Robert (1793 ship)

Spy, Captain Welham Clarke, off Wight; C. Slade, 1803
History
France
Name: Robert
Builder: Nantes
Launched: 1793
Captured: 13 June 1793
UK
Name: HMS Espion
Acquired: 13 June 1793 by capture
Captured: 22 July 1794
France
Name: Espion
Acquired: 22 July 1794 by capture
Captured: 4 March 1795
UK
Name: HMS Spy
Acquired: 4 March 1795 by capture
Captured: Sold 7 September 1801
UK
Name: Spy
Owner:
  • 1802:James Swanzy
  • 1803:Hurry & Co.
Acquired: 1801 by purchase
Captured: mid-1805
General characteristics [1][2]
Displacement: 400 tons (French)
Tons burthen:
  • Robert: 300 tons (French; "of load")[3]
  • HMS:275​83⁄94,[1] or 295,[4] or 298,[5] or 300,[6] (bm)
Length:
  • 86 ft 5 1⁄2 in (26.4 m) (overall);
  • 69 ft 6 3⁄8 in (21.2 m) (keel)
Beam: 27 ft 3 3⁄4 in (8.3 m)
Depth of hold: 13 ft 0 in (4.0 m)
Propulsion: Sail
Complement:
  • Robert: 100-170[3]
  • HMS Espion: 120[1]
  • Espion: 135-146,[2] but 140 at capture
  • HMS Spy: 120
  • Spy 1803: 45[5]
  • Spy 1805: 107[5]
Armament:
  • Robert: 18 × 6-pounder guns + 8-12 × swivel guns[3]
  • HMS Espion: 16 × 16-pounder guns
  • Espion:18 × 6-pounder guns
  • HMS Spy:16 × 6-pounder guns
  • Spy 1803: 24 × 12 & 4-pounder guns[5]
  • Spy 1805:6 × 6-pounder + 10 × 12-pounder guns[4]
  • Spy 1805: 8 × 4-pounder guns + 18 × 18-pounder carronades + 2 × swivel guns[5]
Armour: Timber

Robert was a 16-gun French privateer corvette launched in 1793 at Nantes. The British captured her in 1793 and named her HMS Espion. The French recaptured her in 1794 and took her into service as Espion. The British recaptured her in 1795, but there being another Espion in service by then, the British renamed their capture HMS Spy. She served under that name until the Navy sold her in 1801. She then became a slave ship, whaling ship, and privateer again. The French captured her in mid-1805 and sent her into Guadeloupe.

Robert

Robert was in Nantes in February 1793 under captain François-Marie Pied. She was on her first cruise when the British captured her.[3]

The frigate HMS Syren, Captain John Manley, captured Robert on 13 June 1793 in the Bay of Biscay after a chase of 28 hours.[7] One report gave Robert 22 guns and a complement of 200 men, but all other reports trimmed this to 16 carriage and eight swivel guns, and 170 men.[8][9] Robert had been out three days from Bordeaux, had captured nothing.[Note 1]

HMS Espion

The Royal Navy commissioned HMS Espion in March 1794 under the command of Commander William Hugh Kittoe, for the Channel. On 22 July 1794 Tamise and two other French frigates captured Espion south of the Isles of Scilly.[1] Kittoe was so outnumbered and outgunned that he struck without resistance.[10] The French Navy took her into service as the corvette Espion.[11][1]

Espion

On 23 August 1794, HMS Flora, Captain John Borlase Warren, and HMS Arethusa, Captain Sir Edward Pellew, chased two French corvettes, Alerte and Espion into Audierne Bay. The two corvettes anchored off the Gamelle Rocks, but when they saw that the British intended to capture them, their captains got under weigh and ran their vessels aground below the guns of three shore batteries. The corvettes continued to exchange fire with the two British frigates until early evening, when the corvettes' masts fell. At that point many of the French crewmen abandoned their vessels and went ashore. Warren sent in the boats from both Flora and Arethusa, all under Pellew's command, with orders to set fire or otherwise destroy the two corvettes. Pellew went in and took possession of both, but determined that he could not extract the wounded. Pellew therefore left the vessels, which he determined were bilged and scuttled, with rocks having pierced their bottoms, and left with 52 prisoners. Pellew estimated that Alerte had suffered 20 to 30 men killed and wounded, and that Espion had lost more.[12]

Alerte was a total loss,[13] but the French Navy was able to refloat Espion, which had been under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Magendie.[14][15][Note 2] She then spent time in the Brest roadstead before cruising in the Atlantic and returning to Brest.[16]

On 4 March 1795, the British frigate Lively captured Espion about 13 leagues off Ushant. Espion was armed with eighteen 6-pounder guns and had a crew of 140 men. She was five days out of Brest on a cruise.[17] Lively was under the command of Captain George Burlton, acting in the absence of Captain Viscount Lord Garlies, who was sick on shore, commanded Lively.[18]

Nine days later, Lively captured the French corvette Tourterelle, and two vessels that Tourterelle had been escorting, which had been prizes to Espion.[18]

HMS Spy

As the Royal Navy by this time had another HMS Espion, the Navy took Espion into service on 20 May 1795 and renamed her Spy. She then was at Portsmouth fitting out until to November. She was recommissioned under J. Walton. In January 1796 Commander James Young assumed command for The Downs station. A year later Commander William Grosvenor replaced Young, and remained in command until December 1799.[2] In August 1797 Spy recaptured four vessels.[19] She appears to have spent her time escorting convoys in the Channel. For instance, on 5 March 1799 Spy passed Plymouth, escorting a convoy of coasters westward.[20]

Commander Charles Hay replaced Grosvenor.[2] On 14 August 1800, Spy left Plymouth with the London trader George and Francis, Hoskins, master, under convoy for London.[21]

The Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy offered the "Spy 275 tons burthen" for sale at Plymouth on 7 September 1801.[22] She sold that day for £710.[2]

Mercantile service

The supplement to Lloyd's Register for 1802 shows Spy, with Vaughn, master, and "Swansea", as owner, having undergone a refit in 1802.[23] Her trade was London-Africa. A database of slave voyages from London shows Spy, Robert Vaughn, master, and James Swanzy, owner, made one voyage in 1803 carrying slaves from the Gold Coast to British Guiana. "Spy sailed from London on 8 August 1802. She gathered her slaves first at Cape Coast Castle and then at Anomabu, which was 16 kilometers away. She left Africa on 18 January 1802 and arrived at Demerara in March. She had embarked 310 slaves and landed 279, for a loss rate of 10%. She arrived back at London on 13 May."[24]

The entry in Lloyd's Register for 1802 carried over to 1803, but an addendum to the entry in the 1803 Lloyd's Register noted that Spy had a new master, Clarke, and new owner, Hurry & Co. Her trade became the South Seas fisheries. Captain Welham Clarke acquired a letter of marque for Spy on 26 July 1803.[5] Spy sailed for the fisheries on 11 September.[25] She was at Rio de Janeiro in July 1804,[26] and returned to London on 14 October.[25]

Captain Edward Dyer received a letter of marque on 14 March 1805.[5] She was supposedly engaged in the fisheries between 1805 and 1807,[26] but the scale of her armament and the size of her crew was more consistent with privateering.

In mid-April 1805, the privateer Spy, of Dartmouth, detained Zer Gesusters, de Vries, master, which had been sailing from Lisbon to Madrid. Spy sent her into Plymouth.[27][Note 3]

Fate

Lloyd's List of 2 August 1805 reported that the privateer Spy, of London, Dwyer, master, had been captured and taken into Guadeloupe.[28]

Lloyd's Register continues the entry from the 1803 addendum, including Clarke as master, unchanged until at least 1811. Some sources have Spy engaging in whaling between 1810 and 1813,[26] though the University of Hull's database does not show that.[25] The Register of Shipping for 1805 has an entry for Spy that still shows Clarke as master, and Hurry & Co. as owner. It gives Spy's trade as London-Madeira.[4]

Citations and references

Notes

  1. ↑ A British report, at variance with French records, stated that on an earlier cruise, Robert had recaptured a French East Indiaman that HMS Thetis had captured.[7] There was a second Robert active at that time, out of Bordeaux, and this may have given rise to conflation.
  2. ↑ Quintin (p. 251) gives the name Espoir instead of Espion, apparently in error. A Hasard-class brig Espoir was in commission at the time, but she was not captured on 2–3 March 1795.
  3. ↑ A database of letters of marque shows no other contemporary Spy than Dyer's Spy.[5]

Citations

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 Winfield (2008), pp. 265.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Winfield and Roberts (2015), p. 175.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Demerliac (2004), №2219, p. 256.
  4. 1 2 3 Register of Shipping (1805), Seq.№S560.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Letter of Marque, p.87 - accessed 25 July 2017.
  6. ↑ Lloyd's Register (1803).
  7. 1 2 Britannic magazine; or entertaining repository of heroic adventures. Vol. 1-8, p.96.
  8. ↑ Lloyd's List, no. 5224 - accessed 1 September 2015.
  9. ↑ Schomberg (1802), p.111.
  10. ↑ Hepper (1994), p.77.
  11. ↑ Demerliac (2004), №530, p.89.
  12. ↑ "No. 13699". The London Gazette. 30 August 1794. p. 888.
  13. ↑ Fonds Marine, p. 84.
  14. ↑ Roche, vol.1, p. 183
  15. ↑ Quintin, p. 251
  16. ↑ Fonds Marine, p. 74.
  17. ↑ "No. 13757". The London Gazette. 3 March 1795. p. 207.
  18. 1 2 James (1837), Vol. 1, pp.282-3.
  19. ↑ "No. 14050". The London Gazette. 30 September 1797. p. 951.
  20. ↑ London Chronicle, 7–9 March 1799, Vol. 85, p. 210.
  21. ↑ London Chronicle, 26–28 August 1800, Vol. 87, p. 206.
  22. ↑ "No. 15401". The London Gazette. 25 August 1801. p. 1049.
  23. ↑ Lloyd's Register (1802), Supple. seq.№S98.
  24. ↑ Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Database Voyages: Spy (1803).
  25. 1 2 3 University of Hull - British Southern Whale Fishery - Voyages : Spy.
  26. 1 2 3 Clayton (2014), p.226.
  27. ↑ Lloyd's List №4208.
  28. ↑ Lloyd's List №4239.

References

  • Clayton, Jane M. (2014) Ships employed in the South Sea Whale Fishery from Britain: 1775-1815: An alphabetical list of ships. (Berforts Group). ISBN 978-1908616524
  • Demerliac, Alain (2004). La Marine de la Révolution: Nomenclature des Navires Français de 1792 A 1799 (in French). Éditions Ancre. ISBN 2-906381-24-1.
  • Hepper, David J. (1994). British Warship Losses in the Age of Sail, 1650-1859. Rotherfield: Jean Boudriot. ISBN 0-948864-30-3.
  • James, William (1837). The Naval History of Great Britain, from the Declaration of War by France in 1793, to the Accession of George IV. R. Bentley.
  • Quintin, Danielle; Quintin, Bernard (2003). Dictionnaire des capitaines de Vaisseau de Napoléon (in French). S.P.M. ISBN 2-901952-42-9.
  • Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau. ISBN 978-2-9525917-0-6. OCLC 165892922. (1671-1870)
  • Schomberg, Isaac (1802) Naval Chronology, Or an Historical Summary of Naval and Maritime Events from the Time of the Romans, to the Treaty of Peace 1802: With an Appendix, Volume 5. (London: T. Egerton).
  • Winfield, Rif (2008). British Warships in the Age of Sail 1793–1817: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth. ISBN 1-86176-246-1.
  • Winfield, Rif & Stephen S Roberts (2015) French Warships in the Age of Sail 1786 - 1861: Design Construction, Careers and Fates. (Seaforth Publishing). ISBN 9781848322042
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