been built
  • Myriad Group – Myriad Alien Dalvik enables Android applications to operate on non-Android devices
  • Opera Software – company that makes browsers for most major mobile phone platforms
  • ST-Ericsson – defunct company doing design, development, and the creation of mobile platforms and wireless semiconductors
  • Tekes – Finnish Funding Agency for Technology and Innovation
  • Tencent Holdings – one of the largest portal service in China

Business strategy

The aim of the Alliance is to offer unique differentiation opportunities and sustainable competitive advantage for OEM and ODM manufacturers, chipset providers, operators, application developers, retailers and other interested in sides.[132]

This alliance is part of Jolla business strategy of free gathering 3rd parties, not necessary bound with partnerships or other agreements and also not necessary for contributing in Sailfish OS development. Besides the OS possibilities participants were motivated by Jolla model's advantages of open source and open community collaboration like: cost reductions, improved service for the customer, sharing skills, knowledge, specific resources towards providing new products and solutions which could not happen otherwise. This is the first time a business alliance conception was used in this way with meritocratically governed Jolla's model and for open source and open communities. Its important parts are:

  • companies supporting and using developed code and software in various devices like netbooks, laptops, computers, mobiles, in-vehicle infotainment, cars, yachts, navigations, household goods etc.
  • hardware vendors
  • innovative entrepreneurs and start-ups
  • the merproject.org, which develop code of core on open source basis
  • the open source community by all means, especially Linux and MeeGo Harmattan enthusiasts.

See also

References

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  2. 1 2 3 4 "Sailfish License Information". Jolla. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015.
  3. ↑ "Packaging Applications for Distribution". SailfishOS.org. SailfishOS.org. Retrieved 24 February 2014.
  4. 1 2 Wachter, Bernd (Aard). "[Official announcement] Early access to SailfishOS releases [released]". together.jolla.com. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
  5. ↑ "Sailfish Community Meetings". mer project wiki. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
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  7. ↑ "Jolla signs up India's Intex as first Sailfish OS licensee". PCWorld. Retrieved 26 February 2016.
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  9. ↑ "Adaptations/libhybris". mer project wiki. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
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  11. ↑ "What is Sailfish OS? 5 Things to Know".
  12. ↑ "SailfishOS.org". Archived from the original on 2013-10-02.
  13. ↑ Holwerda, Thom (30 January 2014). "From Providence to Lahaina: the Jolla review". Retrieved 21 April 2014.
  14. ↑ "Jolla Brings Wayland Atop Android GPU Drivers".
  15. ↑ "SailfishOS.org". Archived from the original on 2013-11-02.
  16. ↑ "Jolla OS Will Run Android Apps Says CEO Jussi Hurmola". 20 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012.
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  43. 1 2 "[release notes] 1.1.6 / Aaslakkajärvi, early access". Jolla. 8 June 2015. Retrieved 14 June 2015.
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  46. ↑ "[release notes 2.0.0 / Saimaa". Jolla. 3 November 2015. Retrieved 3 November 2015.
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  56. ↑ "release notes 2.1.4 / Lapuanjoki". Jolla. 15 February 2018. Retrieved 20 February 2018.
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