Isotopes of roentgenium

Main isotopes of roentgenium (111Rg)
Iso­tope Decay
abun­dance half-life (t1/2) mode pro­duct
286Rg[1] syn 10.7 min? α 282Mt
283Rg[2] syn 5.1 min? SF
282Rg[3] syn 2 min α 278Mt
281Rg[4][5] syn 17 s SF (90%)
α (10%) 277Mt
280Rg syn 4 s α 276Mt
279Rg syn 0.1 s α 275Mt

Roentgenium (111Rg) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was 272Rg in 1994, which is also the only directly synthesized isotope; all others are decay products of nihonium, moscovium, and tennessine, and possibly copernicium, flerovium, and livermorium. There are 7 known radioisotopes from 272Rg to 282Rg. The longest-lived isotope is 282Rg with a half-life of 2.1 minutes, although the unconfirmed 283Rg and 286Rg may have a longer half-life of about 5.1 minutes and 10.7 minutes respectively.

List of isotopes

nuclide
symbol		 Z(p) N(n)  
isotopic mass (u)
 		 half-life decay
mode(s)[n 1]		 daughter
isotope(s)		 nuclear
spin and
parity
272Rg 111 161 272.15327(25)# 2.0(8) ms
[3.8(+14−8) ms]		 α 268Mt 5+#,6+#
274Rg[n 2] 111 163 274.15525(19)# 6.4(+307−29) ms α 270Mt
278Rg[n 3] 111 167 278.16149(38)# 4.2(+75−17) ms α 274Mt
279Rg[n 4] 111 168 279.16272(51)# 0.17(+81−8) s α 275Mt
280Rg[n 5] 111 169 280.16514(61)# 3.6(+43−13) s α (87%) 276Mt
EC (13%)[6] 280Ds
281Rg[n 6] 111 170 281.16636(89)# 17 (+6−3) s[5] SF (90%) (various)
α (10%) 277Mt[5]
282Rg[n 7] 111 171 282.16912(72)# 2.1 (+1.4-0.6) min[7] α 278Mt
283Rg[n 8] 111 172 283.17054(79)# 5.1 min? SF (various)
286Rg[n 9] 111 175 10.7 min? α 282Mt
  1. ↑ Abbreviations:
    SF: Spontaneous fission
  2. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 278Nh
  3. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of 282Nh
  4. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 287Mc
  5. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 288Mc
  6. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 293Ts
  7. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 294Ts
  8. ↑ Not directly synthesized, occurs in decay chain of 287Fl and possibly 299Ubn; unconfirmed
  9. ↑ Not directly synthesised, occurs in decay chain of 290Fl and 294Lv; unconfirmed

Notes

  • Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
  • Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.

Isotopes and nuclear properties

Nucleosynthesis

Super-heavy elements such as roentgenium are produced by bombarding lighter elements in particle accelerators that induce fusion reactions. Whereas the lightest isotope of roentgenium, roentgenium-272, can be synthesized directly this way, all the heavier roentgenium isotopes have only been observed as decay products of elements with higher atomic numbers.[8]

Depending on the energies involved, fusion reactions can be categorized as "hot" or "cold". In hot fusion reactions, very light, high-energy projectiles are accelerated toward very heavy targets (actinides), giving rise to compound nuclei at high excitation energy (~40–50 MeV) that may either fission or evaporate several (3 to 5) neutrons.[9] In cold fusion reactions, the produced fused nuclei have a relatively low excitation energy (~10–20 MeV), which decreases the probability that these products will undergo fission reactions. As the fused nuclei cool to the ground state, they require emission of only one or two neutrons, and thus, allows for the generation of more neutron-rich products.[8] The latter is a distinct concept from that of where nuclear fusion claimed to be achieved at room temperature conditions (see cold fusion).[10]

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=111.

TargetProjectileCNAttempt result
205Tl 70Zn275RgFailure to date
208Pb 65Cu273RgSuccessful reaction
209Bi 64Ni273RgSuccessful reaction
231Pa 48Ca279RgReaction yet to be attempted
238U 41K280RgReaction yet to be attempted

Cold fusion

Before the first successful synthesis of roentgenium in 1994 by the GSI team, a team at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, also tried to synthesize roentgenium by bombarding bismuth-209 with nickel-64 in 1986. No roentgenium atoms were identified. After an upgrade of their facilities, the team at GSI successfully detected 3 atoms of 272Rg in their discovery experiment.[11] A further 3 atoms were synthesized in 2002.[12] The discovery of roentgenium was confirmed in 2003 when a team at RIKEN measured the decays of 14 atoms of 272Rg.[13]

The same roentgenium isotope was also observed by an American team at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) from the reaction:

208
82Pb
 + 65
29Cu
 → 272
111Rg
 +
n

This reaction was conducted as part of their study of projectiles with odd atomic number in cold fusion reactions.[14]

The 205Tl(70Zn,n)274Rg reaction was tried by the RIKEN team in 2004 and repeated in 2010 in an attempt to secure the discovery of its parent 278Nh:[15]

205
81Tl
 + 70
30Zn
 → 274
111Rg
 +
n

Due to the weakness of the thallium target, they were unable to detect any atoms of 274Rg.[15]

As decay product

List of roentgenium isotopes observed by decay
Evaporation residueObserved roentgenium isotope
294Lv, 290Fl, 290Nh ?286Rg ?[1]
299Ubn, 295Og, 291Lv, 287Fl, 287Nh ?283Rg ?[2]
294Ts, 290Mc, 286Nh282Rg[16]
293Ts, 289Mc, 285Nh281Rg[16]
288Mc, 284Nh280Rg[17]
287Mc, 283Nh279Rg[17]
282Nh278Rg[17]
278Nh274Rg[18]

All the isotopes of roentgenium except roentgenium-272 have been detected only in the decay chains of elements with a higher atomic number, such as nihonium. Nihonium currently has seven known isotopes; all of them undergo alpha decays to become roentgenium nuclei, with mass numbers between 274 and 286. Parent nihonium nuclei can be themselves decay products of flerovium, moscovium, livermorium, tennessine, and (unconfirmed) oganesson or unbinilium. To date, no other elements have been known to decay to roentgenium.[19] For example, in January 2010, the Dubna team (JINR) identified roentgenium-281 as a final product in the decay of tennessine via an alpha decay sequence:[16]

293
117Ts
 → 289
115Mc
 + 4
2He
289
115Mc
 → 285
113Nh
 + 4
2He
285
113Nh
 → 281
111Rg
 + 4
2He

Nuclear isomerism

274Rg

Two atoms of 274Rg have been observed in the decay chain of 278Nh. They decay by alpha emission, emitting alpha particles with different energies, and have different lifetimes. In addition, the two entire decay chains appear to be different. This suggests the presence of two nuclear isomers but further research is required.[18]

272Rg

Four alpha particles emitted from 272Rg with energies of 11.37, 11.03, 10.82, and 10.40 MeV have been detected. The GSI measured 272Rg to have a half-life of 1.6 ms while recent data from RIKEN have given a half-life of 3.8 ms. The conflicting data may be due to nuclear isomers but the current data are insufficient to come to any firm assignments.[11][13]

Chemical yields of isotopes

Cold fusion

The table below provides cross-sections and excitation energies for cold fusion reactions producing roentgenium isotopes directly. Data in bold represent maxima derived from excitation function measurements. + represents an observed exit channel.

ProjectileTargetCN1n2n3n
64Ni209Bi273Rg3.5 pb, 12.5 MeV
65Cu208Pb273Rg1.7 pb, 13.2 MeV

References

  1. 1 2 Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Scheidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Popiesch, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Review of even element super-heavy nuclei and search for element 120". The European Physics Journal A. 2016 (52). Bibcode:2016EPJA...52..180H. doi:10.1140/epja/i2016-16180-4.
  2. 1 2 Hofmann, S.; Heinz, S.; Mann, R.; Maurer, J.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Barth, W.; Burkhard, H. G.; Dahl, L.; Eberhardt, K.; Grzywacz, R.; Hamilton, J. H.; Henderson, R. A.; Kenneally, J. M.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharov, I.; Lang, R.; Lommel, B.; Miernik, K.; Miller, D.; Moody, K. J.; Morita, K.; Nishio, K.; Popeko, A. G.; Roberto, J. B.; Runke, J.; Rykaczewski, K. P.; Saro, S.; Schneidenberger, C.; Schött, H. J.; Shaughnessy, D. A.; Stoyer, M. A.; Thörle-Pospiech, P.; Tinschert, K.; Trautmann, N.; Uusitalo, J.; Yeremin, A. V. (2016). "Remarks on the Fission Barriers of SHN and Search for Element 120". In Peninozhkevich, Yu. E.; Sobolev, Yu. G. Exotic Nuclei: EXON-2016 Proceedings of the International Symposium on Exotic Nuclei. Exotic Nuclei. pp. 155–164. ISBN 9789813226555.
  3. ↑ Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2014). "48Ca+249Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z=117: Long-Lived α-Decaying 270Db and Discovery of 266Lr". Physical Review Letters. 112 (17): 172501. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112q2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501. PMID 24836239.
  4. ↑ Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Alexander, C.; et al. (2013-05-30). "Experimental studies of the 249Bk + 48Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope 277Mt". Physical Review C. American Physical Society. 87 (054621). Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.
  5. 1 2 3 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; et al. (2013). "Experimental studies of the 249Bk + 48Ca reaction including decay properties and excitation function for isotopes of element 117, and discovery of the new isotope 277Mt". Physical Review C. 87 (5): 054621. Bibcode:2013PhRvC..87e4621O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.87.054621.
  6. ↑ http://xxx.lanl.gov/pdf/1502.03030.pdf
  7. ↑ Khuyagbaatar, J.; Yakushev, A.; Düllmann, Ch. E.; et al. (2014). "48Ca+249Bk Fusion Reaction Leading to Element Z=117: Long-Lived α-Decaying 270Db and Discovery of 266Lr". Physical Review Letters. 112 (17): 172501. Bibcode:2014PhRvL.112q2501K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.172501. PMID 24836239.
  8. 1 2 Armbruster, Peter & Munzenberg, Gottfried (1989). "Creating superheavy elements". Scientific American. 34: 36–42.
  9. ↑ Barber, Robert C.; Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Karol, Paul J.; Nakahara, Hiromichi; Vardaci, Emanuele; Vogt, Erich (2009). "Discovery of the element with atomic number 112 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 81 (7): 1331. doi:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-03-05.
  10. ↑ Fleischmann, Martin; Pons, Stanley (1989). "Electrochemically induced nuclear fusion of deuterium". Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry. Elsevier. 261 (2): 301–308. doi:10.1016/0022-0728(89)80006-3. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  11. 1 2 Hofmann, S.; Ninov, V.; Heßberger, F. P.; Armbruster, P.; Folger, H.; Münzenberg, G.; Schött, H. J.; Popeko, A. G.; et al. (1995). "The new element 111". Zeitschrift für Physik A. 350 (4): 281–282. Bibcode:1995ZPhyA.350..281H. doi:10.1007/BF01291182.
  12. ↑ Hofmann, S.; Heßberger, F. P.; Ackermann, D.; Münzenberg, G.; Antalic, S.; Cagarda, P.; Kindler, B.; Kojouharova, J.; et al. (2002). "New results on elements 111 and 112". The European Physical Journal A. 14 (2): 147–157. doi:10.1140/epja/i2001-10119-x.
  13. 1 2 Morita, K.; Morimoto, K. K.; Kaji, D.; Goto, S.; Haba, H.; Ideguchi, E.; Kanungo, R.; Katori, K.; Koura, H.; Kudo, H.; Ohnishi, T.; Ozawa, A.; Peter, J. C.; Suda, T.; Sueki, K.; Tanihata, I.; Tokanai, F.; Xu, H.; Yeremin, A. V.; Yoneda, A.; Yoshida, A.; Zhao, Y.-L.; Zheng, T. (2004). "Status of heavy element research using GARIS at RIKEN". Nuclear Physics A. 734: 101–108. Bibcode:2004NuPhA.734..101M. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2004.01.019.
  14. ↑ Folden, C. M.; Gregorich, K.; Düllmann, Ch.; Mahmud, H.; Pang, G.; Schwantes, J.; Sudowe, R.; Zielinski, P.; et al. (2004). "Development of an Odd-Z-Projectile Reaction for Heavy Element Synthesis: 208Pb(64Ni,n)271Ds and 208Pb(65Cu,n)272111". Physical Review Letters. 93 (21): 212702. Bibcode:2004PhRvL..93u2702F. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.93.212702. PMID 15601003.
  15. 1 2 Morimoto, Kouji (2016). "The discovery of element 113 at RIKEN" (PDF). www.physics.adelaide.edu.au. 26th International Nuclear Physics Conference. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  16. 1 2 3 Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; et al. (2010-04-09). "Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number Z=117". Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society. 104 (142502): 142502. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.104n2502O. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.142502. PMID 20481935.
  17. 1 2 3 Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Penionzhkevich, Yu. E.; Cherepanov, E. A. (2007). "AIP Conference Proceedings". 912: 235. doi:10.1063/1.2746600. |chapter= ignored (help)
  18. 1 2 Morita, Kosuke; Morimoto, Kouji; Kaji, Daiya; Akiyama, Takahiro; Goto, Sin-ichi; Haba, Hiromitsu; Ideguchi, Eiji; Kanungo, Rituparna; Katori, Kenji; Koura, Hiroyuki; Kudo, Hisaaki; Ohnishi, Tetsuya; Ozawa, Akira; Suda, Toshimi; Sueki, Keisuke; Xu, HuShan; Yamaguchi, Takayuki; Yoneda, Akira; Yoshida, Atsushi; Zhao, YuLiang (2004). "Experiment on the Synthesis of Element 113 in the Reaction 209Bi(70Zn,n)278113". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 73 (10): 2593–2596. Bibcode:2004JPSJ...73.2593M. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.73.2593.
  19. ↑ Sonzogni, Alejandro. "Interactive Chart of Nuclides". National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2008-06-06.
  • Isotope masses from:
    • M. Wang; G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; F. G. Kondev; M. MacCormick; X. Xu; et al. (2012). "The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 36 (12): 1603–2014. Bibcode:2012ChPhC..36....3M. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003.
    • G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
  • Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
    • J. R. de Laeter; J. K. Böhlke; P. De Bièvre; H. Hidaka; H. S. Peiser; K. J. R. Rosman; P. D. P. Taylor (2003). "Atomic weights of the elements. Review 2000 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 75 (6): 683–800. doi:10.1351/pac200375060683.
    • M. E. Wieser (2006). "Atomic weights of the elements 2005 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. 78 (11): 2051–2066. doi:10.1351/pac200678112051. Lay summary.
  • Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
    • G. Audi; A. H. Wapstra; C. Thibault; J. Blachot; O. Bersillon (2003). "The NUBASE evaluation of nuclear and decay properties" (PDF). Nuclear Physics A. 729: 3–128. Bibcode:2003NuPhA.729....3A. doi:10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-23.
    • National Nuclear Data Center. "NuDat 2.1 database". Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved September 2005. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help)
    • N. E. Holden (2004). "Table of the Isotopes". In D. R. Lide. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (85th ed.). CRC Press. Section 11. ISBN 978-0-8493-0485-9.
    • Yu. Ts. Oganessian (2007). "Heaviest nuclei from 48Ca-induced reactions". Journal of Physics G. 34 (4): R165–R242. Bibcode:2007JPhG...34..165O. doi:10.1088/0954-3899/34/4/R01.
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