Contactless payment

EMV contactless symbol used on compatible payment terminals
A contactless enabled American Express charge card issued in the UK

Contactless payment systems are credit cards and debit cards, key fobs, smart cards, or other devices, including smartphones and other mobile devices, that use radio-frequency identification (RFID) or near field communication (NFC, e.g. Samsung Pay, Apple Pay, Google Pay, Fitbit Pay, or any bank mobile application that support Contactless) for making secure payments. The embedded chip and antenna enable consumers to wave their card, fob, or handheld device over a reader at the point of sale terminal. Contactless payments are made in close physical proximity, unlike mobile payments which use broad-area cellular or WiFi networks and do not involve close physical proximity.

Some suppliers claim that transactions can be almost twice as fast as a conventional cash, credit, or debit card purchase. Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are typically limited to small value sales. Lack of authentication provides a window during which fraudulent purchases can be made while the card owner is unaware of the card's loss.

In 2012, MasterCard Advisors wrote that consumers are likely to spend more money using their cards due to the ease of small transactions.[1] MasterCard Canada says it has seen "about 25 percent" higher spending by users of its Mastercard Contactless-brand RFID credit cards.[2] EMV is a common standard used by major credit card and smartphone companies for use in general commerce. Contactless smart cards that function as stored-value cards are becoming popular for use as transit system farecards, such as the Oyster card or RioCard. These can often store non-currency value (such as monthly passes) in additional to fare value purchased with cash or electronic payment.

History

Mobil was one of the most notable early adopters of a similar technology, and offered their "Speedpass" contactless payment system for participating Mobil gas stations as early as 1997. Although Mobil has since merged with Exxon, the service is still offered at many of ExxonMobil's stations. Freedompay also had early wins in the contactless space with Bank of America[3] and McDonald's.[4]

McDonald's, KFC, Burger King, Boots, Eat, Heron Foods, Pret a Manger, Stagecoach Group, Subway, AMT Coffee, Tesco, Asda and Lidl are among the retailers offering contactless payments to their customers in the UK. In March 2008, Eat became the first restaurant chain to adopt contactless.[5]

Major financial entities now offering contactless payment systems include MasterCard, Citibank, JPMorgan Chase, American Express, KeyBank, Barclays, Barclaycard, HSBC, Lloyds Banking Group, FreedomPay, The Co-operative Bank, Nationwide Building Society and The Royal Bank of Scotland Group. Visa payWave, American Express Expresspay, and MasterCard Contactless are examples of contactless credit cards which have become widespread in the U.S. and UK.

The first contactless cards in the UK were issued by Barclaycard in 2007.[6] As of December 2014, there are approximately 58 million contactless-enabled cards in use, in the UK, and over 147,000 terminals in use though this is growing in numbers and percentages of adoption.[7][8]

Telecom operators are starting to get involved in contactless payments via the use of near field communication phones. Belgacom's Pingping, for example, has a stored value account and via a partnership with Alcatel-Lucent's Touchatag provides contactless payment functionalities. In January 2010, Barclaycard partnered with mobile phone firm Orange, to launch a contactless credit card in the UK.[9] Orange and Barclaycard also announced in 2009 that they would be launching a mobile phone with contactless technology.[10]

In October 2011, the first mobile phones with MasterCard PayPass and/or Visa payWave certification appeared. A PayPass or payWave account can be assigned to the embedded secure element and/or SIM card within the phones. Google Pay is an application for devices running Google's Android OS, which allows users to make purchases using NFC, which initially required a physical secure element but this was replaced by host card emulation which was introduced in Android 4.4 (KitKat). Softcard (formerly known as Isis mobile wallet), Cityzi and Quick Tap wallets for example, use a secure SIM card to store encrypted personal information. Contactless payments with enabled mobile phones still occur on a small scale, but every month an increasing number of mobile phones are certified.[11]

In February 2014, MasterCard announced that it would partner with Weve, which is a joint venture between EE, Telefónica UK, and Vodafone UK, to focus on mobile payments. The partnership will promote the development of "contactless mobile payment systems" by creating a universal platform in Europe for it.[12]

In September 2014, Transport for London's Tube began accepting contactless payment. The number of completed contactless journeys has now exceeded 300m. On Friday 18 December, the busiest single day in 2015, a record 1.24m journeys were completed by over 500k unique contactless cards.[13]

In 2016 Erste Group launched an NFC only debit card implemented as a sticker in Austria. It can be used at any NFC supporting terminal for transactions of unlimited amount however for transactions over the floor limit of 25 EUR a PIN is required to confirm the transaction.[14]

In 2016, contactless payments start to become even broader with wearable technology devices also offering this payment feature.

In 2018, the Westpac Banking Corporation in Australia revealed contactless payment statistics from 2017 and claimed in the report that contactless payments approached saturation point by being used in over 90% of purchases. The Australian St.George Bank reported 94.6% usage for the same period.[15]

Security

Depending on the economic space, there may be a payment limit on single transactions, and some contactless cards can only be used a certain number of times before customers are asked for their PIN.[16] Contactless debit and credit transactions use the same chip and PIN network as older cards and are protected by the same fraud guarantees. Where PIN is supported, the contactless part of the card remains non-functional until a standard chip and PIN transaction has been executed.[17] This provides some verification that the card was delivered to the actual cardholder.

Under fraud guarantee standards U.S. banks are liable for any fraudulent transactions charged to the contactless cards.

Floor limit

Because no signature or PIN verification is typically required, contactless purchases are typically limited to a set maximum amount per transaction, known as a floor limit. Limits may vary between banks.

Economic spaceLimitComment
AustraliaNo limitFor transactions over A$100 a PIN is required.[18][19]
AustriaNo limitFor transactions exceeding €25 a PIN is required. Additionally for cards produced before 2017 only five transactions can be made without a PIN.[20] Cards issued after December 2016 need a PIN code for transactions over €25 or a contactless total of €125.
Belgium€25For transactions over €25 a PIN is required. When several contactless payments in a row reach the amount of €50, the PIN is required.
BrazilNo limitFor transactions over R$50,00 a PIN is required.
BulgariaNo limitFor transactions over 25 BGN (~€12) a PIN is required.
CanadaCA$100Limits are completely at the discretion of the merchant's acquiring bank and the consumer's bank. There is no law limiting the amounts. However financial institutions limit contactless payments to $CA100.
Chile$12.000 CLP
ChinaCN¥1000[21]UnionPay QuickPass. PIN required unless disabled with bank.
Croatia[22]No limitFor transactions over 100HRK PIN or signature are needed.
Czech RepublicNo limitFor transactions over 500 CZK PIN is needed. For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is needed.
Denmark[23]No limitFor transactions over 350 DKK PIN is needed. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner.
Dominican RepublicNo Limit
Eurozone€25In general
Estonia[24]€25
Finland€25
France€30Can be used up to three times a day. Cannot be used for transactions over €30.
Germany€25For each transaction over €25 or €50 (some Visa cards) a PIN or CDCVM verification is required.
Greece €25 For transactions over €25 a PIN is required
Hong KongNo limitInitially banks, not government, set it for $500 or under, then (for some banks) under $1000 (HKD), until the limits were removed.
HungaryNo limitFor transactions over 5000 HUF PIN is needed. For every 10 consecutive contactless transactions or if you reach 10.000 HUF PIN is needed.
IcelandISK 5.000Íslandsbanki has a lower limit of ISK 4.200. For each transaction over the limit, Chip and PIN are required. Also, a cumulative limit of ISK 10.000 between Chip and PIN uses.
IndiaRs. 2000Above Rs. 2000 Contact chip transaction needs to be done.
Ireland€30Previously €15 until 1 October 2015.
Italy€25For transactions over €25 PIN is needed
JapanJP¥20000JCB QUICPay and QUICPay＋[25]
Latvia€25
Lithuania[26]€25
Macedonia, Republic of750 MKD
MalaysiaRM250Cumulative limits (total amount and/or consecutive transactions) differ between card issuers.[27]

By default, for each transaction above RM250 PIN is required. But the limit is customizable. [28]

Netherlands[29]No limitFor card payments of more than €25 at once or €50 in a row a PIN is required. Some older cards only allow five transactions in a row without PIN. Most retailers have terminals that support CDCVM as verification (i.e. Apple Pay). While some banks already offer Android NFC/Tap&Pay, both service's are supported. Also note that broad acceptance of creditcards isn't commonplace yet, so that's up to the individual merchant.
New ZealandNo limitFor each transaction over NZ$80 a PIN is required.
Norway200 NOKFor each transaction over 200 NOK a PIN is required.
PolandNo limitFor transactions over or equal to 50 PLN PIN is required.
Portugal€20
RomaniaNo limitFor transactions over or equal to 100 lei PIN is required.
RussiaNo limitFor transactions over ₽1000 PIN or signature is required.
Saudi Arabia100 SR per transaction (3 max)For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is required.
SerbiaNo limitFor more than 2000RSD PIN verification is mandatory
SingaporeS$ 100The current transaction limit for contactless payments in Singapore is S$100, although some banks offer higher[30].
SlovakiaNo limitFor transactions over €20 PIN is needed. For every 3 consecutive contactless transactions PIN is needed.
SloveniaNo limitFor transactions over €15 PIN is needed.
South Africa500 ZARIncreased to R500 in May 2017 (except for ABSA Bank which remained at R200)[31]
SpainNo limitFor more than €20 PIN verification is mandatory
Sri LankaNo LimitFor more than LKR 5000 PIN/signature verification is required
Sweden200 SEKFor each transaction over 200 SEK a PIN is required.
Switzerland40 CHFFor transactions over 40 CHF a PIN is required.
TaiwanNo limitSignatures may be required for large purchases.
Thailand฿1500
Turkey90 TLTransactions over 90 TL require PIN entry.
UkraineNo limitFor transactions over 100 UAH a PIN is required
United Kingdom£30£20 until 1 September 2015;[32] still £20 limit on some cards. Sometimes PIN is needed anyway to ensure the card is used by its owner. Some retailers will allow higher value purchases using newer hardware that supports high value purchases if the contactless authentication method is biometric (e.g. Apple Touch ID used in Apple Pay)[33]
United States of AmericaNo limit

See also

References

  1. ↑ "New MasterCard Advisors Study on Contactless Payments Shows Almost 30% Lift in Total Spend Within First Year of Adoption". newsroom.mastercard.com. 2012-05-03. Retrieved 2013-03-13.
  2. ↑ Dubinsky, Zach. "New credit cards pose security problem". CBCNews.ca. 2010-06-02. Retrieved 2010-06-03.
  3. ↑ "FreedomPay makes waves in contactless payment - SecureIDNews".
  4. ↑ "McDonald's testing e-payment system". USA Today. 2001-05-29.
  5. ↑ "First Fully Integrated Contactless Payment System in UK". www.paymentnews.com. 2008-03-26. Retrieved 2012-08-26.
  6. ↑ "Barclaycard rolls out Oyster payments card". Finextra. Finextra. September 2007.
  7. ↑ Campbell, Francis. "Contactless payments taking off in the UK in 2015". mobiletransaction.org. Retrieved 16 December 2015.
  8. ↑ "Key Facts and Stats". Archived from the original on July 21, 2010. Retrieved August 6, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Orange and Barclaycard deliver next step in their partnership with contactless co-branded credit card". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. January 2010.
  10. ↑ "Barclaycard and Orange unveil pay-by-mobile service by Garry White". Daily Telegraph. London. 2009-03-08. Retrieved 2010-08-06.
  11. ↑ "Certified phones". nfc-phones.org. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  12. ↑ Villarreal, Alexandra. "MasterCard, Weve partner to accelerate contactless payments shift in U.K." Archived 2016-01-17 at the Wayback Machine. Bank Credit News. 2/10/2014. Retrieved 2/10/2014.
  13. ↑ "Contactless has caught on underground". Barclaycard. Barclaycard. February 2016.
  14. ↑ "BankCard Sticker". Erste Bank und Sparkassen. Erste Bank Group. January 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-08-22.
  15. ↑ "Contactless Payments Statistics Australia 2017 | Westpac". www.westpac.com.au. Retrieved 2018-07-09.
  16. ↑ "Lloyds Bank - UK Bank Accounts - Contactless Debit Cards".
  17. ↑ https://tfl.gov.uk/fares-and-payments/contactless/my-card-doesn-t-work
  18. ↑ "MasterCard® contactless". MasterCard. MasterCard Australia. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  19. ↑ "Visa payWave: FAQs". Visa Australia. Visa. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  20. ↑ "Maestro® kontraktlos". Maestro. Maestro Austria. Retrieved 4 July 2016.
  21. ↑ http://www.unionpayintl.com/en/enaboutUpi/ennewsCenter/encompanyNews/3002674.shtml
  22. ↑ "Beskontaktno plaćanje - Prihvat kartica - PBZCard.hr".
  23. ↑ "Dankortet bliver nu kontaktløst"
  24. ↑ "Swedbank". Swedbank. Retrieved 2017-01-02.
  25. ↑ "JCB QUICPay". Retrieved 5 September 2017.
  26. ↑ "Contactless cards". Swedbank. Retrieved 2016-09-01.
  27. ↑ "FAQs on migration to PIN-based payment cards" (PDF). Bank Negara Malaysia. 28 October 2016. p. 2. Retrieved 9 February 2018.
  28. ↑ John Lim. "How to disable contactless payment?". says.com.
  29. ↑ "Mijlpaal: 100 miljoen contactloze betalingen | CCV Holland". www.ccv.nl. Retrieved 2015-11-20.
  30. ↑ Boon, Rachel (8 February 2017). "Nets payments to go digital and contactless". The Straits Times. Retrieved 25 August 2017.
  31. ↑ "'Tap 'n go' not as risky as many fear". Retrieved 2018-03-28.
  32. ↑ "Contactless card limit rises to £30 as card use surges". 1 September 2015 – via www.bbc.co.uk.
  33. ↑ "Apple Pay 100% Backed By UK's Major Banks -- Including Barclays". Know Your Mobile. Retrieved 2016-05-04.
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