Roger de Flor

Roger de Flor
Born 1267
Brindisi, Kingdom of Sicily
Died 30 April 1305
Adrianopolis, Byzantine Empire
Allegiance Crown of Aragon
Catalan Company
Years of service 1282-1305

Roger de Flor (1267 – 30 April 1305), also known as Ruggero/Ruggiero da Fiore or Rutger von Blum or Ruggero Flores, was an Italian military adventurer and condottiere active in Aragonese Sicily, Italy and the Byzantine Empire. He was the commander of the Great Catalan Company and held the title Count of Malta.

Biography

He was born in Brindisi, in the Kingdom of Sicily, the second son of an Italian noblewoman of Brindisi and a German falconer named Richard von Blum (Blume means flower in German) in the service of Emperor Frederick II. Richard von Blum was killed fighting at the Battle of Tagliacozzo in 1268.

At eight years old Roger de Flor was sent to sea in a galley belonging to the Knights Templars. He entered the order[1] and became captain of a galley. After rescuing wealthy survivors during the siege of Acre by the Mamluk Sultan Al-Ashraf Khalil in 1291, he went to Cyprus. Following some intrigues and personal disputes he was accused of robbery and denounced to the pope as a thief and an apostate. This resulted in his relegation from the order. Roger fled to Genoa, where he borrowed a considerable sum from Ticino Doria, purchased a new vessel and began a career in piracy.[1]

The struggle between the Aragonese kings of Aragon and the French kings of Naples for the possession of Sicily was at this time going on and Roger, by then one of the most experienced military commanders of his time, was called to the service of Frederick, king of Sicily, who gave him the rank of vice-admiral. When the Peace of Caltabellotta brought the war to an end in 1302, Frederick was unwilling and unable to keep a mercenary army and was anxious to free the island from troops (called "Almogavars"), whom he had no longer the means of paying. Given the political and military situation, Roger found an opportunity to make his services useful in the east in fighting against the Ottoman Turks, who were ravaging the Byzantine Empire.

Entry of Roger de Flor in Constantinople by José Moreno Carbonero

Emperor Andronicus II Palaeologus of the Byzantine Empire was facing siege by the Ottoman Turks, an Islamic tribe approaching the capital of his empire after defeating his armies and ransacking most of his domains. Looking for assistance from the European kingdoms he made Roger an offer of service along with the Almogavar army under his command. In September 1302 Roger with his fleet and army, now known as the Catalan Company, 6,500 strong, arrived at Constantinople.[2] He was adopted into the imperial family, was married to the emperor's niece Maria Asenina (daughter of Ivan Asen III of Bulgaria),[3] and was made grand duke (megas doux) and commander-in-chief of the army and the fleet.

Facing strong opposition from the powerful Genoese, some weeks passed lost in dissipation, intrigues, and bloody quarrels against the Genoese who were intent on keeping him out of the circles of power, Roger and his men were sent into Asia, and reportedly beat the Turks back as far as Armenia and Iran. After these successful encounters with the Turks they went into winter quarters at Cyzicus. In May 1304 they again took the field, defeated the Turks at Germe along with Byzantine forces under Hranislav and rendered the important service of relieving Philadelphia, then invested and reduced to extremities by the Turks.[4] Given his position of unchallenged military power, he was accused of serving his own interest instead of those of the emperor because he was determined to found in the East a principality for himself. He sent his treasures to Magnesia, but the people slew his Catalans and seized the treasures. He then laid siege to the town, but his attacks were repulsed, and he was compelled to retire.

Being recalled to Europe, he settled his troops in Gallipoli and other towns, and visited Constantinople to demand pay for the Almogavars. Roger was created Caesar, perhaps in December 1304.

In April 1305, he was assassinated in Adrianople (modern Edirne in East Thrace) by Andronikos' son Michael.[5]

The Company avenged itself, plundering from Macedonia to Thrace in what has been called the "Catalan Vengeance".[lower-alpha 1]

Literature

The early history of the Catalan Company was chronicled by Ramon Muntaner, a member of the company, in his Crònica.

The life of Roger de Flor inspired the fictional character of Tirant lo Blanc, an epic romance written by Joanot Martorell, published in Valencia in 1490. It is one of the best known medieval works of literature in the Catalan language, and played an important role in the evolution of the Western novel thanks to its influence on Miguel de Cervantes.

Roger de Flor is one of the main characters of The Horsemen of Death ("Surma ratsanikud"; 1963), a historical novel by Estonian writer Karl Ristikivi. Roger de Flor is the title and the main character of a historical novel by the late Greek writer and publisher Kostas Kyriazis.

Notes

  1. ↑ [5]:The latter's reaction is known to history as the Catalan Vengeance: a two year devastation of Thrace and a two year devastastation of Macedonia, each havoc ceasing only when very little remained for the Company or their Turk allies to ruin.

References

  1. 1 2 "The Master's Hand and the Secular Arm:Property and Discipline in the Hospital of St. John in the Fourteenth Century", Mark Dupuy, Crusaders, Condottieri, and Cannon: Medieval Warfare in Societies Around the Mediterranean, ed. Donald Joseph Kagay, L. J. Andrew Villalon, (Brill, 2003), 329.
  2. ↑ Waley, Daniel (1984). Later Medieval Europe. Longman. p. 164. ISBN 0-582-49262-9.
  3. ↑ Пламен Павлов - Бунтари и авантюристи в средновековна България
  4. ↑ Dimitri Korobeinikov, Byzantium and the Turks in the Thirteenth Century, (Oxford University Press, 2014), 285-286.
  5. 1 2 Burns 1954, p. 752.

Sources

  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Flor, Roger di". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Francisco de Moncada, Catalan Chronicle.
  • Ernest Marcos Hierro, Almogàvers: la història, L'esfera dels llibres, Barcelona 2005.

  • Burns, R. Ignatius (1954). "The Catalan Company and the European Powers, 1305-1311". Speculum. Vol. 29 (No. 4 Oct.).
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